MEDLINE search

1. exp "Substance‐Related‐Disorders"/

2. ((drug or substance) adj (abuse* or addict* or dependen* or misuse*)).ti,ab

3. (drug* adj (treat* or intervention* or program*)

4. substance near (treat* or intervention* or program*)

5.(detox* or methadone) in ti,ab

6. narcotic* near (treat* or intervention* or program*)

7. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6

8. prison*. ti,ab

9. exp "Prisoners"/

10. offender* or criminal* or inmate* or convict* or probation* or remand or felon*).ti,ab

11. exp "Prisons"/

12. 8 or 9 or 10 or 11

13. 7 and 12

Embase search

1. (detox$ or methadone or antagonist prescri$).ti,ab.

2. detoxification/ or drug detoxification/ or drug withdrawal/ or drug dependence treatment/ or methadone/ or methadone treatment/ or diamorphine/ or naltrexone/

3. (diamorphine or naltrexone or therapeutic communit$).ti,ab.

4. morality/

5. (motivational interview$ or motivational enhancement).ti,ab.

6. (counselling or counseling).ti,ab.

7. exp counseling/

8. (psychotherap$ or cognitive behavioral or cognitive behavioural).ti,ab.

9. exp psychotherapy/

10. (moral adj3 training).ti,ab.

11. (cognitive restructuring or assertiveness training).ti,ab.

12. reinforcement/ or self monitoring/ or self control/

13. (relaxation training or rational emotive or family relationship therap$).ti,ab.

14. social learning/ or withdrawal syndrome/ or coping behavior/

15. (community reinforcement or self monitoring or self control or self management or interpersonal skills).ti,ab.

16. (goal$ adj3 setting).ti,ab.

17. (social skills adj3 training).ti,ab.

18. anger/ or lifestyle/

19. (basic skills adj3 training).ti,ab.

20. (relapse adj3 prevent$).ti,ab.

21. (craving adj3 (minimi$ or reduc$)).ti,ab.

22. (trigger or triggers or coping skills or anger management or group work).ti,ab.

23. (lifestyle adj3 modifi$).ti,ab.

24. (high intensity training or resettlement or throughcare or aftercare or after care).ti,ab.

25. aftercare/ or halfway house/

26. (brief solution or brief intervention$ or minnesota program$ or 12 step$ or twelve step$).ti,ab.

27. (needle exchange or nes or syringe exchange or dual diagnosis or narcotics anonymous).ti,ab.

28. self help/ or support group/

29. (self‐help or selfhelp or self help or outreach or bail support or arrest referral$).ti,ab.

30. exp urinalysis/ or rehabilitation/ or rehabilitation center/

31. (diversion or dtto or dttos or drug treatment or testing order$ or carat or carats).ti,ab

32. (combined orders or drug‐free or drug free).ti,ab.

33. (peer support or evaluation$ or urinalysis or drug testing or drug test or drug tests).ti,ab.

34. ((rehab or rehabilitation or residential or discrete) adj2 (service$ or program$)).ti,ab.

35. (asro or addressing substance$ or pasro or prisons addressing or acupuncture or shock or boot camp or boot camps).ti,ab.

36. (work ethic camp$ or drug education or tasc or treatment accountability).ti,ab

37. exp acupuncture/

38. or/1‐36

39. (remand or prison or prisoner or prisoners or offender$ or criminal$ or probation or court or courts).ti,ab.

40. (secure establishment$ or secure facilit$).ti,ab.

41. (reoffend$ or reincarcerat$ or recidivi$ or ex‐offender$ or jail or jails or goal or goals).ti,ab.

42. (incarcerat$ or convict or convicts or convicted or felon or felons or conviction$ or revocation or inmate$ or high security).ti,ab.

43. criminal justice/ or custody/ or detention/ or prison/ or prisoner/ or offender/ or probation/ or court/ or recidivism/ or crime/ or criminal behavior/ or punishment/

44. or/39‐43

45. 38 and 44

46. (substance abuse$ or substance misuse$ or substance use$).ti,ab.

47. (drug dependanc$ or drug abuse$ or drug use$ or drug misuse$ or drug addict$).ti,ab.

48. (narcotics adj3 (addict$ or use$ or misuse$ or abuse$)).ti,ab.

49. (chemical dependanc$ or opiates or heroin or crack or cocaine or amphetamines or addiction or dependance disorder or drug involved).ti,ab.

50. substance abuse/ or drug abuse/ or analgesic agent abuse/ or drug abuse pattern/ or drug misuse/ or intravenous drug abuse/ or multiple drug abuse/

51. addiction/ or drug dependence/ or narcotic dependence/ or exp narcotic agent/ or narcotic analgesic agent/

52. opiate addiction/ or heroin dependence/ or morphine addiction/

53. cocaine/ or amphetamine derivative/ or psychotropic agent/

54. or/46‐53

55. 45 and 54

56. limit 55 to yr=1980‐2004

PsycInfo

1. (detoxification in de) or (drug withdrawal in de)

2. (drug usage screening in de) or (methadone maintenance) in de

3. explode "Narcotic‐Antagonists" in DE

4. 1 or 2 or 3

5. (counseling in de) or (explode "psychotherapeutic‐counseling" in de)

6. (explode "cognitive‐therapy" in de) or (explode "psychotherapeutic‐techniques" in de)

7. (cognitive restructuring in de) or (assertiveness training in de)

8. explode "relaxation‐therapy" in de

9. (rational emotive therapy in de) or (rational‐emotive therapy in de)

10. (explode "self monitoring" in de) or (explode self‐monitoring) in de

11. (goal setting in de) or (self control in de) or (explode "self‐management" in de)

12. (social skills in de) or (relapse prevention in de) or (craving in de) or (coping behavior in de)

13. (anger control in de) or (explode "group‐psychotherapy" in de) or (brief psychotherapy in de)

14. (explode "behavior‐modification" in de) or (posttreatment followup in de) or (aftercare in de)

15. (halfway houses in de) or (twelve step programs in de)

16. (dual diagnoses in de) or (explode "self help techniques" in de) or (outreach programs in de) or (court referrals in de)

17. (peer pressure in de) or (urinalysis in de)

18. (drug rehabilitation in de) or (residential care institutions in de) or (acupuncture in de) or (drug education in de)

19. (detox* or methadone or antagonist prescri* or diamorphine or naltrexone or therapeutic communit*) in ti,ab

20. (motivational interview* or motivational enhancemen* or counseling or psychotherapy or psychotherapies) in ti,ab

21. (cognitive behav* or cognitive therapy or cognitive therapies or moral training or cognitive restructuring) in ti,ab

22. (assertiveness training or relaxation training or relaxation therapy or relaxation therapies) in ti,ab

23. (rational emotive therap* or rational emotive behav* therap* or family relationship therap* or community reinforcement) in ti,ab

24. (self‐monitor* or self monitor* or goal setting or self control or self‐control or self management or self‐management) in ti,ab

25. (interpersonal skills training or social skills training or basic skills training) in ti,ab

26. (relapse with prevent*) in ti,ab

27. (craving near reduc*) in ti,ab

28. craving with (reduc* in ti,ab)

29. (trigger* or coping skills or anger management or group work or lifestyle modif* or high intensity training or resettlement) in ti,ab

30. (throughcare or aftercare or after care or brief solution* or brief intervention*) in ti,ab

31. (minnesota or 12 step* or twelve step* or needle exchange or nes or syringe exchange or dual diagnosis) in ti,ab

32. (narcotics anonymous or self‐help or self help or outreach or bail support or arrest referral*) in ti,ab

33. (diversion or dtto* or testing order* or carat* or counseling assessment referral or combined order or combined orders or drug free wing* or drug free environment*) in ti,ab

34. (peer support or user evaluations or urinalysis or urinalyses or mandatory drug test* or rehabilitation or discrete service* or discrete program*) in ti,ab

35. (residential program* or residential scheme* or asro or addressing substance* or pasro or prisons addressing substance) in ti,ab

36. (acupuncture or shock or boot camp* or work ethic or drug education or tasc or treatment accountability) in ti,ab

37. or/4‐36

38. (secure facilities or convict* or revocation or inmate* or high security) in ti,ab

39. (prisoners in de) or (explode "correctional‐institutions" in de)

40. (perpetrators in de) or (explode criminals in de)

41. (probation in de) or (parole in de) or (incarceration in de) or (recidivism in de) or (criminal conviction in de) or (crime in de)

42. (remand or prison* or offender* or criminal* or probation or court or courts or secure establishment* or reoffend* or reincarcerat* or recidivi* or ex‐offender* or jail or jails or incarcerat*) in ti,ab

43. (drug abuse in de) or (explode "inhalant‐abuse" in de) or (explode "drug‐dependency" in de)

44. (polydrug abuse in de) or (drug abuse in de) or (intravenous drug usage in de)

45. (narcotic drugs in de) or (heroin in de) or (cocaine in de) or (explode amphetamine in de)

46. (substance abuse* or substance misuse* or substance user*) in ti,ab

47. (drug dependen* or drug abuse* or drug misuse* or drug addict* or drug use) in ti,ab

48. (narcotic abuse* or narcotic misuse* or chemical dependen* or opiate misuse* or opiate abuse*) in ti,ab

49. (heroin use* or heroin addict* or heroin misuse* or heroin abuse*) in ti,ab

50. (crack use* or crack addict* or crack misuse* or crack abuse*) in ti,ab

51. (cocaine use* or cocaine addict* or cocaine misuse* or cocaine abuse*) in ti,ab

52. (amphetamine* use* or amphetamine* addict* or amphetamine* misuse* or amphetamine* abuse*) in ti,ab

53. (dependence disorder or drug involved or dug‐involved) in ti,ab

54. #38 or #39 or #40 or #41 or #42

55. #4 or #43 or #44 or #45 or #46 or #47 or #48 or #49 or #50 or #51 or #52 or #53

56. #37 and #54 and #55

SPECTRA search

1. {remand} or {prison} or {offender} or {criminal} or {probation} or {court} or {tribunal} or {secure establishment} or {secure facilit} or {reoffend} or {reincarcerat} or {recidivi} or {ex‐offender} or {jail} or {incarcerat} or {convict} or {felon} or {reconvict} or {high security} or {law enforcement}
{remand} or {prison} or {offender} or {criminal} or {probation} or {court} or {tribunal} or {secure establishment} or {secure facilit} or {reoffend} or {reincarcerat} or {recidivi} or {ex‐offender} or {jail} or {incarcerat} or {convict} or {felon} or {reconvict} or {high security} or {law enforcement}

2. {substance} or {dependenc} or {drug abuse} or {drug use} or {drug misuse} or {addict}


All indexed fields: {remand} or {prison} or {offender} or {criminal} or {probation} or {court} or {tribunal} or {secure establishment} or {secure facilit} or {reoffend} or {reincarcerat} or {recidivi} or {ex‐offender} or {jail} or {incarcerat} or {convict} or {felon} or {reconvict} or {high security} or {law enforcement}
OR
All unindexed fields: {remand} or {prison} or {offender} or {criminal} or {probation} or {court} or {tribunal} or {secure establishment} or {secure facilit} or {reoffend} or {reincarcerat} or {recidivi} or {ex‐offender} or {jail} or {incarcerat} or {convict} or {felon} or {reconvict} or {high security} or {law enforcement}
AND
All unindexed fields: {substance} or {dependenc} or {drug abuse} or {drug use} or {drug misuse} or {addict} or {narcotics} or {opiates} or {heroin} or {crack} or {cocaine} or {amphetamines} or {drug involved} or {substance‐related} or {amphetamine‐related} or {cocaine‐related} or {marijuana} or {opioid} or {street drug} or {designer drug}

3. narcotics

4. opiates

5. heroin

6. {crack}

7. cocaine

8. amphetamines

9. drug involved

10. substance‐related

11. amphetamine‐related

12. cocaine‐related

13. marijuana

14. opioid

15. street drug

16. designer drug

17. 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16

18. 1 AND 17

PASCAL search

1. (DETOX? OR METHADONE OR ANTAGONIST()PRESCRI?)/TI,AB

2. METHADONE/DE OR NALTREXONE/DE

3. (DIAMORPHINE OR NALTREXONE)/TI,AB

4. THERAPEUTIC()COMMUNITY/DE OR THERAPEUTIC()COMMUNIT?)/TI,AB

5. (MOTIVATIONAL()INTERVIEW? OR MOTIVATIONAL()ENHANCEMENT)/TI,AB

6. (COUNSELLING OR COUNSELING)/TI,AB

7. COUNSELING/DE

8. (PSYCHOTHERAP? OR COGNITIVE()BEHAVIORAL OR COGNITIVE()BEHAVIOURAL)/TI,AB

9. PSYCHOTHERAPY!/DE

10. (MORAL(3W)TRAINING)/TI,AB

11. (COGNITIVE()RESTRUCTURING OR ASSERTIVENESS()TRAINING)/TI,AB

12. ASSERTIVENESS/DE OR RELAXATION()TECHNIQUES/DE

13. (RELAXATION()TRAINING OR RATIONAL()EMOTIVE OR FAMILY()RELATIONSHIP()THERAP?)/TI,AB

14. FAMILY()RELATIONS/DE

15. (COMMUNITY()REINFORCEMENT OR SELF()MONITORING OR SELF()CONTROL OR SELF()MANAGEMENT OR INTERPERSONAL()SKILLS)/TI,AB

16. (GOAL?(3W)SETTING)/TI,AB

17. (SOCIAL(3W)TRAINING)/TI,AB

18. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY/DE

19. (BASIC()SKILLS(3W)TRAINING)/TI,AB

20. (RELAPSE(3W)PREVENT?)/TI,AB

21. (CRAVING(3W)(MINIMI? OR REDUC?))/TI,AB

22. (TRIGGER OR TRIGGERS OR COPING()SKILLS OR ANGER()MANAGEMENT OR GROUP()WORK)/TI,AB

23. (LIFESTYLE(3W)MODIFI?)/TI,AB

24. (HIGH()INTENSITY()TRAINING OR RESETTLEMENT OR THROUGHCARE OR AFTERCARE OR AFTER()CARE)/TI,AB

25. ADAPTATION,‐PSYCHOLOGICAL!/DE OR ANGER/DE OR LIFE()STYLE/DE OR AFTER()CARE/DE OR HALFWAY()HOUSES/DE

26. (BRIEF()SOLUTION OR BRIEF()INTERVENTION? OR MINNESOTA()PROGRAM? OR 12()STEP? OR TWELVE()STEP?)/TI,AB

27. (NEEDLE()EXCHANGE OR NES OR SYRINGE()EXCHANGE OR DUAL()DIAGNOSIS OR NARCOTICS()ANONYMOUS)/TI,AB

28. NEEDLE‐EXCHANGE()PROGRAMS/DE

29. (SELF‐HELP OR SELFHELP OR SELF()HELP OR OUTREACH OR BAIL()SUPPORT OR ARREST()REFERRAL?)/TI,AB

30. SELF‐HELP()GROUPS/DE OR URINALYSIS/DE OR SUBSTANCE()ABUSE()DETECTION/DE

31. (DIVERSION OR DTTO OR DTTOS OR DRUG()TREATMENT OR TESTING()ORDER? ? OR CARAT OR CARATS)/TI,AB

32. (COMBINED()ORDERS OR DRUG‐FREE OR DRUG()FREE)/TI,AB

33. (PEER()SUPPORT OR EVALUATION? ? OR URINALYSIS OR DRUG()TESTING OR DRUG()TEST? ?)/TI,AB

34. ((REHAB OR REHABILITATION OR RESIDENTIAL OR DISCRETE)(2W)(SERVICE? ? OR PROGRAM?))/TI,AB

35. (ASRO OR ADDRESSING()SUBSTANCE? OR PASRO OR PRISONS()ADDRESSING OR ACUPUNCTURE OR SHOCK OR BOOT()CAMP OR BOOT()CAMPS)/TI,AB

36. (WORK()ETHIC()CAMP? ? OR DRUG()EDUCATION OR TASC OR TREATMENT()ACCOUNTABILITY)/TI,AB

37. ACUPUNCTURE‐THERAPY!/DE OR ACUPUNCTURE/DE OR HEALTH()EDUCATION/DE OR SUBSTANCE()ABUSE()TREATMENT()CENTERS/DE

38. S1:S3

39. S4:S37

40. S38 AND S39

40. (REMAND OR PRISON OR PRISONER OR PRISONERS OR OFFENDER? ? OR CRIMINAL? ? OR PROBATION OR COURT OR COURTS)/TI,AB

41. (SECURE()ESTABLISHMENT? ? OR SECURE()FACILIT?)/TI,AB

42. (REOFFEND? OR REINCARCERAT? OR RECIDIVI? OR EX()OFFENDER? ? OR JAIL OR JAILS)/TI,AB

43. (INCARCERAT? OR CONVICT OR CONVICTS OR CONVICTED OR FELON? ? OR CONVICTION? ? OR REVOCATION OR INMATE? ? OR HIGH()SECURITY)/TI,AB

44. PRISONERS/DE OR LAW()ENFORCEMENT/DE OR JURISPRUDENCE/DE

45. S40:S44

46. S40 AND S45

47. (SUBSTANCE()ABUSE? OR SUBSTANCE()MISUSE? OR SUBSTANCE()USE?)/TI,AB

48. (DRUG()DEPENDANC? OR DRUG()ABUSE? OR DRUG()USE? OR DRUG()MISUSE? OR DRUG()ADDICT?)/TI,AB

49. (NARCOTICS(3W)(ADDICT? OR USE? OR MISUSE? OR ABUSE?))/TI,AB

50. (CHEMICAL()DEPENDANC? OR OPIATES OR HEROIN OR CRACK OR COCAINE OR AMPHETAMINES OR ADDICTION OR DEPENDENCE()DISORDER OR DRUG()INVOLVED)/TI,AB

51. SUBSTANCE‐RELATED()DISORDERS/DE OR AMPHETAMINE‐RELATED()DISORDERS/DE OR COCAINE‐RELATED()DISORDERS/DE OR MARIJUANA ()ABUSE/DE

52. OPIOID‐RELATED‐DISORDERS!/DE OR PHENCYCLIDINE()ABUSE/DE OR SUBSTANCE()ABUSE()INTRAVENOUS/DE

53. STREET()DRUGS/DE OR DESIGNER()DRUGS/DE OR NARCOTICS/DE

54. COCAINE!/DE OR AMPHETAMINES!/DE OR ANALGESICS()OPIOID/DE

55. S47:S54

56. S46 AND S55

57. (DETOXIFICATION OR METHADONE OR ANTAGONIST‐PRESCRIBING)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

58. (DIAMORPHINE OR NALTREXONE)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

59. THERAPEUTIC‐COMMUNITY)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

60. (MOTIVATIONAL‐INTERVIEW OR MOTIVATIONAL‐ENHANCEMENT)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

61. (COUNSELLING OR COUNSELING)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

62. (PSYCHOTHERAPY! OR COGNITIVE‐BEHAVIORAL OR COGNITIVE‐BEHAVIOURAL)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

63. (MORAL‐TRAINING)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

64. (COGNITIVE‐RESTRUCTURING OR ASSERTIVENESS‐TRAINING)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

65. (RELAXATION‐TRAINING OR RATIONAL‐EMOTIVE OR FAMILY‐RELATIONSHIP‐THERAPY)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

66. FAMILY‐RELATIONS/DE

67. (COMMUNITY‐REINFORCEMENT OR SELF‐MONITORING OR SELF‐CONTROL OR SELF‐MANAGEMENT OR INTERPERSONAL‐SKILLS)/DE FROM 44,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

68. (GOAL‐SETTING)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

69. (SOCIAL‐SKILLS‐TRAINING)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

70. SOCIAL‐RESPONSIBILITY/DE

71. (BASIC‐SKILLS‐TRAINING)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

72. (RELAPSE‐PREVENTION)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

73. CRAVING/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

74. (TRIGGER OR COPING‐SKILLS OR ANGER‐MANAGEMENT OR GROUP‐WORK)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

75. (LIFESTYLE‐MODIFICATION)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

76. (HIGH‐INTENSITY‐TRAINING OR RESETTLEMENT OR THROUGHCARE OR AFTERCARE OR AFTER‐CARE)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

77. (BRIEF‐SOLUTION OR BRIEF‐INTERVENTIONS OR MINNESOTA‐PROGRAM OR 12‐STEP‐PROGRAM OR TWELVE‐STEP‐PROGRAM)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

77. (NEEDLE‐EXCHANGE OR SYRINGE‐EXCHANGE OR DUAL‐DIAGNOSIS OR NARCOTICS‐ANONYMOUS)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

79. (SELF‐HELP OR OUTREACH OR BAIL‐SUPPORT OR ARREST‐REFERRAL)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

80. (DRUG‐TREATMENT OR TESTING‐ORDERS OR CARAT)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

81. (COMBINED‐ORDERS OR DRUG‐FREE)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

82. (PEER‐SUPPORT OR EVALUATION OR URINALYSIS OR DRUG‐TESTING OR DRUG‐TESTS)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

83. (REHABILITATION OR RESIDENTIAL OR DISCRETE‐SERVICES)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

84. (ASRO OR PASRO ACUPUNCTURE OR BOOT‐CAMP)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

85. (WORK‐ETHIC‐CAMP OR DRUG‐EDUCATION OR TASC OR TREATMENT‐ACCOUNTABILITY)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

86. (REMAND OR PRISON OR PRISONER OR PRISONERS OR OFFENDER OR OFFENDERS OR CRIMINAL OR CRIMINALS OR PROBATION OR COURT OR COURTS)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

87. (SECURE‐ESTABLISHMENTS OR SECURE‐FACILITY)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

88. (REOFFENDERS OR REINCARCERATION OR RECIDIVISM OR EX‐OFFENDERS OR JAILS)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

89. (INCARCERATION OR CONVICT OR CONVICTS OR FELON OR FELONS OR CONVICTIONS OR REVOCATION OR INMATE OR INMATES OR HIGH‐SECURITY)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

90. (SUBSTANCE‐ABUSE OR SUBSTANCE‐MISUSE OR SUBSTANCE‐USE)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

91. (DRUG‐DEPENDANCE OR DRUG‐DEPENDENCY OR DRUG‐ABUSE OR DRUG‐MISUSE OR DRUG‐ADDICT OR DRUG‐ADDICTION)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

92. (CHEMICAL‐DEPENDANCY OR OPIATE‐DEPENDENCY OR HEROIN‐DEPENDENCY OR CRACK‐DEPENDENCY OR COCAINE‐DEPENDENCY OR AMPHETAMINES OR ADDICTION OR DEPENDENCE‐DISORDER OR DRUG‐INVOLVED)/DE FROM 144,34,434,7,99,65,35,6

93. S40 OR S57:S85

94. S45 OR S86:S89

95. S55 OR S90:S92

96. S93 AND S94 AND S95

97. S96/1980‐2004

CENTRAL search

1. prison*

2. offender*

3. (criminal* or probation or court*)

4. (secure next establishment*)

5. reoffend*

6. reincarcerat*

7. recidiv*

8. exoffend*

9. (jail or jails or incarcerat*)

10. (secure next facilit*)

10(secure next facilit*)

11. (convict* or revocation or inmate* or (high next security))

12. PRISONERS

13. LAW ENFORCEMENT

14. JURISPRUDENCE

15. CRIME

16. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15

17. SUBSTANCE‐RELATED DISORDERS

18. ((substance or drug*) next (abuse* or misuse* or dependen*or use* or addict*))

19. (narcotics or chemical or opiate) next (dependen* or addict* or abuse* or misuse*))

20. ((heroin) next (addict* or dependen* or misuse* or abuse*))

21. ((crack) next (addict* or dependen* or misuse* or abuse* or use*))

22. ((cocaine next addict*) or (cocaine next dependenc*) or (cocaine next misuse*) or (cocaine next abuse*) or (cocaine next use*))

23. ((amphetamine*) next (addict* or dependen* or misuse* or abuse* or use*))

24. (addicts or (dependence next disorder) or (drug next involved))

25. (street next drugs)

26. STREET DRUGS

27. DESIGNER DRUGS

28. NARCOTICS

29. COCAINE

30. AMPHETAMINES

31. ANALGESICS ADDICTIVE

32. ANALGESICS OPIOID

33. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS

34. opioid* or opiat*

35. #17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34

35. (#16 and #35)

SIGLE

1. ((reoffend* or reincarcerat* or recidivi* or ex‐offend* or jail or jails or incarcerat* or secure facilit* or convict* or revocation or inmate*) in ti,ab)

2. ((remand or prison* or offender* or criminal* or probation or court or courts or secure establishment*) in ti,ab

3. ((drug dependenc* or drug addict* or narcotics abuse* or narcotics use* or narcotics misuse* or narcotics addict*) in ti,ab

4. ((drug abuse* or drug misuse* or drug use*) in ti,ab

5. ((substance abuse* or substance misuse* or substance use*) in ti,ab

6. ((detox* or methadone maintenance or methadone prescri* or antagonist prescri* or dimorphine or naltrexone) in ti,ab

7. ((dependence disorder or drug involved) in ti,ab

8. ((amphetamine* abuse* or amphetamine* misuse* or amphetamine* use* or amphetamine* addict*) in ti,ab

9. ((cocaine abuse* or cocaine misuse* or cocaine use* or cocaine addict*) in ti,ab

10. ((crack abuse* or crack misuse* or crack use* or crack addict*) in ti,ab

11. ((heroin abuse* or heroin misuse* or heroin use* or heroin addict*) in ti,ab

12. ((chemical dependenc* or opiate abuse* or opiate misuse* or opiate use* or opiate addict*) in ti,ab

13. #1 or #2

14. #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12

15. #13 and #14

Sociological Abstrac

1. remand in de

2. detention in de

3. prisoners in de

4. prisons in de

5. offenders in de

6. parole in de

7. probation in de

8. correctional system in de

9. courts in de

10. imprisonment in de

11. criminal justice in de

12. criminal proceedings in de

13. recidivism in de

14. jail in de

15. institutionalization (persons) in de

16. conviction/convictions in de

17. (remand or prison* or offender* or criminal* or probation or court or courts or secure establishment*) in ti,ab

18. (reoffend* or reincarcerat* or recidivi* or ex‐offend* or jail or jails or incarcerat* or secure facilit* or convict* or revocation or inmate*) in ti,ab

19. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19

20. substance abuse in de

21. explode "Drug‐Abuse" in DE

22. "Drug‐Injection" in DE

23. explode "Narcotic‐Drugs" in DE

24. "Cocaine‐" in DE

25. "Addiction‐" in DE

26. explode "Psychedelic‐Drugs" in DE

27. (substance abuse* or substance misuse* or substance use*) in ti,ab

28. (drug abuse* or drug misuse* or drug use*) in ti,ab

29. (drug dependenc* or drug addict* or narcotics abuse* or narcotics use* or narcotics misuse* or narcotics addict*) in ti,ab

30. (chemical dependenc* or opiate abuse* or opiate misuse* or opiate use* or opiate addict*) in ti,ab

31. (heroin abuse* or heroin misuse* or heroin use* or heroin addict*) in ti,ab

32. (crack abuse* or crack misuse* or crack use* or crack addict*) in ti,ab

33. (cocaine abuse* or cocaine misuse* or cocaine use* or cocaine addict*) in ti,ab

34. (amphetamine* abuse* or amphetamine* misuse* or amphetamine* use* or amphetamine* addict*) in ti,ab

35. (dependence disorder or drug involved) in ti,ab

36. #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35

37. #19 and #36

38. "Detoxification‐" in DE

39. "Methadone‐Maintenance" in DE

40. "Counseling‐" in DE

41. "Psychotherapy‐" in DE

42. "Assertiveness‐" in DE

43. (detoxification in de) or (methadone maintenance in de) or (treatment programs in de)

44. (counseling in de) or (psychotherapy in de) or (assertiveness in de) or (group therapy in de) or (goals in de) or (self control in de)

45. (interpersonal communication in de) or (social interaction in de) or (social competence in de) or (coping in de)

46. (social behavior in de) or (group work in de) or (lifestyle in de)

47. (after care in de) or (support networks in de) or (self help in de) or (self help groups in de) or (outreach programmes in de)

48. (outreach programs in de) or (referral in de) or (delinquency prevention in de) or (diversion/diversions in de)

49. (peer groups in de) or (peer influence in de) or (drug use screening in de) or (rehabilitation in de) or (work experience in de)

50. (detox* or methadone maintenance or methadone prescri* or antagonist prescri* or dimorphine or naltrexone) in ti,ab

51. (therapeutic communit* or motivational interview* or motivational enhance* or counseling or counselling or psychotherapy or cognitive behavi*) in ti,ab

52. (moral training or cognitive restructuring or assertiveness training or relaxation training) in ti,ab

53. (rational‐emotive or rational emotive or family relationship therap* or community reinforcement or self monitoring or goal setting or self control training) in ti,ab

54. (self management or interpersonal skills or social skills or basic skills or relapse prevent* or prevent* relapse or craving reduc* or reduc* craving) in ti,ab

55. (trigger* or coping skills or anger management or group work or lifestyle modif* or high intensity training or resettlement or throughcare) in ti,ab

56. (aftercare or after care or brief solution or brief intervention* or 12 step* or twelve step* or minnesota program* or needle exchange or nes) in ti,ab

57. (syringe exchange or dual diagnosis or narcotics anonymous or self help or selfhelp or outreach or bail support) in ti,ab

58. (arrest referral* or diversion or dtto or dttos or drug treatment or carat or carats or counseling assessment or combined orders) in ti,ab

59. (drug‐free or drug free or peer support or evaluation* or urinalysis or drug testing or drug use screen* or rehabilitation or discrete service* or discrete program*) in ti,ab

60. (residential program* or residential scheme* or residential service*) in ti,ab

61. (asro or addressing substance or pasro or prisons addressing or acupuncture or shock or boot camp*) in ti,ab

62. (work ethic or drug education or tasc or treatment accountability) in ti,ab

63. #38 or #39 #or #40 or #41 or #42 or #43 or #44 or #45 or #46 or #47 or #48 or #49 or #50 or #51 or #52 or #53 or #54 or #55 or #56 or #57 or #58 or #59 or #60 or #61 or #62

64. #37 and #63

ASSIA search

1. remand

2. prison or prisoner or prisoners

3. offender*

4. criminal*

5. probation

6. court or courts

7. tribunal or tribunals

8. secure establishment*

9. secure facilit*

10. reoffend*

11. reincarcerat*

12. recidivi*

13. ex‐offender*

14. jail or jails

15. incarcerat*

16. convict or convicts

17. convicted

18. felon or felons

19. conviction*

20. reconviction*

21. high security

22. law enforcement

23. Substance abuse* or substance misuse* or substance use*

24. drug dependanc* or drug abuse* or drug use*

25. drug misuse* or drug addict*

26. narcotics addict* narcotics use* narcotics misuse* narcotics abuse*

27. chemical dependanc*

28. opiates

29. heroin

30. crack

31. cocaine

32. amphetamines

33. cocaine

34. addiction

35. dependence disorder*

36. drug involved

37. Substance‐related disorders

38. amphetamine‐related disorders

39. cocaine‐related disorders

40. marijuana abuse

41. opioid‐related disorders

42. street drugs

43. designer drugs

44. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22

45. 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 or 43

46. 44 and 45

HMIC

1. remand in de

2. detention in de

3. prisoners in de

4. prisons in de

5. offenders in de

6. parole in de

7. probation in de

8. correctional system in de

9. courts in de

10. imprisonment in de

11. criminal justice in de

12. criminal proceedings in de

13. recidivism in de

14. jail in de

15. institutionalization (persons) in de

16. conviction/convictions in de

17. (remand or prison* or offender* or criminal* or probation or court or courts or secure establishment*) in ti,ab

18. (reoffend* or reincarcerat* or recidivi* or ex‐offend* or jail or jails or incarcerat* or secure facilit* or convict* or revocation or inmate*) in ti,ab

19. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18

20. substance abuse in de

21. explode "Drug‐Abuse" in DE

22. "Drug‐Injection" in DE

23. explode "Narcotic‐Drugs" in DE

24. "Cocaine‐" in DE

25. "Addiction‐" in DE

26. explode "Psychedelic‐Drugs" in DE

27. (substance abuse* or substance misuse* or substance use*) in ti,ab

28. (drug abuse* or drug misuse* or drug use*) in ti,ab

29. (drug dependenc* or drug addict* or narcotics abuse* or narcotics use* or narcotics misuse* or narcotics addict*) in ti,ab

30. (chemical dependenc* or opiate abuse* or opiate misuse* or opiate use* or opiate addict*) in ti,ab

31. (heroin abuse* or heroin misuse* or heroin use* or heroin addict*) in ti,ab

32. (crack abuse* or crack misuse* or crack use* or crack addict*) in ti,ab

33. (cocaine abuse* or cocaine misuse* or cocaine use* or cocaine addict*) in ti,ab

34. (amphetamine* abuse* or amphetamine* misuse* or amphetamine* use* or amphetamine* addict*) in ti,ab

35. (dependence disorder or drug involved) in ti,ab

36. #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35

37. #19 and #36

NRR search

1. REMAND

2. PRISON*

3. OFFENDER*

4. ((CRIMINAL* or PROBATION) or COURT) or COURTS)

5. (SECURE next ESTABLISHMENT*)

6. REOFFEND*

7. REINCARCERAT*

8. RECIDIV*

9. EXOFFEND*

10. ((JAIL or JAILS) or INCARCERAT*)

11. (SECURE next FACILIT*)

12. (((CONVICT* or REVOCATION) or INMATE*) OR (HIGH next SECURITY))

13. PRISONERS:ME

14. LAW‐ENFORCEMENT:ME

15. JURISPRUDENCE:ME

16. CRIME:ME

17. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10

18. #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16

19. #17 or #18

20. ((SUBSTANCE next ABUSE*) or (SUBSTANCE next MISUSE*)) OR (DRUG NEXT DEPENDENC*)) OR (DRUG NEXT ABUSE*)) OR (DRUG NEXT MISUSE*)) OR (DRUG NEXT USE*)) OR (DRUG NEXT ADDICTION))

21. ((NARCOTICS or (CHEMICAL next DEPENDENC*)) OR (OPIATE NEXT ADDICT*)) OR (OPIATE NEXT DEPENDENC*)) OR (OPIATE NEXT ABUSE*)) OR (OPIATE NEXT MISUSE*))

22. ((HEROIN next ADDICT*) or (HEROIN next DEPENDENC*)) OR (HEROIN NEXT MISUSE*)) OR (HEROIN NEXT ABUSE*))

23. ((CRACK next ADDICT*) or (CRACK next DEPENDENC*)) OR (CRACK NEXT MISUSE*)) OR (CRACK NEXT ABUSE*)) OR (CRACK NEXT USE*))

24. ((COCAINE next ADDICT*) or (COCAINE next DEPENDENC*)) OR (COCAINE NEXT MISUSE*)) OR (COCAINE NEXT ABUSE*)) OR (COCAINE NEXT USE*))

25. ((AMPHETAMINE* next ADDICT*) or (AMPHETAMINE* next DEPENDENC*)) OR (AMPHETAMINE* NEXT MISUSE*)) OR (AMPHETAMINE* NEXT ABUSE*)) OR (AMPHETAMINE* NEXT USE*))

26. ((ADDICTS or (DEPENDENCE next DISORDER)) OR (DRUG NEXT INVOLVED))

27. (SUBSTANCE‐RELATED and DISORDERS:ME)

28. SUBSTANCE‐RELATED‐DISORDERS:ME

29. AMPHETAMINE‐ABUSE:ME

30. COCAINE‐ABUSE:ME

31. MARIJUANA‐ABUSE:ME

32. OPIOID‐RELATED‐DISORDERS:ME

33. PHENCYCLIDINE‐ABUSE:ME

34. SUBSTANCE‐ABUSE‐INTRAVENOUS:ME

35. SUBSTANCE‐WITHDRAWAL‐SYNDROME:ME

36. (STREET next DRUGS)

38. STREET‐DRUGS:ME

39. DESIGNER‐DRUGS:ME

40. NARCOTICS:ME

41. (COCAINE:ME or AMPHETAMINES:ME)

42. ANALGESICS‐ADDICTIVE:ME

43. ANALGESICS‐OPIOID:ME

44. PSYCHOTROPIC‐DRUGS:ME

45. #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35 or #36 or #37 or #38 or #39 or #40 or #41 or #42 or #43 or #44

46. 19 and 45

PAIS

1. ((reoffend* or reincarcerat* or recidivi* or ex‐offend* or jail or jails or incarcerat* or secure facilit* or convict* or revocation or inmate*) in ti,ab)

2. ((remand or prison* or offender* or criminal* or probation or court or courts or secure establishment*) in ti,ab)

3. ((drug dependenc* or drug addict* or narcotics abuse* or narcotics use* or narcotics misuse* or narcotics addict*) in ti,ab)

4. ((drug abuse* or drug misuse* or drug use*) in ti,ab) or ((substance abuse* or substance misuse* or substance use*) in ti,ab)

5. ((detox* or methadone maintenance or methadone prescri* or antagonist prescri* or dimorphine or naltrexone) in ti,ab)

6. ((dependence disorder or drug involved) in ti,ab)

7. ((amphetamine* abuse* or amphetamine* misuse* or amphetamine* use* or amphetamine* addict*) in ti,ab)

8. ((cocaine abuse* or cocaine misuse* or cocaine use* or cocaine addict*) in ti,ab)

9. ((crack abuse* or crack misuse* or crack use* or crack addict*) in ti,ab)

10. ((heroin abuse* or heroin misuse* or heroin use* or heroin addict*) in ti,ab)

11. ((chemical dependenc* or opiate abuse* or opiate misuse* or opiate use* or opiate addict*) in ti,ab)

12. ((moral training or cognitive restructuring or assertiveness training or relaxation training) in ti,ab)

13. ((therapeutic communit* or motivational interview* or motivational enhance* or counseling or counselling or psychotherapy or cognitive behavi*) in ti,ab)

14. ((work ethic or drug education or tasc or treatment accountability) in ti,ab)

15. ((asro or addressing substance or pasro or prisons addressing or acupuncture or shock or boot camp*) in ti,ab)

16. ((arrest referral* or diversion or dtto or dttos or drug treatment or carat or carats or counseling assessment or combined orders) in ti,ab)

17. ((residential program* or residential scheme* or residential service*) in ti,ab)

18. ((syringe exchange or dual diagnosis or narcotics anonymous or self help or selfhelp or outreach or bail support) in ti,ab)

19. ((drug‐free or drug free or peer support or evaluation* or urinalysis or drug testing or drug use screen* or rehabilitation or discrete service* or discrete program*) in ti,ab)

20. ((aftercare or after care or brief solution or brief intervention* or 12 step* or twelve step* or minnesota program* or needle exchange or nes) in ti,ab)

21. ((trigger* or coping skills or anger management or group work or lifestyle modif* or high intensity training or resettlement or throughcare) in ti,ab)

22. ((self management or interpersonal skills or social skills or basic skills or relapse prevent* or prevent* relapse or craving reduc* or reduc* craving) in ti,ab)

24. ((rational‐emotive or rational emotive or family relationship therap* or community reinforcement or self monitoring or goal setting or self control training) in ti,ab)

25. #1 or #2

26. #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or 9 or #10 or #11

27. #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24

28. 25 and #26 and #27

CJA search

1. (substance abuse* or substance misuse* or substance use or substance users) in ti,ab,de

2. substance related in ti,ab,de

3. drug related in ti,ab,de

4. (drug dependenc* or drug abuse* or drug misuse* or drug use or drug users or drug addiction) in ti,ab,de

5. (narcotics use or narcotics users or narcotics abuse* or narcotics misuse* or chemical dependenc*) in ti,ab,de

6. (opiates or heroin or crack or cocaine or amphetamines or addict or addicts or addicted or dependence disorder* or drug involved) in ti,ab,de

7. (designer drugs or street drugs or polydrug misuse* or polydrug abuse*) in ti,ab,de

8. #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7

9. ((antagonist near prescri*) or diamorphine or naltrexone) in ti,ab,de

10(therapeutic communit* or (motivational near interview*)) in ti,ab,de

11. (motivational near enhancement) in ti,ab,de

12. (counselling or counseling) in ti,ab,de

13. (psychotherap* or cognitive behav* or behav* therap* or (moral near training)) in ti,ab,de

14. (cognitive restructuring or (assertiveness near train*) or relaxation training) in ti,ab,de

15. (rational emotive or family relationship therap*) in ti,ab,de

16. (community reinforcement or self monitoring or goal setting or goalsetting) in ti,ab,de

17. (self control near training) in ti,ab,de

18. (self management) in ti,ab,de

19. (interpersonal skills near training) in ti,ab,de

20. ((social skills or basic skills) near training) in ti,ab,de

21. ((relapse near prevent*) or (craving near reduc*)) in ti,ab,de

22. (trigger* or coping skills or anger management or group work or (lifestyle near modif*)) in ti,ab,de

23. (high intensity training or resettlement or throughcare or aftercare or after care) in ti,ab,de

24. (brief solution* or brief intervention*) in ti,ab,de

25. (minnesota in ti,ab) in ti,ab,de

26. (12 step* or twelve step*) in ti,ab,de

27. (needle exchange or nes or syringe exchange) in ti,ab,de

28. (dual diagnosis or narcotics anonymous or self help or selfhelp or outreach) in ti,ab,de

29. (bail support or bail program* or arrest referral* or diversion or dtto* or drug treatment) in ti,ab,de

30. (carat or counselling assessment or counseling assessment) in ti,ab,de

31. (combined order* or drug free wing* or drug free environment* or peer support) in ti,ab,de

32. (user evaluations or urinalys* or urinanalys* or drug test* or rehab* or discrete service*) in ti,ab,de

33. (discrete program* or residential program* or residential scheme*) in ti,ab,de

34. (asro or addressing substance*) in ti,ab,de

35. (pasro or prisons addressing) in ti,ab,de

36. (acupuncture or shock or boot camp or boot camps or work ethic camp*) in ti,ab,de

37. (drug education or tasc or treatment accountability) in ti,ab,de

38. (detoxification or detox or methadone maintenance or (methadone near prescri*)) in ti,ab,de

39. #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29

40. #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35 or #36 or #37 or #38 or #39

41. #39 or #40

42. #8 and #41

9. #42 and (PY > "1979")

 Item

 Judgment

 Description

1. random sequence generation (selection bias)

low risk

The investigators describe a random component in the sequence generation process such as: random number table; computer random number generator; coin tossing; shuffling cards or envelopes; throwing dice; drawing of lots; minimization

high risk

The investigators describe a non‐random component in the sequence generation process such as: odd or even date of birth; date (or day) of admission; hospital or clinic record number; alternation; judgement of the clinician; results of a laboratory test or a series of tests; availability of the intervention

Unclear risk

Insufficient information about the sequence generation process to permit judgement of low or high risk

2. allocation concealment (selection bias)

low risk

Investigators enrolling participants could not foresee assignment because one of the following, or an equivalent method, was used to conceal allocation: central allocation (including telephone, web‐based, and pharmacy‐controlled, randomisation); sequentially numbered drug containers of identical appearance; sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes.

high risk

Investigators enrolling participants could possibly foresee assignments because one of the following method was used: open random allocation schedule (e.g. a list of random numbers); assignment envelopes without appropriate safeguards (e.g. if envelopes were unsealed or non­opaque or not sequentially numbered); alternation or rotation; date of birth; case record number; any other explicitly unconcealed procedure.

Unclear risk

Insufficient information to permit judgement of low or high risk This is usually the case if the method of concealment is not described or not described in sufficient detail to allow a definite judgement

3. blinding of participants and providers (performance bias)

Objective outcomes 

low risk

No blinding or incomplete blinding, but the review authors judge that the outcome is not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;

Blinding of participants and key study personnel ensured, and unlikely that the blinding could have been broken.

4. blinding of participants and providers (performance bias)

Subjective outcomes

low risk

Blinding of participants and  providers and unlikely that the blinding could have been broken;

high risk

No blinding or incomplete blinding, and the outcome is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;

Blinding of key study participants and personnel attempted, but likely that the blinding could have been broken, and the outcome is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding.

Unclear risk

Insufficient information to permit judgement of low or high risk;

5. blinding of outcome assessor (detection bias)

Objective outcomes 

low risk

No blinding of outcome assessment, but the review authors judge that the outcome measurement is not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;

Blinding of outcome assessment ensured, and unlikely that the blinding could have been broken

6.blinding of outcome assessor (detection  bias)

Subjective outcomes

low risk

No blinding of outcome assessment, but the review authors judge that the outcome measurement is not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;

Blinding of outcome assessment ensured, and unlikely that the blinding could have been broken

high risk

No blinding of outcome assessment, and the outcome measurement is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;

Blinding of outcome assessment, but likely that the blinding could have been broken, and the outcome measurement is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding

Unclear risk

Insufficient information to permit judgement of low or high risk;

7. incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)

For all outcomes except retention in treatment or drop out

low risk

No missing outcome data;

Reasons for missing outcome data unlikely to be related to true outcome (for survival data, censoring unlikely to be introducing bias);

Missing outcome data balanced in numbers across intervention groups, with similar reasons for missing data across groups;

For dichotomous outcome data, the proportion of missing outcomes compared with observed event risk not enough to have a clinically relevant impact on the intervention effect estimate;

For continuous outcome data, plausible effect size (difference in means or standardized difference in means) among missing outcomes not enough to have a clinically relevant impact on observed effect size;

Missing data have been imputed using appropriate methods

All randomised patients are reported/analysed in the group they were allocated to by randomisation irrespective of non‐compliance and co‐interventions (intention to treat)

high risk

Reason for missing outcome data likely to be related to true outcome, with either imbalance in numbers or reasons for missing data across intervention groups;

For dichotomous outcome data, the proportion of missing outcomes compared with observed event risk enough to induce clinically relevant bias in intervention effect estimate;

For continuous outcome data, plausible effect size (difference in means or standardized difference in means) among missing outcomes enough to induce clinically relevant bias in observed effect size;

‘As‐treated’ analysis done with substantial departure of the intervention received from that assigned at randomisation; 

Unclear risk

Insufficient information to permit judgement of low or high risk (e.g. number randomised not stated, no reasons for missing data provided; number of drop out not reported for each group);

8 selective reporting (reporting bias)

low risk

The study protocol is available and all of the study’s pre‐specified (primary and secondary) outcomes that are of interest in the review have been reported in the pre‐specified way;

The study protocol is not available but it is clear that the published reports include all expected outcomes, including those that were pre‐specified (convincing text of this nature may be uncommon).

high risk

Not all of the study’s pre‐specified primary outcomes have been reported;

One or more primary outcomes is reported using measurements, analysis methods or subsets of the data (e.g. sub scales) that were not pre‐specified;

One or more reported primary outcomes were not pre‐specified (unless clear justification for their reporting is provided, such as an unexpected adverse effect);

One or more outcomes of interest in the review are reported incompletely so that they cannot be entered in a meta‐analysis;

The study report fails to include results for a key outcome that would be expected to have been reported for such a study.

Unclear risk

Insufficient information to permit judgement of low or high risk

9. Other bias *

low risk

 Evidence to suggest other problems identified with the study which might threaten the validity of the random allocation, attrition or data integrity and results of the trial.

high risk

 Evidence to suggest that the trial might be underpowered/problems with the random allocation process leading to potential self selection bias/ issues of analysis not conducted using intent to treat analysis or evidence of missing data. Concerns of attrition and measurement error including reliance on self report measures.

Unclear risk

 insufficient information to permit judgement of low or high risk