Abbreviation

Explanation

ADA

American Diabetes Association

ALAT

Alanine aminotransferase

ASAT

Aspartate transaminase

BG

Blood glucose

BMI

Body mass index

BW

Body weight

CI

Confidence interval

FG

Fasting glucose

FBG

Fasting blood glucose

FINDRISC

Finnish Diabetes Risk Score

FPG

Fasting plasma glucose

G6PD

Glucose‐6‐P‐dehydrogenase test

HbA1c

Glycosylated haemoglobin A1c

HbA1c_5.7

Intermediate hyperglycaemia with HbA1c level 5.7%‐6.4% at baseline (HbA1c 5.7% threshold)

HbA1c_6.0

Intermediate hyperglycaemia with HbA1c level 6.0%‐6.4% at baseline (HbA1c 6.0% threshold)

h‐CRP

High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein

HOMA‐B(eta)

Homeostatic model assessment beta‐cell function

HOMA‐IR

Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance

HR

Hazard ratio

ICTRP

International Clinical Trials Registry Platform

IEC

International Expert Committee

IFG

Impaired fasting glucose

IFG_5.6

Intermediate hyperglycaemia with impaired fasting plasma glucose level 5.6–6.9 mmol/L at baseline (IFG 5.6 mmol/L threshold)

IFG_6.1

Intermediate hyperglycaemia with impaired fasting plasma glucose level 6.1–6.9 mmol/L at baseline (IFG 6.1 mmol/L threshold)

IFG/IGT

Combination of both IFG and IGT

i‐IFG

Isolated IFG

IGT

Impaired glucose tolerance (intermediate hyperglycaemia defined by IGT: plasma glucose 7.8–11.1 mmol/L 2 hours after a 75 g OGTT at baseline)

i‐IGT

Isolated IGT

IQR

Interquartile range

IRR

Incidence rate ratio

JDS

Japanese Diabetes Society

M

Men

NCEP

National cholesterol education program

NDDG

National Diabetes Data Group

NGSP

National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program

NGT

Normal glucose tolerance

OGTT

Oral glucose tolerance test

OR

Odds ratio

PG

Postload glucose

QUIPS

Quality In Prognosis Studies tool

ROC

Receiver operating characteristics

RR

Risk ratio, relative risk

SD

Standard deviation

SE

Standard error

T2DM

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

W

Women

WHO

World Health Organization

γ‐GT

Gamma‐glutamyl transferase/transpeptidase

Search strategy overview

Tier 1: prediabetes as predictor for CVD, mortality, stroke, cancer, micro/macrovascular complications

(

1. Population block (prediabetes AND prognosis filter)

OR

2. Prediabetes risk factors / diagnostic criteria block ((IFG, IGT, HbA1c) ADJ6 prognosis terms)

)

AND

3. Outcomes block (diabetes complications, micro/macrovascular, mortality)

Tier 2: prediabetes as predictor for diabetes incidence

(

1. Population block (prediabetes AND prognosis filter)

OR

2. Prediabetes risk factors / diagnostic criteria block ((IFG, IGT, HbA1c) ADJ6 prognosis terms)

)

AND

3. Outcomes block (diabetes incidence)

MEDLINE (Ovid SP)

Whole strategy (combining tier 1: 'prediabetes' as predictor for cardiovascular disease, mortality, stroke, cancer, micro/macrovascular complications and tier 2: 'prediabetes' as predictor for diabetes incidence)

1. Prediabetic state/

2. (prediabet* or pre diabet*).tw.

3. intermediate hyperglyc?emi*.tw.

4. or/1‐3

5. incidence.sh. or exp mortality/ or follow‐up studies.sh. or prognos*.tw. or predict*.tw. or course*.tw. [Wilczynski 2004: MEDLINE prognosis filter sensitivity maximizing]

6. prognosis/ or diagnosed.tw. or cohort*.mp. or predictor*.tw. or death.tw. or exp models, statistical/ [Wilczynski 2004: MEDLINE prognosis filter best balance]

7. or/5‐6

8. 4 and 7 [population block (prediabetes + prognosis filter)]

9. ((impaired fasting adj2 glucose) or IFG or (impaired adj FPG)).tw.

10. (impaired glucose tolerance or IGT).tw.

11. ("HbA(1c)" or HbA1 or HbA1c or "HbA 1c" or ((glycosylated or glycated) adj h?emoglobin)).tw.

12. or/9‐11

13. (predict* or associa* or prognos*).tw.

14. ((prognostic or predict*) adj2 model?).tw.

15. predictive value?.tw.

16. (risk adj (predict* or factor? or score)).tw.

17. or/13‐16

18. (((impaired fasting adj2 glucose) or IFG or "impaired FPG" or impaired glucose tolerance or IGT or "HbA(1c)" or HbA1 or HbA1c or "HbA 1c" or ((glycosylated or glycated) adj h?emoglobin)) adj3 (predict* or associa* or prognos* or ((prognostic or predict*) adj2 model?) or predictive value? or (risk adj (predict* or factor? or score)))).tw. [12 adj3 17 // risk factor block]

19. 8 or 18 [block 1 or block 2]

20. complication?.tw.

21. mortality.tw.

22. (CHD or CVD).tw.

23. (coronary adj2 disease).tw.

24. (coronar* adj (event? or syndrome?)).tw.

25. (heart adj (failure or disease? or attack? or infarct*)).tw.

26. (myocardial adj (infarct* or isch?emi*)).tw.

27. cardiac failure.tw.

28. angina.tw.

29. revasculari*.tw.

30. (stroke or strokes).tw.

31. cerebrovascular.tw.

32. ((brain* or cerebr*) adj (infarct* or isch?emi*)).tw.

33. apoplexy.tw.

34. ((vascular or peripheral arter*) adj disease?).tw.

35. cardiovascular.tw.

36. (neuropath* or polyneuropath*).tw.

37. (retinopath* or maculopath*).tw.

38. (nephropath* or nephrotic or proteinuri* or albuminuri*).tw.

39. ((kidney or renal) adj (disease? or failure or transplant*)).tw.

40. ((chronic or endstage or end stage) adj (renal or kidney)).tw.

41. (CRD or CRF or CKF or CRF or CKD or ESKD or ESKF or ESRD or ESRF).tw.

42. (microvascular or macrovascular or ((micro or macro) adj vascular)).tw.

43. (cancer or carcino* or neoplas* or tumo?r?).tw.

44. (amputation? or ulcer* or foot or feet or wound*).tw.

45. or/20‐44 [tier 1 strategy outcomes block]

46. 19 and 45

47. ((diabet* or type 2 or type II or T2D*) adj4 (progress* or inciden* or conversion or develop* or future)).tw. [tier 2 strategy outcomes block]

48. 19 and 47

49. 46 or 48

50. exp animals/ not humans/

51. 49 not 50

52. (gestational or PCOS).tw.

53. 51 not 52

54. (comment or letter or editorial).pt.

55. 53 not 54

56. remove duplicates from 55

Embase (Ovid SP)

Whole strategy (combining tier 1: 'prediabetes' as predictor for cardiovascular disease, mortality, stroke, cancer, micro/macrovascular complications and tier 2: 'prediabetes' as predictor for diabetes incidence)

1. (prediabet* or pre diabet*).tw.

2. intermediate hyperglyc?emi*.tw.

3. or/1‐2

4. exp disease course or risk*.mp. or diagnos*.mp. or follow‐up.mp. or ep.fs. or outcome.tw. [Wilczynski 2005: Embase prognosis filter sensitivity maximizing]

5. follow‐up.mp. or prognos*.tw. or ep.fs. [Wilczynski 2005: Embase prognosis filter best balance]

6. or/4‐5

7. 3 and 6 [population block (prediabetes + prognosis filter)]

8. ((impaired fasting adj2 glucose) or IFG or (impaired adj FPG)).tw.

9. (impaired glucose tolerance or IGT).tw.

10. ("HbA(1c)" or HbA1 or HbA1c or "HbA 1c" or ((glycosylated or glycated) adj h?emoglobin)).tw.

11. or/8‐10

12. (predict* or associa* or prognos*).tw.

13. ((prognostic or predict*) adj2 model?).tw.

14. predictive value?.tw.

15. (risk adj (predict* or factor? or score)).tw.

16. or/12‐15

17. (((impaired fasting adj2 glucose) or IFG or "impaired FPG" or impaired glucose tolerance or IGT or "HbA(1c)" or HbA1 or HbA1c or "HbA 1c" or ((glycosylated or glycated) adj h?emoglobin)) adj3 (predict* or associa* or prognos* or ((prognostic or predict*) adj2 model?) or predictive value? or (risk adj (predict* or factor? or score)))).tw. [12 adj3 17 // risk factor block]

18. 7 or 17 [block 1 or block 2]

19. complication?.tw.

20. mortality.tw.

21. (CHD or CVD).tw.

22. (coronary adj2 disease).tw.

23. (coronar* adj (event? or syndrome?)).tw.

24. (heart adj (failure or disease? or attack? or infarct*)).tw.

25. (myocardial adj (infarct* or isch?emi*)).tw.

26. cardiac failure.tw.

27. angina.tw.

28. revasculari*.tw.

29. (stroke or strokes).tw.

30. cerebrovascular.tw.

31. ((brain* or cerebr*) adj (infarct* or isch?emi*)).tw.

32. apoplexy.tw.

33. ((vascular or peripheral arter*) adj disease?).tw.

34. cardiovascular.tw.

35. (neuropath* or polyneuropath*).tw.

36. (retinopath* or maculopath*).tw.

37. (nephropath* or nephrotic or proteinuri* or albuminuri*).tw.

38. ((kidney or renal) adj (disease? or failure or transplant*)).tw.

39. ((chronic or endstage or end stage) adj (renal or kidney)).tw.

40. (CRD or CRF or CKF or CRF or CKD or ESKD or ESKF or ESRD or ESRF).tw.

41. (microvascular or macrovascular or ((micro or macro) adj vascular)).tw.

42. (cancer or carcino* or neoplas* or tumo?r?).tw.

43. (amputation? or ulcer* or foot or feet or wound*).tw.

44. or/19‐43 [tier 1 strategy outcomes block]

45. 18 and 44

46. ((diabet* or type 2 or type II or T2D*) adj4 (progress* or inciden* or conversion or develop* or future)).tw. [tier 2 strategy outcomes block]

47. 18 and 46

48. 45 or 47

[49‐53: TSC Portal filter for exclusion of animal references]

49. exp animals/ or exp invertebrate/ or animal experiment/ or animal model/ or animal tissue/ or animal cell/ or nonhuman/

50. human/ or normal human/ or human cell/

51. 49 and 50

52. 49 not 51

53. 48 not 52

54. (gestational or PCOS).tw.

55. 53 not 54

56. (comment or letter or editorial or conference).pt.

57. 55 not 56

58. remove duplicates from 57

ClinicalTrials.gov (Expert search)

( prediabetes OR prediabetic OR "pre diabetes" OR "pre diabetic" OR "intermediate hyperglycemia" OR "intermediate hyperglycaemia" OR "intermediate hyperglycemic" OR "intermediate hyperglycaemic" OR "impaired glucose tolerance" OR "impaired fasting glucose" ) AND ( complication OR complications OR mortality OR CHD OR CVD OR coronary OR heart OR myocardial OR infarct OR infarction OR infarcts OR infarctions OR ischemia OR ischemic OR ischaemia OR ischaemic OR failure OR angina OR revascularization OR revascularisation OR revascularizations OR revascularisations OR stroke OR strokes OR cerebrovascular OR apoplexy OR vascular or peripheral OR cardiovascular OR neuropathy OR neuropathies OR polyneuropathy OR polyneuropathies OR retinopathy OR retinopathies OR maculopathy OR maculopathies OR nephropathy OR nephropathies OR nephrotic OR proteinuria OR proteinuric OR albuminuria OR kidney OR renal OR CRD OR CRF OR CKF OR CRF OR CKD OR ESKD OR ESKF OR ESRD OR ESRF OR microvascular OR macrovascular OR "micro vascular" OR "macro vascular" OR cancer OR carcinoma OR neoplasm OR neoplasms OR tumor OR tumors OR tumour OR tumours OR amputation OR amputations OR ulcer OR foot OR feet OR wounds OR ( diabetes OR diabetic OR "type 2" OR "type II" OR T2D OR T2DM ) AND ( progress OR progression OR progressed OR incident OR incidence OR conversion OR developed OR development OR future ) ) [OUTCOME]

ICTRP Search Portal (Standard search)

prediabet* AND prognos* OR

prediabet* AND predict* OR

prediabet* AND inciden* OR

prediabet* AND mortality OR

prediabet* AND prevent* OR

prediabet* AND progress* OR

prediabet* AND develop* OR

pre diabet* AND prognos* OR

pre diabet* AND predict* OR

pre diabet* AND inciden* OR

pre diabet* AND mortality OR

pre diabet* AND prevent* OR

pre diabet* AND progress* OR

pre diabet* AND develop* OR

impaired glucose tolerance AND prognos* OR

impaired glucose tolerance AND predict* OR

impaired glucose tolerance AND inciden* OR

impaired glucose tolerance AND mortality OR

impaired glucose tolerance AND prevent* OR

impaired glucose tolerance AND progress* OR

impaired glucose tolerance AND develop* OR

impaired fasting glucose AND prognos* OR

impaired fasting glucose AND predict* OR

impaired fasting glucose AND inciden* OR

impaired fasting glucose AND mortality OR

impaired fasting glucose AND prevent* OR

impaired fasting glucose AND progress* OR

impaired fasting glucose AND develop* OR

HbA* AND prognos* OR

HbA* AND predict* OR

HbA* AND inciden* OR

HbA* AND mortality OR

HbA* AND prevent* OR

HbA* AND progress* OR

HbA* AND develop*

Seed publications (for PubMed's 'similar articles'‐algorithm)

24355200[PMID] OR 16873795[PMID] OR 9705020[PMID] OR 25906786[PMID] OR 9363520[PMID] OR 21278140[PMID] OR 21676480[PMID] OR 21300382[PMID] OR 10862313[PMID] OR 18689695[PMID] OR 27596059[PMID] OR 12397006[PMID] OR 18673544[PMID] OR 21307378[PMID] OR 15220202[PMID] OR 22647753[PMID] OR 28258520[PMID] OR 10663216[PMID] OR 20573752[PMID] OR 20622160[PMID] OR 9300248[PMID] OR 2060716[PMID] OR 27459384[PMID] OR 12757990[PMID] OR 10414941[PMID] OR 21335372[PMID] OR 9653617[PMID] OR 20073428[PMID] OR 17309402[PMID] OR 17315136[PMID] OR 14025561[PMID] OR 10466767[PMID] OR 26273669[PMID] OR 28698884[PMID] OR 11311100[PMID] OR 14710970[PMID] OR 27933333[PMID] OR 27543801[PMID] OR 2035513[PMID] OR 12062857[PMID] OR 11978676[PMID] OR 11679461[PMID] OR 19224196[PMID] OR 14693710[PMID] OR 28278309[PMID] OR 17257284[PMID] OR 7859632[PMID] OR 2689122[PMID] OR 10937506[PMID] OR 27515749[PMID] OR 20484131[PMID] OR 26675051[PMID] OR 8866565[PMID] OR 17032347[PMID] OR 11686540[PMID] OR 26606421[PMID] OR 18282630[PMID] OR 8635647[PMID] OR 9243105[PMID] OR 8886564[PMID] OR 7589843[PMID] OR 9028719[PMID] OR 2407581[PMID] OR 28751960[PMID] OR 2912042[PMID] OR 28043048[PMID] OR 11916954[PMID] OR 16344402[PMID] OR 19531260[PMID] OR 19414206[PMID] OR 1216390[PMID] OR 22456865[PMID] OR 22510023[PMID] OR 22955996[PMID] OR 21705064[PMID] OR 21212932[PMID] OR 28768835[PMID] OR 9162608[PMID] OR 17000944[PMID] OR 25814432[PMID] OR 9406673[PMID] OR 11110508[PMID] OR 27740930[PMID] OR 24843430[PMID] OR 16518992[PMID] OR 18486512[PMID] OR 29133894[PMID] OR 29380232[PMID] OR 8894485[PMID] OR 28951335[PMID] OR 5226858[PMID] OR 27368062[PMID] OR 16100444[PMID] OR 15223223[PMID] OR 18452257[PMID] OR 27085081[PMID] OR 25245975[PMID] OR 6706044[PMID] OR 20827664[PMID] OR 20536946[PMID] OR 11606173[PMID] OR 10587859[PMID] OR 14967156[PMID] OR 7782724[PMID] OR 9754834[PMID] OR 11079739[PMID] OR 28004008[PMID] OR 17320447[PMID] OR 11772900[PMID] OR 2260546[PMID] OR 26885316[PMID] OR 25215305[PMID] OR 29074816[PMID] OR 18206734[PMID] OR 12590020[PMID] OR 26575606[PMID] OR 22640983[PMID] OR 24135387[PMID] OR 26840038[PMID] OR 24992623[PMID] OR 18485514[PMID] OR 27749572[PMID] OR 14578254[PMID] OR 15616025[PMID] OR 7748921[PMID] OR 17989310[PMID] OR 28371687[PMID] OR 8112189[PMID] OR 12610034[PMID] OR 12765960[PMID] OR 11784224[PMID] OR 9829346[PMID] OR 6702817[PMID] OR 3516770[PMID] OR 18697630[PMID] OR 11437858[PMID] OR 8612442[PMID] OR 8070301[PMID] OR 8454106[PMID] OR 9203444[PMID] OR 12519316[PMID] OR 19414203[PMID] OR 8335178[PMID] OR 1892482[PMID] OR 2261821[PMID] OR 27515716[PMID] OR 15036828[PMID] OR 15983331[PMID] OR 8875091[PMID] OR 8720611[PMID] OR 3751746[PMID] OR 20508383[PMID] OR 17914548[PMID] OR 7497867[PMID] OR 16600415[PMID] OR 23283714[PMID] OR 21738002[PMID] OR 8922541[PMID] OR 25624343[PMID] OR 7481176[PMID] OR 12414877[PMID] OR 11106838[PMID] OR 3527626[PMID] OR 17143605[PMID] OR 18060659[PMID] OR 12627316[PMID] OR 20002472[PMID] OR 17259503[PMID] OR 11068083[PMID] OR 29018885[PMID] OR 3054559[PMID] OR 25350916[PMID] OR 21107436[PMID] OR 7075915[PMID] OR 19131461[PMID] OR 17536075[PMID] OR 18316395[PMID] OR 2752891[PMID] OR 20855549[PMID] OR 20200384[PMID] OR 23497506[PMID] OR 24083174[PMID] OR 10097917[PMID] OR 9405904[PMID] OR 3542644[PMID] OR 20978739[PMID] OR 15189364[PMID] OR 25962707[PMID] OR 27239315[PMID] OR 18226046[PMID] OR 12777437[PMID] OR 12582008[PMID] OR 8314414[PMID] OR 8482427[PMID] OR 6507426[PMID] OR 18535192[PMID] OR 10333940[PMID] OR 16990660[PMID] OR 19046200[PMID] OR 10812323[PMID] OR 10480514[PMID] OR 17536076[PMID] OR 18249214[PMID] OR 20934897[PMID] OR 28632742[PMID] OR 27810987[PMID] OR 18405128[PMID] OR 8680609[PMID] OR 20578203[PMID] OR 16720024[PMID] OR 15451912[PMID] OR 15533586[PMID] OR 21270194[PMID] OR 10333943[PMID] OR 27863979[PMID] OR 11781759[PMID] OR 15175438[PMID] OR 15793193[PMID] OR 11194248[PMID] OR 26913636[PMID] OR 7712700[PMID] OR 14578234[PMID] OR 21718910[PMID] OR 15161800[PMID]

Study ID

Signalling question

Authors' judgement for 'yes'

Study participation: yes/no^a/unclear^b/NA^c

a. Adequate participation in the study by eligible people

NA: usually participants with information on glycaemic status and follow‐up data providing information on development of type 2 diabetes are selected from a greater study cohort (e.g. study evaluating several cardiovascular risk factors)

b. Description of the source population or population of interest

Source population for cohort with intermediate hyperglycaemia is clearly described

c. Description of the baseline study sample

Number of people with intermediate hyperglycaemia at baseline is clearly described

d. Adequate description of the sampling frame and recruitment

Way of establishing the source population, selection criteria and key characteristics of the source population clearly described

e. Adequate description of the period and place of recruitment

Time period and place of recruitment for both baseline and follow‐up examinations are clearly described

f. Adequate description of inclusion and exclusion criteria

Definiton of people with normoglycaemia, intermediate hyperglycaemia or diabetes mellitus and description of other inclusion and exclusion criteria

Study participation: risk of bias rating (high/low/unclear)

High: most items are answered with 'no'; Low: all items answered with 'yes'; Unclear: most items are answered with 'unclear'

Note: potentially a single item may introduce a high risk of bias, depending on study specifics

Study attrition: yes/no/unclear/NA

a. Adequate response rate for study participants

NA: usually participants with information on glycaemic status and follow‐up data providing information on development of type 2 diabetes are selected from a greater study cohort (e.g. study evaluating several cardiovascular risk factors)

b. Attempts to collect information on participants who dropped out described

Attempts to collect information on participants who dropped out are described (e.g. telephone contact, mail, registers)

c. Reasons for loss to follow‐up provided

Reasons on participants who dropped out are available (e.g. deceased participants between baseline and follow‐up, participants moving to another location)

d. Adequate description of participants lost to follow‐up

Key characteristics of participants lost to follow‐up are described (age, sex, glucose status at baseline, body mass index)

e. No important differences between participants who completed the study and those who did not

Study authors described differences between participants completing the study and those who did not as not important or information provided to judge the differences

Study attrition: risk of bias rating (high/low/unclear)

High: most items are answered with 'no'; Low: all items answered with 'yes'; Unclear: most items are answered with 'unclear'

Note: potentially a single item may introduce a high risk of bias, depending on study specifics

Glycaemic status measurement: yes/no/unclear/NA

a. Clear definition or description provided

Measurements for glycaemic status are provided (e.g. IFG, IGT, elevated HbA1c)

b. Adequately valid and reliable method of measurement

Ideally measurements for glycaemic status are repeated to ensure diagnosis, single measurements are accepted as well; technique for glucose measurement or HbA1c measurement described

c. Continuous variables reported or appropriate cut points used

Standard categories for intermediate hyperglycaemia (FPG 5.6–6.9 mmol/L (IFG_5.6), FPG 6.1–6.9 mmol/L (IFG_6.1), 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.0 mmol/L (IGT), HbA1c 6.0–6.4% (HbA1c_6.0), HbA1c 5.7–6.4% (HbA1c_5.7))

d. Same method and setting of measurement used in all study participants

Measurements of glycaemic status are the same for all study participants

e. Adequate proportion of the study sample had complete data

NA: usually participants with information on glycaemic status and follow‐up data providing information on development of type 2 diabetes are selected from a greater study cohort (e.g. study evaluating several cardiovascular risk factors)

f. Appropriate methods of imputation were used for missing data

NA: missing laboratory measurements for glycaemic status cannot be reliably imputed

Glycaemic status measurement: risk of bias rating (high/low/unclear)

High: most items are answered with 'no'; Low: all items answered with 'yes'; Unclear: most items are answered with 'unclear'

Note: potentially a single item may introduce a high risk of bias, depending on study specifics

Outcome measurement: yes/no/unclear

a. Clear definition of the outcome provided

Measurement of type 2 diabetes mellitus has to be defined

b. Use of adequately valid and reliable method of outcome measurement

Measurement of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a glucose (FPG, PG) or HbA1c measurement has to be a part of the diagnosis (self‐reported diabetes alone will not be accepted)

c. Use of same method and setting of outcome measurement in all study participants

Measurements of type 2 diabetes mellitus are the same for all study participants

Outcome measurement: risk of bias rating (high/low/unclear)

High: most items are answered with 'no'; Low: all items answered with 'yes'; Unclear: most items are answered with 'unclear'

Note: potentially a single item may introduce a high risk of bias, depending on study specifics

Study confounding: yes/no/unclear

a. Measurement of all important confounders

Important confounders are: age, sex, family history of diabetes, 'ethnicity', body mass index, blood pressure and hypertension, smoking and drinking status, socioeconomic status, comedications and comorbidities, physical activity

b. Provision of clear definitions of the important confounders measured

Measurement of confounders has to be clearly described

c. Adequately valid and reliable measurement of all important confounders

Measurement of confounders is valid and reliable

d. Use of same method and setting of confounding measurement in all study participants

Measurements of confounders are the same for all study participants

e. Appropriate imputation methods used for missing confounders (if applicable)

Strategy to impute missing confounder data is described

f. Important potential confounders were accounted for in the study design

Methods section of the publication describes strategy to account for confounders

g. Important potential confounders were accounted for in the analysis

Important confounders are accounted for in multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models

Study confounding measurement: risk of bias rating (high/low/unclear)

High: most items are answered with 'no'; Low: all items answered with 'yes'; Unclear: most items are answered with 'unclear'

Note: potentially a single item may introduce a high risk of bias, depending on study specifics

Statistical analysis and reporting: yes/no/unclear/NA

a. Sufficient presentation of data to assess the adequacy of the analytic strategy

Mean or median values, including confidence intervals or standard errors or standard deviations

b. Strategy for model building is appropriate and based on a conceptual framework or model

NA: we do not anticipate conceptual frameworks or explicit model building strategies for this type of research question (focusing on one prognostic factor only)

c. Statistical model is adequate for the study design

Mainly incidence rates, uni‐ and multivariate logistic regression, Cox proportional hazard model

d. No selective reporting of results

NA: development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and potentially regression to normoglycaemia from intermediate hyperglycaemia are the only outcomes; if missing the study will be excluded

Statistical analysis and reporting: risk of bias rating (high/low/unclear)

High: most items are answered with 'no'; Low: all items answered with 'yes'; Unclear: most items are answered with 'unclear'

Note: potentially a single item may introduce a high risk of bias, depending on study specifics

^aNo: no or no relevant information to answer the signalling question

^bUnclear: not enough information to answer signalling question with yes or no
^cNA (not applicable): signalling question not appropriate for this type of prognostic review

FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; IFG: impaired fasting glucose; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; PG: postload glucose (after an oral glucose tolerance test)

Cohort study acronym

Full study name

ADDITION

Anglo‐Danish‐Dutch study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen Detected Diabetes in Primary Care (Rasmussen 2008)

—

Ansung‐Ansan Cohort Study (part of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)) ‐ (Han 2017)

Asturias

Asturias Study (Valdes 2008)

ARIC

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (Warren 2017)

ATTICA

Province of Attica, Greece Study (Filippatos 2016)

AusDiab

Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (Magliano 2008)

BLSA

Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (Meigs 2003)

BLSA

Beijing Longitudinal Study on Aging (Liu 2016)

—

Beijing Project as part of the National Diabetes Survey (Wang 2007)

BMES

Blue Mountains Eye Study (Cugati 2007)

—

Botnia Study (Lyssenko 2005)

—

Bruneck Study (Bonora 2011)

CUPS‐19

Chennai Urban Population Study‐19 (Mohan 2008)

CURES

Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (Anjana 2015)

ChinaMUCA

China Multicenter Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Liu 2017)

CODAM

Cohort on Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Maastricht (Den Biggelaar 2016)

DESIR

Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (Gautier 2010)

—

Ely Study (Forouhi 2007)

EPIC‐Norfolk cohort

European Prospective Investigation of Cancer Norfolk cohort (Chamnan 2011)

—

Finnish Cohorts of the Seven Countries Study (Stengard 1992)

None

Framingham Heart Study (Levitzky 2008)

GOS

Geelong Osteoporosis Study (De Abreu 2015)

Health ABC

Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (Lipska 2013)

—

Hoorn Study (Rijkelijkhuizen 2007)

None

Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study (Wat 2001)

IRAS

Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (Hanley 2005)

ICS

Isfahan Cohort Study (baseline survey of the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program) (Sadeghi 2015)

IDPS

Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Study (Janghorbani 2015)

Israel GOH Study

Israel Study of Glucose Intolerance, Obesity and Hypertension (Bergman 2016)

ILSA

Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (Motta 2010)

—

Japanese American Community Diabetes Study (McNeely 2003)

JPHC Study

Japanese Public‐Health Center‐based prospective (Diabetes) Study (Noda 2010)

—

Kansai Healthcare Study (Sato 2009)

—

Kinmen Study (Li 2003)

KORA S4/F4

Kooperative Gesundheitsfroschung in der Region Augsburg (Rathmann 2009)

KoGES

Korean Genome Epidemiology Study‐Kangwha Study (Song 2015)

—

Kurihashi Lifestyle Cohort Study (Nakagami 2016)

—

Mexico City Diabetes Study (Ferrannini 2009)

MESA

Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (Yeboah 2011)

—

Nauru Study (Dowse 1991)

—

Paris Prospective Study (Charles 1997)

—

Pima Indian Study (Gila River Indian Community) (Wheelock 2016)

—

Pizarra study (Soriguer 2008)

PIFRECV

Programa de Investigación de Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiovascular (Leiva 2014)

—

Rotterdam study (Ligthart 2016)

SALSA

Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (Garcia 2016)

SAHS

San Antonio Heart Study (Lorenzo 2003)

—

San Luis Valley Diabetes Study (Marshall 1994)

—

Singapore Impaired Glucose Tolerance Follow‐up Study (Wong 2003)

SIMES

Singapore Malay Eye Study (Man 2017)

SDPP

Stockholm Diabetes Prevention Programme (Alvarsson 2009a)

SHS

Strong Heart Study (Wang 2011)

—

Study within the WHO‐assisted National Diabetes Programme (Schranz 1989)

SUNSET/HELIUS

Surinamese in the Netherlands: study on health and ethnicity/Healthy life in an urban setting (Admiraal 2014)

TLGS

Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (Derakhshan 2016)

TOPICS

Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study (Heianza 2012)

—

Yonchon study (Shin 1997)

—

Zanjan Healthy Heart Study (Sharifi 2013)

Study ID

Normoglycaemia (mmol/L or %)

Intermediate hyperglycaemia
(mmol/L or %)

Incident type 2 diabetes
(mmol/L or %)

OGTT measurement (glucose load)

OGTT at baseline

OGTT at follow‐up

Notes

Admiraal 2014

—

IFG: FPG 5.7–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; HbA1c ≥ 6.5; self‐reported diabetes

—

—

—

—

Aekplakorn 2006

—

IFG: FPG ≥ 5.6 to < 7.0; IGT: 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11; diagnosis and/or receipt of antihyperglycaemic medication

75 g

Yes

No

—

Ammari 1998

—

IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1 (WHO 1985)

2‐h PG ≥ 11.1 (WHO 1985)

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Anjana 2015

FPG < 5.6 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

i‐IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8–11.0 and FPG > 5.6; i‐IFG: FPG 5.6–6.9 and 2‐h PG < 7.8; prediabetes: FPG 5.6–6.9 or 2‐h PG 7.8–11.0 (i‐IGT or i‐IFG or IFG/IGT)

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; diagnosed; antihyperglycaemic medication

75 g

Yes

Unclear

—

Bae 2011

—

HbA1c 5.7–6.4, HbA1c 6.0–6.4

FPG ≥ 7.0; HbA1c ≥ 6.5; history of diabetes; antihyperglycaemic medication

None

None

None

—

Baena‐Diez 2011

FPG < 6.1

IFG: 6.1–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0 (measured twice)

—

—

—

—

Bai 1999

—

IGT: 7.8 to < 11.1 (WHO 1985)

2‐h PG ≥ 11.1 (WHO 1985)

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Bergman 2016

FPG < 5.6 +

and no antihyperglycaemic medication and 2‐h BG < 7.8 (if available)

FPF 5.6–7.8 (7.7?); 2‐h BG 7.8–11.0

FPG ≥ 7.8, 2‐h BG ≥ 11.1; self‐reported

100 g

Yes

Unclear

—

Bonora 2011

—

HbA1: 6.0–6.49; IFG: not defined, probably FPG 5.6–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; HbA1c ≥ 6.5; diabetes treatment

75 g

Yes

Unclear

—

Cederberg 2010

—

IFG: 6.1–6.9, 2‐h PG < 7.8; IGT: FPG > 7.0, 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1 (WHO 2009); elevated HbA1c: 5.7–6.4

2‐h PG: ≥ 11.1, confirmed by 2 OGTTs

—

—

—

Diabetes incidence and IFG/IGT not exactly defined

Chamnan 2011

—

HbA1c 6.0–6.4

HbA1c ≥ 6.5; reported physician‐diagnosed diabetes or diabetes medications; antihyperglycaemic medication; diagnosis through registers

—

—

—

—

Charles 1997

—

IGT: 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1 (WHO 1985)

2‐h PG ≥ 11.1 (WHO 1985); physician diagnosed diabetes

75 g

Yes

Yes

2nd and 4th examination

Chen 2003

FPG < 6.1

IFG: FPG 6.1–7.0

FPG ≥ 7.0

—

—

—

—

Chen 2017

FPG < 5.6 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

IFG: FPG 5.6–6.9 + 2‐h PG ≤ 7.8; IGT: FPG < 5.6 + 2‐h PG 7.8–11.0; IFG/IGT: FPG 5.6–6.9 + 2‐h PG 7.8–11.0

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; previously diagnosed diabetes

75 g

Yes

Unclear

—

Coronado‐Malagon 2009

ADA 2007

ADA 2007 (IFG/IGT: 5.6–6.9/7.8 to < 11.1)

ADA 2007 (≥ 7.0/≥ 11.1)

—

—

—

—

Cugati 2007

—

IFG: FPG 5.6–6.9 (originally FPG ≥ 6.1 to < 7.0)

FPG ≥ 7.0; self‐reported diabetes history; antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

De Abreu 2015

—

IFG: 5.5–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; self‐reported; antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

Den Biggelaar 2016

FPG < 6.1 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

FPG 6.1–6.9; 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Unclear

—

Derakhshan 2016

FPG ≤ 5.55 and 2‐h PG ≤ 7.77

5.55 ≤FPG < 7.0; 7.77 ≤ 2‐h PG ≤ 11.1; no antihyperglycaemic medication

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; antihyperglycaemic medication

82.5 g

Yes

Unclear

Glucose monohydrate solution, equivalent to 75 g anhydrous glucose

Dowse 1991

FPG and 2‐h PG < 7.8

IGT: FPG < 7.8 and 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1

2‐h PG ≥ 11.1 (WHO 1985); FPG ≥ 7.8

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Ferrannini 2009

—

IFG: FPG 6.1–6.9; IGT: FPG < 7.0 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1; i‐IFG_6.1/i‐IFG_5.6: 2‐h PG < 7.8 and FPG 6.1–6.9/5.6–6.1; i‐IGT/i‐IGT_6.1/i‐IGT_5.6

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Filippatos 2016

—

IFG_5.6: FBG 5.6–6.9

FBG > 6.9; antihyperglycaemic medication

None

None

None

—

Forouhi 2007

FPG < 5.6

IFG_6.1: FPG 6.1–6.9 (FPG < 7.0 and 2‐h PG < 11.1)

(all) IFG_5.6: FPG 5.6–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; doctor diagnosis or treatment for diabetes

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Garcia 2016

—

Prediabetes: FBG 5.6–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; self‐reported; antihyperglycaemic medication; diabetes comedication of death

—

—

—

—

Gautier 2010

—

IFG: FPG 5.6–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; treatment for diabetes (at one of the 3‐yearly examinations)

—

—

—

—

Gomez‐Arbelaez 2015

—

IFG: ≥ 5.6 to < 7.0; IGT: ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1; HbA1c ≥ 5.7 to ≤ 6.4

FPG ≥ 7.0; OGTT ≥ 11.1; HbA1c ≥ 6.5

OGTT

Yes

Yes

OGTTs from hospital's database

Guerrero‐Romero 2006

FPG < 6.1 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

IGT: 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1

2‐h PG: ≥ 11.1

OGTT

Yes

Yes

OGTT: as baseline and each year during the 5‐year follow‐up

Han 2017

FPG < 5.6 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

IFG: FPG 5.6–6.9 and no diagnosis of diabetes

IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1

i‐IFG_5.6: IFG without IGT

i‐IGT: IGT without IFG

IGT, IGT: IFG + IGT

'Prediabetes': IFG or IGT

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; HbA1c ≥ 6.5; current antihyperglycaemic treatment

75 g

Yes

Yes

OGTT was performed every 2 years

Hanley 2005

—

IFG,IGT (WHO 1999)

Unclear

75 g

Yes

No

—

Heianza 2012

Absence of IFG or elevated HbA1c

IFG: FPG 5.6–6.9 or FPG 6.1–6.9; HbA1c 5.7–6.4 or 6.0–6.4; IFG/HbA1c = 'prediabetes'

FPG ≥ 7.0; HbA1c ≥ 6.5%; self‐reported clinician‐diagnosed diabetes

—

—

—

—

Inoue 1996

—

IGT: ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1 (presumed WHO 1985)

IGT: ≥ 11.1(presumed WHO 1985)

75 g

Yes

Yes

OGGT was performed every year

Janghorbani 2015

FPG < 5.6 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

i‐IGT: FPG < 5.6 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1; i‐IFG: 5.6–6.9 and 2‐h PG < 7.8; IFG/IGT: 5.6–6.9 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1

FPG ≥ 11.1; antihyperglycaemic medication; 2nd FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Jaruratanasirikul 2016

FPG < 5.6

i‐IGT: FPG < 5.6 and 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG > 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

1.75 g/kg (maximum 75 g) glucose solution

Yes

No

—

Jeong 2010

—

IFG: FPG ≥ 5.6 to < 7.0; IGT: 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1: 'prediabetes': IFG or IGT

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Jiamjarasrangsi 2008a

—

IFG: FPG ≥ 5.6 to < 7.0

FPG ≥ 7.0

—

—

—

—

Kim 2005

FPG < 5.0

IFG_6.1: FPG 6.1 to < 7.0 (group 4, = 276)

IFG_5.6: FPG 5.6 to < 6.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; antihyperglycaemic treatment

—

—

—

—

Kim 2008

—

IFG_5.6: FPG 5.6–7.0; IFG_6.1: FPG 6.1–7.0

FPG ≥ 7.0

—

—

—

—

Kim 2014

—

i‐IFG: FPG 5.6–6.9 and 2‐h PG < 7.8; i‐IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1 and FPG < 5.6; IFG/IGT: combined glucose intolerance; HbA1c: 5.7–6.4

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; HbA1c ≥ 6.5

75 g

Yes

Unclear

—

Kim 2016a

—

FPG 5.6–6.9; HbA1c 5.7–6.4

FPG ≥ 7.0; HbA1c ≥ 6.5; antihyperglycaemic medications

—

—

—

—

Kleber 2010

—

IGT: 2‐h PG > 7.7: IFG: FPG ≥ 5.5 (WHO definition)

ADA 2000

1.75 g/kg body weight (maximum 75 g) flavoured glucose

Yes

—

Kleber 2011

—

IGT: not reported (presumed 7.8–11.1)

"ADA" (2000 criteria, 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1)

1.75 g/kg body weight (max. 75 g)

Yes

Yes

Ko 1999

WHO/NDDG 1979

WHO/NDDG 1979

WHO/NDDG 1979

—

Yes

Yes

—

Ko 2001

FPG < 6.1

IFG: FPG 6.1–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0

75 g

Yes

Yes

Annual OGTTs

Larsson 2000

FPG < 5.3 and 2‐h BG < 7.8

i‐IFG: BG 5.3–5.9 and 2‐h BG < 7.8; i‐IGT: FPG < 5.3 and 2‐h BG 7.8–11.0; IFG/IGT: BG 5.3–5.9 and 2‐h BG 7.8–11.0

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Yes

NGT at baseline vs follow‐up: FPG < 5.3 vs < 6.1; FPG 5.3: 15% conversion factor as recommended by the WHO (blood glucose > plasma glucose)

Latifi 2016

—

5.6 ≤ FPG < 7.0

FPG ≥ 7.0; antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

Lecomte 2007

FPG < 6.1; no personal history of diabetes; no hypoglycaemic treatment

IFG_6.1: FPG 6.1–6.9; no personal history of diabetes; no hypoglycaemic treatment

FPG ≥ 7.0; personal history of diabetes; hypoglycaemic treatment

—

—

—

—

Lee 2016

—

HbA1c 5.7–6.4

HbA1c ≥ 6.5

—

—

—

—

Leiva 2014

—

IFG: 5.6–7.0 (low range: 5.6–6.1; high range: 6.1–6.9)

FPG ≥ 7.0 (2 cons. days), HbA1c ≥ 6.5

—

—

—

—

Levitzky 2008

—

IFG_5.6: FPG 5.6–6.9; IFG_6.1: FPG 6.1–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

Li 2003

FPG < 6.1 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

i‐iFG:FPG 6.1–7.0 and 2‐h PG < 7.8; i‐IGT: FPG < 6.1 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1; IFG/IGT: FPG 6.1–7.0 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.0; antihyperglycaemic medications

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Ligthart 2016

FBG ≤ 6.0

FBG > 6.0 and < 7.0; non‐fasting BG > 7.7 and < 11.1

FBG ≥ 7.0; non‐fasting BG ≥ 11.1; antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

Lipska 2013

FPG < 5.6 and HbA1c < 5.7

i‐IFG: FPG 5.6–6.9 and HbA1c < 5.7; i‐HbA1c: 5.7–6.4 and FPG > 5.6; IFG and HbA1c: FPG 5.6–6.9 and HbA1c 5.7–6.4

Single HbA1c ≥ 6.5 (years 2,6,7); self‐report of physician diagnosis (annually); antihyperglycaemic agent (years 1,2,4,6,7)

—

—

—

—

Liu 2008

—

IFG 5.6–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.0; antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

Liu 2014

WHO

IFG; IGT (WHO)

WHO

75 g

Yes

Unclear

—

Liu 2016

—

FPG 6.1–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; self‐reported; antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

Liu 2017

FPG 3.9–5.5

FG 5.6–6.9

FG ≥ 7.0; using insulin/hypoglycaemic agents; self‐reported

—

—

—

—

Lorenzo 2003

—

IFG: FPG 6.1–6.9; IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1(WHO 1999)

FPG: ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PHG: ≥ 11.1 (WHO 1999/1985)

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Lyssenko 2005

FPG < 6.1

IFG: FPG ≥ 6.1; WHO 1999 criteria

WHO 1999 criteria

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Magliano 2008

FPG < 6.1 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

IFG: FPG 6.1–6.9 and 2‐h PG < 7.8; IGT: FPG < 7.0 and 2‐h PG ≤ 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; current antihyperglycaemic medication

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Man 2017

Not 'prediabetes', not diabetes

HbA1c 5.7–6.4; no self‐reported diabetes or antihyperglycaemic medication

Random glucose ≥ 11.1 or HbA1c > 6.4; self‐reported history or antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

Marshall 1994

—

IGT: 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1 (WHO 1985)

2‐h PG ≥ 11.1 (WHO 1985)

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

McNeely 2003

—

IFG: FPG ≥ 6.1 to < 7.0; IGT: 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; antihyperglycaemic medication prescribed by a physician

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Meigs 2003

FPG < 6.1 and 2‐h PG ≤ 7.8

IFG: FPG 6.1–6.9 and 2‐h PG ≤ 7.8; IGT: FPG < 6.1 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.0; IFG/IGT

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1 (IFG‐IGT person: diabetes defined by OGTT)

Before 07/1977: 1.75 g glucose/kg BW, average 143 g; from 07/1977: 40 g/kg body surface area, average 78 g (men) and 68 g (women)

Yes

Yes

Serial OGTTs over subsequent biennial examinations

Mohan 2008

—

IFG: FPG ≥ 6.1 to < 7; IGT: 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG ≥ 7; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Motala 2003

Both FPG and 2‐h PG < 7.8 (WHO 1985)

IGT: FPG < 7.8 and 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1 (WHO 1985)

FPG ≥ 7.8; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1 (WHO 1985)

75 g glucose monohydrate dissolved in 250 mL of water (modified OGTT)

Yes

Yes

—

Motta 2010

FPG < 6.1

IFG: 6.1 to < 7.0

FPG ≥ 7.0

—

Yes

—

Mykkänen 1993

FPG and 2‐h PG < 7.8

IGT: FPG < 7.8 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1 (WHO 1985)

FPG ≥ 7.8; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1 (WHO 1985)

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Nakagami 2016

—

HbA1c 5.7–6.4, FPG 5.5–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0, HbA1c ≥ 6.5; physician diagnosis of diabetes

—

—

—

—

Nakanishi 2004

FPG < 6.1

IFG: FPG 6.1–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

Noda 2010

—

Taken from table 2: FPG levels: IFG 5.6 and 6.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; HbA1c ≥ 6.1%; self‐reported

—

—

—

—

Park 2006

—

IFG: FPG ≥ 5.6

FPG ≥ 7.0

—

—

—

—

Peterson 2017

FPG < 6.1 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

IGT: FPG < 7.0 and 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

—

Yes

Yes

2 standardised OGTT at baseline with about 1 week's interval to verify glucose status

Qian 2012

FPG < 6.1 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

i‐IFG: 6.1–6.9 and 2‐h PG < 7.8; i‐IGT: < 6.1 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.0; IFG/IGT: 6.1–6.9 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.0

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Unclear

—

Rajala 2000

2‐h PG < 7.8

IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1

2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; 2x FPG ≥ 6.7

75 g

Yes

Yes

New cases identified by OGTTs in 1994 and 1996–8

Ramachandran 1986

—

IGT: 7.8–11.0 (presumed NDDG 1979)

2‐h PG > 11.0 (presumed NDDG 1979)

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Rasmussen 2008

—

IFG (i‐IFG): FBG 5.6 to < 6.1 and 2‐h BG < 7.8; IGT (i‐IGT): FBG < 6.1 and 2‐h BG 7.8 to < 11.1; IFG/IGT

FBG ≥ 6.1 or 2‐h BG ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Unclear

—

Rathmann 2009

WHO 1999

IFG: FPG 6.1–6.9; IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1; 'prediabetes': i‐IFG, i‐IGT and IFG/IGT

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; validated physician diagnosis

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Rijkelijkhuizen 2007

ADA 1997/2003

IFG_5.6: FPG 5.6–7.0; IFG_6.1: FPG 6.1–7.0; IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG: ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Sadeghi 2015

—

IFG: FPG ≥ 5.5 and < 7.0; IGT: 2‐h OGTT ≥ 7.8 and < 11.1

FPG > 7.0; 2‐h OGTT > 11.1; IFG/IGT; antihyperglycaemic medication

—

Yes

Yes

—

Sasaki 1982

FPG < 7.8 and 2‐h PG < 7.8 (WHO 1980)

IGT: FPG < 7.8 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1 (WHO 1980)

FPG ≥ 7.8 or 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1 (WHO 1980)

50 g

Yes

Yes

—

Sato 2009

—

(Table 1): IFG: FPG group 6.1–6.9; HbA1c‐group: 6.0–6.4

FPG ≥ 7.0; antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

Schranz 1989

—

IGT: 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1 (WHO 1985)

2‐h PG ≥ 11.1 (WHO 1985)

OGTT

Yes

Yes

—

Sharifi 2013

—

FPG 5.6–7.0

FPG > 7.0 (2 measurements); diabetes diagnosis based on documents

OGTT

Yes (twice)

—

—

Shin 1997

—

Assumed WHO 1985 criteria

"WHO criteria"; antihyperglycaemic medication

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Söderberg 2004

—

IFG: FPG ≥ 6.1 to < 7.0 and 2‐h PG < 7.8; IGT: FPG < 7.0 and 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Song 2015

—

IFG: FPG 5.6–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; HbA1c ≥ 6.5; antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

Song 2016a

—

IFG: FG 5.6–6.9; IGT: 2‐h G 7.8–11.0

FG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h G ≥ 11.0; HbA1c ≥ 6.5; self‐reported

75 g

Yes

Yes

100 g steamed bread at follow‐up

Soriguer 2008

BG < 5.6 and 2‐h BG < 7.8

IFG: BG 5.6–6.1 and 2‐h BG < 7.8; IGT: BG < 5.6 and 2‐h BG 7.8–11.1

BG > 6.1 or 2‐h BG > 11.1

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Stengard 1992

—

IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1

2‐h PG ≥ 11.1 (WHO 1985); antihyperglycaemic medications

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Toshihiro 2008

FPG < 6.1 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

IFG: FPG 6.1–6.9 and 2‐h PG < 7.8; IGT: FPG < 7.0 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG > 11.1; non‐fasting PG > 11.1

75 g

Yes

Yes

Annual OGTT during the observation period (3.2 years)

Vaccaro 1999

FPG < 5.6; 2‐h PG < 6.7; 2‐h PG < 6.7

IFG: FPG 5.6–6.0; IGT: 2‐h PG 6.7–9.9

FPG> 6.1; antihyperglycaemic medications; 2‐h PG ≥ 10.0

75 g

Yes

No

Retrospective classification; note thresholds (whole blood)

Valdes 2008

FPG < 5.6

IFG_5.6: 5.6–6.1; IFG_6.1: 6.1–6.9

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; clinical diabetes diagnosis; antihyperglycaemic medication, diet

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Vijayakumar 2017

—

FG 5.6–6.9; 2‐h PG 7.8–11.9; HbA1c 5.7–6.4

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; previous clinical diagnosis

75 g

Yes

Yes

HbA1c new method = −0.1916 + (0.9829 × HbA1c old method)

Viswanathan 2007

FPG and 2‐h PG < 6.1 and < 7.8

IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1

Not defined, presumably by OGTT

75 g

Yes

Yes

All participants underwent a second OGTT to confirm the diagnosis in order to be included in the study; follow‐up: a reminder letter was sent every 6 months to participants to undergo an OGTT

Wang 2007

—

IFG: FPG 6.1–6.9; IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8–11.0

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Unclear

—

Wang 2011

FPG < 5.6; HbA1c < 6.0; no FPG/HbA1c

IFG: 5.6 to < 7.0; HbA1c 6.0 to < 6.5

Diabetes status: FPG ≥ 7.0; antihyperglycaemic medication; HbA1c ≥ 6.5, antihyperglycaemic medication; FPG/HbA1c: ≥ 6.5 or FPG ≥ 7.0 or antihyperglycaemic medication

—

—

—

—

Warren 2017

—

FPG 5.6–6.9 (ADA); FG 6.1–6.9 (WHO); 2‐h 7.8–11.0 (ADA); HbA1c 5.7–6.4 (ADA); 6.0–6.4 (IEC)

Self‐report of physician diagnosis; antihyperglycaemic medication reported during a study visit or annual telephone call

75 g

Yes (visit 4)

Unclear

—

Wat 2001

FPG and 2‐h PG < 7.8

IGT: FPG < 7.8 and 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG ≥ 7.8; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Weiss 2005

FPG < 5.6 and 2‐h PG < 7.8

IGT: FPG < 5.6 and 2‐h PG 7.8–11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG > 11.1; presentation of hyperglycaemia (more than 2 random glucose measurements > 11.1), glucosuria, polydipsia, and polyuria

1.75 g/kg body weight flavoured glucose orally (up to a maximum of 75 g)

Yes

Yes

OGTT was repeated every 18–24 months

Wheelock 2016

—

IGT: 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; previous diagnosis

75 g

Yes

Unclear

Modified OGTT

Wong 2003

—

IGT: 2‐h PG ≥ 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; 2‐h PG ≥ 11.1; physician diagnosed diabetes

75 g

Yes

Yes

—

Yeboah 2011

FPG < 5.6

IFG: FPG 5.6–6.9

FPG > 6.9; antihyperglycaemic medication during examinations 2,3, 4

—

—

—

—

Zethelius 2004

—

IGT: 2‐h PG 7.8 to < 11.1

FPG ≥ 7.0; antihyperglycaemic medications

75 g

Yes

No

—

BG: blood glucose; BW: body weight; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; i‐IFG: (isolated) impaired fasting glucose; i‐IGT: (isolated) impaired glucose tolerance; IFG/IGT: both impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance; NDDG: National Diabetes Data Group; NGT: normal glucose tolerance; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; PG: postload glucose; WHO: World Health Organization

Study ID

N participants with/without IH

Definitions of IH at baseline

Admiraal 2014

IFG_5.6 total: 111/456

—

—

IFG_5.6:
Total 24.3
South‐Asian Surinamese 34.4
African Surinamese 21.1
"Ethnic Dutch" 22.7

—

—

—

Aekplakorn 2006

IFG_5.6: 223/2667

—

—

IFG_5.6: 8.4

—

—

—

Ammari 1998

IGT: 68

—

—

—

100

—

—

Anjana 2015

'Prediabetes' (i‐IFG, i‐IGT or both): 299/1376

21.7

—

i‐IFG_5.6: 4.9

i‐IGT: 11.8

—

5.0

Bae 2011

HbA1c_5.7: 1791/9723; HbA1c_6.0: 412/1791

—

HbA1c_5.7: 18.4 HbA1c_6.0: 4.2

—

—

—

—

Baena‐Diez 2011

IFG_6.1: 115

—

—

IFG_6.1: 100

—

—

—

Bai 1999

IGT: 252/696

—

—

—

36.2

—

—

Bergman 2016

IGT: 68/853

—

—

—

8

—

—

Bonora 2011

HbA1c_6.0: 70/842

—

8.3

—

—

—

—

Cederberg 2010

IFG_6.1: 40/553
IGT: 103/553
IFG/IGT: 15/553

—

—

IFG_6.1: 7.2

18.7

—

2.7

Chamnan 2011

HbA1c_6.0: 370/5735

—

HbA1c_6.0: 6.5

—

—

—

—

Charles 1997

IGT: 418/4089; i‐IFG_6.1: 476/5042

—

—

i‐IFG_6.1: 9.4

10.2

—

—

Chen 2003

IFG_6.1: 156/600

—

—

IFG_6.1: 26

—

—

—

Chen 2017

i‐IFG_5.6: 329/1347
i‐IGT: 192/1347
IFG/IGT: 209/1347

—

—

i‐IFG_5.6: 24.4

i‐IGT: 14.2

15.5

—

Coronado‐Malagon 2009

'Prediabetes': 217/656

33.1

—

—

—

—

—

Cugati 2007

IFG_5.6: 244/2123

—

—

IFG_5.6: 11.5

—

—

—

De Abreu 2015

IFG_5.6: 187/1167

—

—

IFG_5.6: 16

—

—

—

Den Biggelaar 2016

IFG_6.1 and/or IGT: 122/476

25.6

—

—

—

—

—

Derakhshan 2016

IFG_5.6 and/or IGT: 523/8231

IFG_5.6 and/or IGT: 6.4

—

—

—

—

—

Dowse 1991

IGT: 105/1201

—

—

—

8.7

—

—

Ferrannini 2009

i‐IFG_5.6: 65/1941
i‐IFG_6.1: 17/1941
IGT: 179/1941
i‐IGT(IFG_5.6): 57/1941
i‐IGT(IFG_6.1): 29/1941

—

—

i‐IFG_5.6: 3.3
i‐IFG_6.1: 0.9

IGT: 9.2
i‐IGT_5.6: 2.9
i‐IGT_6.1: 1.5

—

—

Filippatos 2016

IFG_5.6: 279/1485

—

—

IFG_5.6: 18.8

—

—

—

Forouhi 2007

IFG_6.1: 257/1040

IFG_5.6: 633/1040

—

—

IFG_5.6: 60.9

IFG_6.1: 24.7

—

—

—

Garcia 2016

IFG_5.6: 310/1777

—

—

IFG5.5: 17.5

—

—

—

Gautier 2010

IFG_5.6: 979

—

—

IFG_5.6: 100

—

—

—

Gomez‐Arbelaez 2015

'Prediabetes': 186/772
(Men: 61/772, women: 125/772)

24.1

—

—

—

—

—

Guerrero‐Romero 2006

IGT: 75/375

—

—

—

20

—

—

Han 2017

i‐IFG_5.6: 199/7542

i‐IGT: 1512/7542

IFG/IGT: 198/7542

—

—

i‐IFG_5.6: 2.6

i‐IGT: 20.0

—

2.6

Hanley 2005

IGT: 274/882

—

—

—

31.6

—

—

Heianza 2012

IFG_5.6: 1680/6241
IFG_6.1: 380/6241
HbA1c_5.7: 822/6241
HbA1c_6.0: 203/6241
IFG_5.6/HbA1c_5.7: 2092/6241

—

HbA1c_5.7: 13.2
HbA1c_6.0: 3.3

IFG_5.6: 26.9
IFG_6.1: 6.1

—

33.5

—

Inoue 1996

IGT: 37

—

—

—

100

—

—

Janghorbani 2015

i‐IFG_5.6: 304/1530
i‐IGT: 198/1530
IFG/IGT: 268/1530

—

—

i‐IFG_5.6: 19.9

i‐IGT: 12.9

—

17.5

Jaruratanasirikul 2016

i‐IGT: 27/177

—

—

—

i‐IGT: 15.3

—

—

Jeong 2010

IFG_5.6: 16%
IGT: 5.3%

—

—

IFG_5.6: 16

5.3

—

—

Jiamjarasrangsi 2008a

IFG_5.6: 320/2370

—

—

IFG_5.6: 13.5

—

—

—

Kim 2005

IFG_6.1: 276/2964

—

—

IFG_6.1: 9.3

—

—

—

Kim 2008

IFG total: 1829/7211
IFG_5.6: 1335/7211
IFG_6.1: 494/7211

—

—

IFG total: 25.4
IFG_5.6: 18.5
IFG_6.1: 6.9

—

—

—

Kim 2014

i‐IFG_5.6: 158/406
i‐IGT: 65/406
IFG/IGT: 119/406
i‐HbA1c_5.7: 64/406

—

i‐HbA1c_5.7: 15.8

i‐IFG_5.6: 38.9

i‐IGT: 16

—

29.3

Kim 2016a

IFG_5.6: 3544/17971
HbA1c_5.7: 1713/17971
IFG_5.6/HbA1c_5.7: 1951/17971

—

HbA1c_5.7: 9.5

IFG_5.6: 19.7

—

10.9

—

Kleber 2010

IGT: 79

—

—

—

100

—

—

Kleber 2011

IGT: 119

—

—

—

100

—

—

Ko 1999

IGT: 123

—

—

—

100

—

—

Ko 2001

IFG_6.1: 55/319

—

—

IFG_6.1: 17.2

—

—

—

Larsson 2000

i‐IFG_6.1: 42/265
i‐IGT: 66/265
IFG/IGT: 30/265

—

—

i‐IFG_6.1: 15.8

i‐IGT: 24.9

—

11.3

Latifi 2016

IFG_5.6: 124/593

—

—

IFG_5.6: 20.9

—

—

—

Lecomte 2007

IFG_6.1: 743

—

—

IFG_6.1: 100

—

—

—

Lee 2016

HbA1c_5.7: 3497

—

HbA1c_5.7: 100

—

—

—

—

Leiva 2014

IFG_6.1: 28/94

—

—

IFG_6.1: 29.8

—

—

—

Levitzky 2008

Not reported

—

—

—

—

—

—

Li 2003

i‐IFG_6.1: 42/644
i‐IGT: 118/644
IFG/IGT: 49/644

—

—

i‐IFG_6.1: 6.5

i‐IGT: 18.3

—

7.6

Ligthart 2016

IFG_6.1: 1382/10,050

—

—

IFG_6.1: 13.8

—

—

—

Lipska 2013

IFG_5.6: 189/1690
i‐HbA1c_5.7: 207/1690
IFG/HbA1c: 169/1690

—

i‐HbA1c: 12.2

IFG_5.6: 11.2

—

10.0

—

Liu 2008

IFG_5.6: 169/1844

—

—

IFG_5.6: 9.2

—

—

—

Liu 2014

'Prediabetes' (IFG or IGT): 450/2271

19.8

—

—

—

—

—

Liu 2016

IFG_6.1: 222/1857

—

—

IFG_6.1: 12.0

—

—

—

Liu 2017

IFG_5.6: 3607/18610

—

—

IFG_5.6: 19.4

—

—

—

Lorenzo 2003

IFG_6.1: 29/1734
IGT: 202/1734

—

—

IFG_6.1: 1.7

11.6

—

—

Lyssenko 2005

i‐IFG_6.1: 263/2115
i‐IGT: 250/2115
IFG/IGT: 173/2115

—

—

i‐IFG_6.1: 12.4

i‐IGT: 11.8

—

8.2

Magliano 2008

Not reported

—

—

—

—

—

—

Man 2017

HbA1c_5.7: 675/1137

—

HbA1c_5.7: 59.4

—

—

—

—

Marshall 1994

IGT: 123

—

—

—

100

—

—

McNeely 2003

5–6 years:
IFG_6.1: 30/465
IGT: 178/465
10 years:
IFG_6.1: 28/412
IGT: 157/412

—

—

5–6 years:
IFG_6.1: 6.5
10 years:
IFG_6.1: 6.8

5–6 years:
38.3
10 years:
38.1

—

—

Meigs 2003

i‐IFG_5.6: 126/753
i‐IGT(IFG_5.6): 115/753
IFG_5.6/IGT: 103/753

i‐IFG_6.1: 20/753
i‐IGT(IFG_6.1): 218/753
IFG_6.1/IGT: 27/753

—

—

i‐IFG_5.6: 16.7
i‐IFG_6.1: 2.7

i‐IGT_5.6: 15.3

i‐IGT_6.1: 29

—

IFG_5.6/IGT: 13.7
IFG_6.1/IGT: 3.6

Mohan 2008

IGT: 37/513

—

—

—

7.2

—

—

Motala 2003

IGT: 35/563

—

—

—

6.2

—

—

Motta 2010

IFG_6.1: 295/2603

—

—

IFG_6.1: 11.3

—

—

—

Mykkänen 1993

IGT: 203/892

—

—

—

22.8

—

—

Nakagami 2016

IFG_5.6: 467/2267

IFG_6.1: 134/2267
HbA1c_5.7: 583/2267

HbA1c_6.0: 156/2267

—

HbA1c_5.7: 25.7

HbA1c_6.0: 6.9

IFG_5.6: 20.6

IFG_6.1: 5.9

—

—

—

Nakanishi 2004

IFG_6.1: 246/5588

—

—

IFG_6.1: 4.4

—

—

—

Noda 2010

IGF_5.6: 558/2207
IFG_6.1: 153/2207

—

—

IFG_5.6: 25.3
IFG_6.1: 6.9

—

—

—

Park 2006

IFG_5.6: 321/5296

—

—

IFG5.6: 6.1

—

—

—

Peterson 2017

IGT: 29/74

—

—

—

39.2

—

—

Qian 2012

i‐IFG_6.1: 46/1042
i‐IGT: 120/1042
IFG/IGT: 33/1042

—

—

i‐IFG_6.1: 4.4

i‐IGT:11.5

—

3.2

Rajala 2000

IGT: 100

—

—

—

100

—

—

Ramachandran 1986

IGT: 107

—

—

—

100

—

—

Rasmussen 2008

i‐IFG_5.6: 607/1510
i‐IGT 903/1510

—

—

i‐IFG_5.6: 40.2

i‐IGT: 59.8

—

—

Rathmann 2009

i‐IFG_6.1: 71/887
i‐IGT: 120/887
IFG/IGT: 47/887

—

—

i‐IFG_6.1: 8

i‐IGT: 13.5

—

5.3

Rijkelijkhuizen 2007

IFG_5.6: 488/1428
IFG_6.1: 149/1428

—

—

IFG_5.6: 34.2
IFG_6.1: 10.4

—

—

—

Sadeghi 2015

'Prediabetes' (IFG_5.6 and/or IGT): 373/2980

12.5

—

—

—

—

—

Sasaki 1982

IGT: 13/207

—

—

—

6.3

—

—

Sato 2009

Unclear

—

—

—

—

—

—

Schranz 1989

IGT: 75/2128

—

—

—

3.5

—

—

Sharifi 2013

IFG_5.6: 123

—

—

IFG_5.6: 100

—

—

—

Shin 1997

IGT: 153/1193

—

—

—

12.8

—

—

Söderberg 2004

i‐IFG_6.1:
87–98: 402/6690
87–92: 149/3193
92–98: 253/3437
IGT:
87–98: 1253/6690
87–92: 600/3193
92–98: 662/3437

—

—

i‐IFG_6.1:
87–98: 6
87–92: 4.7
92–98: 7.4

87–98: 18.9 87–92: 18.8 92–98: 19.3

—

—

Song 2015

IFG_5.6: 321/2467

—

—

IFG_5.6: 13

—

—

—

Song 2016a

'Prediabetes': 344

100

—

—

—

—

—

Soriguer 2008

IFG_5.6: 56/714
IGT: 54/714
IFG/IGT: 28/714

—

—

IFG5.5: 7.8

7.6

—

3.9

Stengard 1992

IGT: 234/637

—

—

—

36.7

—

—

Toshihiro 2008

IFG6.1: 14/128
IFG and/or IGT: 114/128

IFG and/or IGT: 89.1

—

IFG_6.1: 10.9

—

—

—

Vaccaro 1999

i‐IFG_5.6: 36/1141
i‐IGT: 861141
IFG/IGT: 11/1141

—

—

i‐IFG_5.6: 3.1

i‐IGT: 7.5

—

1.0

Valdes 2008

IFG_5.6: 114/630

IFG_6.1: 52/630
IGT: 50/630

—

—

IFG_5.6: 18.1
IFG_6.1: 8.3

7.9

—

—

Vijayakumar 2017

IFG_5.6 adults: 423/2005

IFG_5.6 children: 193/2095

HbA1c_5.7 adults: 168/2005
HbA1c_5.7 children: 62/2095

IGT adults: 347/2005

IGT children: 170/2095
IFG/IGT adults: 169/2005
IFG/IGT children: 53/2095

—

HbA1c_5.7 adults: 8.4
HbA1c_5.7 children: 3.0

IFG_5.6 adults: 21.1
IFG_5.6 children: 9.2

Adults: 17.3
Children: 8.1

—

IFG/IGT adults: 8.4
IFG/IGT children: 2.5

Viswanathan 2007

IGT: 619/1659

—

—

—

37.3

—

—

Wang 2007

IGT: 141/541

—

—

—

26

—

—

Wang 2011

i‐IGT total: 135/10

i‐IGT men: 29/447
i‐IGT women: 106/635

—

—

—

i‐IGT total: 12.5

i‐IGT men: 6.5
i‐IGT women: 16.7

—

—

Warren 2017

IFG_5.6: 4112/10844
IFG_6.1: 1213/10844
IGT: 2009/7194
HbA1c_5.7: 2027/10844

HbA1c_6.0: 970/10844

—

HbA1c_5.7: 19

HbA1c_6.0: 9

IFG_5.6: 38
IFG_6.1: 11

28

—

—

Wat 2001

IGT: 322

—

—

—

100

—

—

Weiss 2005

i‐IGT(IFG_5.6): 33/117

—

—

—

i‐IGT: 28.2

—

—

Wheelock 2016

IGT: 169/5532

—

—

—

3.1

—

—

Wong 2003

IGT: 291

—

—

—

100

—

—

Yeboah 2011

IFG_5.6: 940/6753

—

—

IFG_5.6: 13.9

—

—

—

Zethelius 2004

IGT: 201/667

—

—

—

30.1

—

—

^aTerm 'prediabetes' as used by study authors (usually defined by various combinations of glycaemic status measurements, e.g. IFG and/or IGT)

FG: fasting glucose; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; HbA1c_5.7/6.0 : HbA1c threshold 5.7% or 6.0% (usually reflecting 5.7% to 6.4% and 6.0% to 6.4%, respectively); HbA1c/IFG: both HbA1c and IFG; i‐: isolated;IFG _5.6/6.1 : impaired fasting glucose (threshold 5.6 mmol/L or 6.1 mmol/L); IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; IFG/IGT: both IFG and IGT; PG: postload glucose;IH: intermediate hyperglycaemia; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus

Study ID

Length of follow‐up

Time‐points of measurements

Outcome measurement of the development of T2DM

Notes

Admiraal 2014

10 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, odds ratio

Data for total population/South‐Asian Surinamese/African Surinamese/"Ethnic Dutch"

Aekplakorn 2006

12 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, odds ratio

—

Ammari 1998

2 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Anjana 2015

Median 9.1 years (IQR 2.6)

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate

—

Bae 2011

4 years (mean 47.2 months)

Baseline, follow‐up (partially annually/biannually)

Incidence, incidence rate, hazard ratio

—

Baena‐Diez 2011

10 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Bai 1999

1 year

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Bergman 2016

24 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, odds ratio

Also adjusted for fasting blood glucose; 100 g OGTT

Bonora 2011

15 years

Baseline, follow‐up (5, 10, 15 years)

Incidence, incidence rate, hazard ratio

HbA1c category used: 6.0% to 6.49%

Cederberg 2010

Mean 9.7 years (SD 0.7)

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, risk ratio

Total incident cases = mixture of isolated and combined intermediate glycaemic conditions

Chamnan 2011

Median 3 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, odds ratio

Data for HbA1c 6.0% to 6.4% group, focus on clinically and/or biochemically diagnosed diabetes

Charles 1997

2 years

Baseline, follow‐up (5 annual clinical examinations)

Incidence

—

Chen 2003

3 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, odds ratio

Also adjusted for apolipoprotein B

Chen 2017

3 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Coronado‐Malagon 2009

1 and 2 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, relative risk

Results are given for year 1/year 2 of follow‐up

Cugati 2007

10 years

Baseline, follow‐up (5 and 10 years)

Incidence, odds ratio

Odds‐ratio, age‐and sex‐adjusted

De Abreu 2015

10 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate, odds ratio

Age‐standardised incidence rate; additional covariates: metabolic syndrome, fasting glucose at baseline

Den Biggelaar 2016

7 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Derakhshan 2016

Median 11.7 years (IQR 8.4–13.2)

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence rate, hazard ratio

—

Dowse 1991

Approx. 5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate, odds ratio

Incidence rates for the periods 1975/76–1982 and 1982–1987

Ferrannini 2009

7 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, relative risk

—

Filippatos 2016

10 years

Baseline, follow‐up (intermediate 5 ‐year follow‐up)

Incidence, odds ratio

—

Forouhi 2007

10 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate, hazard ratio

Cumulative incidence increased across increasing age groups and was higher in men than in women

Garcia 2016

Approx. 9 years

Baseline, follow‐up (every 12–15 months, max. 6 follow‐ups)

Incidence

—

Gautier 2010

9 years

Baseline, follow‐up (3‐yearly examinations)

Incidence

—

Gomez‐Arbelaez 2015

Approx. 2 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate

Rate was given in terms of per 100 person‐years (recalculated to 1000 person‐years)

Guerrero‐Romero 2006

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate

—

Han 2017

12 years

Baseline, follow‐up (biannually)

Incidence, incidence rate, hazard ratio

—

Hanley 2005

Average 5.2 years (range 4.5–6.6)

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, odds ratio

—

Heianza 2012

Median 5 years

Baseline, follow‐up (annual follow‐ups)

Incidence, incidence rate, hazard ratio

Adjusted odds ratios: mean age and sex‐adjusted

Inoue 1996

2.5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Janghorbani 2015

Mean 6.8 years (SD 1.7)

Baseline, follow‐up (OGTT at 3‐year intervals)

Incidence, incidence rate, hazard ratio

Date for cohort without hypertension

Jaruratanasirikul 2016

3–6 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Jeong 2010

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Odds ratio

Also adjusted for ALAT, ASAT, γ‐GT, h‐CRP

Jiamjarasrangsi 2008a

Mean 2.6 years (SD 0.97)

Baseline, follow‐up (annual follow‐ups, 1–4 years)

Incidence

—

Kim 2005

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, hazard ratio

—

Kim 2008

2 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Kim 2014

Median 46 months

Baseline, follow‐up (every 3–6 months, up to 9 years)

Incidence

81 participants were diagnosed with diabetes with a conversion rate of 20% (81/406); conversion rates are given within prediabetes groups (e.g. 24/158 i‐IFG converters = 15.2%)

Kim 2016a

Mean 5.2 years (range 3.1–6.7)

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, odds ratio

—

Kleber 2010

1 year

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Kleber 2011

Mean 3.9 years (SD 0.6)

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Ko 1999

Mean 1.4 years (range 0.9–7.6)

Baseline, follow‐up (annual OGTTs)

Incidence

—

Ko 2001

Median 1.7 years

Baseline, follow‐up (annual OGTTs)

Incidence

—

Larsson 2000

Mean 10 years (SD 1 year 10 months)

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Latifi 2016

Median 5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate, odds ratio

—

Lecomte 2007

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Lee 2016

Mean 3.7 years (SD 2.3)

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Leiva 2014

6 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, hazard ratio

—

Levitzky 2008

4 years

Baseline, follow‐up (approx. 4‐year intervals)

Incidence, odds ratio

—

Li 2003

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up (examination every 2 years)

Incidence, incidence rate, hazard ratio

Incidence rates for 5‐year cumulative incidence; further adjustments for HOMA‐IR and HOMA beta‐cell

Ligthart 2016

14.7 years

Baseline, follow‐up (blood glucose measures approx. every 4 years)

Incidence rate

—

Lipska 2013

7 years

Baseline (year 4), follow‐up (years 5,6,7)

Incidence, odds ratio

IFG_6.1: sensitivity analysis, analysis for 'ethnicity', sex analysis

Liu 2008

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate, relative risk

—

Liu 2014

3 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate

No exact definition of 'prediabetes' and diabetes incidence

Liu 2016

Median 10.9 years (IQR 8.0–15.3)

Baseline, follow‐up

Hazard ratio

Subdistribution hazard ratios; also adjusted for self‐rated health

Liu 2017

7.8 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Odds ratio

—

Lorenzo 2003

7–8 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, odds ratio

Also adjusted for NCEP metabolic syndrome definition, fasting insulin

Lyssenko 2005

Median 6 years (range 2–12)

Baseline, follow‐up (every 2–3 years)

Incidence, hazard ratio

1372 persons 1 visit, 392 persons 2 visits, 219 persons 3 visits, 132 persons 4 visits

Magliano 2008

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate, odds ratio

5‐year cumulative incidence rate was standardised to the 1998 Australian population (age and sex‐specific incidence rates)

Man 2017

6 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate, risk ratio

Male: female, age standardised rate

Marshall 1994

Mean 22.6 months (range 11–40)

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

McNeely 2003

10 years

Baseline, follow‐up (5–6 years and 10 years)

Incidence

—

Meigs 2003

5 years, 10 years

Baseline, follow‐up (3 to 10 biennial examinations)

Incidence, incidence rate

—

Mohan 2008

Mean 8 years (SD 1.3)

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate

—

Motala 2003

10 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Motta 2010

3 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Mykkänen 1993

Mean 3.5 years (42 months (SD 4))

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, odds ratio

—

Nakagami 2016

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, hazard ratio

—

Nakanishi 2004

7 years

Baseline, follow‐up (annual health examinations)

Incidence, incidence rate, relative risk

Also adjusted for all other components of the metabolic syndrome at study entry

Noda 2010

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Park 2006

Mean 4.1 years

Baseline, follow‐up (annual examinations)

Incidence, incidence rate

—

Peterson 2017

10 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Qian 2012

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Rajala 2000

4.6 years (1.9–6.4)

Baseline, follow‐up (including a separate cohort)

Incidence, incidence rate

—

Ramachandran 1986

Reverters: 3.3 years (SD 2)

Converters: 5.1 years (SD 3.5)

Baseline, follow‐up ("periodically")

Incidence

All individuals were advised a calorie‐restricted high carbohydrate high‐fibre diet

Rasmussen 2008

3.5 years
i‐IFG_5.6: median 2.5 years
i‐IGT: median 2.1 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate

—

Rathmann 2009

7 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate, odds ratio

—

Rijkelijkhuizen 2007

Mean 6.4 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate

—

Sadeghi 2015

7 years

Baseline, follow‐up (biannual)

Incidence, incidence rate

—

Sasaki 1982

7 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence,odds ratio

—

Sato 2009

4 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Odds ratio

—

Schranz 1989

6 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Sharifi 2013

7 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Shin 1997

2 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Söderberg 2004

11 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate

Incidence rates are given for periods 1987–1992 and 1992–1998, stratified by men:women

Song 2015

Median 3.97 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, relative risk

Also adjusted for glucose

Song 2016a

Mean 10.8 years (range 10.5–12)

Baseline, follow‐up (additional follow‐up 2014)

Incidence

—

Soriguer 2008

Mean 6 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate, relative risk

—

Stengard 1992

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, odds ratio

—

Toshihiro 2008

Mean 3.2 years (SD 0.1)

Baseline, follow‐up (annual OGTT)

Incidence

—

Vaccaro 1999

11.5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, odds ratio

Odds ratios probably unadjusted

Valdes 2008

Mean 6.3 years (5.9–6.8)

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, incidence rate, odds ratio

Also adjusted for 2‐h PG

Vijayakumar 2017

Adults median 4.6 years (IQR 2.8–7.9 )
Children: median 5.2 years (IQR 2.7–9.6)

Baseline, follow‐up (examinations every 2 years)

Incidence, incidence rate

Data for adults/children; incidence rate taken from figure 2 (boys:men; girls:women)

Viswanathan 2007

Median 5 years

Baseline, follow‐up (reminder to undergo an OGTT every 6 months)

Incidence, odds ratio

Also adjusted for FPG and 2‐h PG

Wang 2007

5 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence, risk ratio

—

Wang 2011

4 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Odds ratio

Unclear which confounders were used in the multivariate model

Warren 2017

Cohort 1 (visit 2): 22 years

Cohort 2 (visit 4): 16 years

Baseline, follow‐up (3 visits every 3 years, 5th visit 2011–13)

Hazard ratio

Data for IFG_5.6, IFG_6.1, HbA1c_5.7, HbA1c_6.0, IGT (cohort 2 only)

Wat 2001

2 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

—

Weiss 2005

Mean 20.4 months (SD 10.3)

Baseline, follow‐up (biannual)

Incidence

—

Wheelock 2016

Median 12.4 years (IQR 6.0–22.9)

Baseline, follow‐up (approx. annual intervals for repeated OGTTs)

Incidence

Non‐overweight participants with IGT cohort and overweight participants with IGT group

Wong 2003

8 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Incidence

Odds ratios from Tai 2004

Yeboah 2011

7.5 years

Baseline, follow‐up (3 examinations)

Incidence, hazard ratio

—

Zethelius 2004

7 years

Baseline, follow‐up

Odds ratio

Also adjusted for (split) proinsulin, intact insulin

ALAT: alanine aminotransferase; ASAT: aspartate transaminase; FG: fasting glucose; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; h‐CRP: high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; HOMA‐beta: homeostatic model assessment of beta‐cell function; HOMA‐IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; HbA1c_5.7/6.0 : HbA1c threshold 5.7% or 6.0% (usually reflecting 5.7% to 6.4% and 6.0% to 6.4%, respectively); HbA1c/IFG: both HbA1c and IFG; i‐: isolated; IFG_5.6/6.1 : impaired fasting glucose (threshold 5.6 mmol/L or 6.1 mmol/L); IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; IFG/IGT: both IFG and IGT; IQR: interquartile range; NCEP: national cholesterol education program; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; PG: postload glucose; SD: standard deviation; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; γ‐GT: gamma‐glutamyl transferase/transpeptidase

Study ID

Setting

N participants in original cohort
(several phases of the cohort study)

N study sample
(several phases of the cohort study)

Notes

Admiraal 2014

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

2975

456

Baseline data for total cohort included in the analyses (N = 456)/South‐Asian Surinamese (N = 90)/African Surinamese (N = 190)/"ethnic Dutch" (N = 176)

Aekplakorn 2006

Bangkok, Thailand

3499/3245

2667

Baseline data for cohort becoming diabetic (N = 361)

Ammari 1998

Jordan

Unclear

121/68–200/144 (controls)

Few baseline data reported for study population (N = 212)

Anjana 2015

Chennai, India

26,001

3589/2207

Baseline data for cohort becoming diabetic at follow‐up (N = 176)

Bae 2011

South Korea

10,959

9723

Baseline data for the total cohort (N = 9723)

Baena‐Diez 2011

Barcelona, Spain

2248

168

Baseline data for prediabetic cohort (N = 115)

Bai 1999

Chennai, India

4885/1082

1082/696

Baseline data for the IGT cohort (N = 252)

Bergman 2016

Israel

1970

1037

Baseline data for IGT cohort (N = 24)

Bonora 2011

Bruneck (South Tyrol), Italy

1000

936

No baseline data (except white participants aged > 40 years, N = 919)

Cederberg 2010

Finland

593

553/499

Baseline data for the cohort (total N = 553, men N = 223, women N = 330)

Chamnan 2011

Norfolk (East Anglia), UK

77,630/25,639

6372/5735

Baseline data for HbA1c_6.0‐6.4 cohort (N = 370)

Charles 1997

Paris, France

Unclear

7540 (2nd clinical examination)/4089

Baseline data for individuals with IGT converting to T2DM (N = 32)

Chen 2003

Penghu, Taiwan

1601

1306/600

Baseline data for cohort converting to T2DM (N = 26)

Chen 2017

China

8845

1374

Baseline data for i‐IFG/i‐IGTand IFG/IGT across age groups < 40 years + > 60 years (data indicate range across groups) (i‐IFG < 40 years N = 51 and > 60 years N = 278; i‐IGT < 40 years N = 41 and > 60 years N = 151; IFG/IGT: < 40 years N = 34 and > 60 years N = 175)

Coronado‐Malagon 2009

Mexico

820

656

Baseline characteristics for the prediabetic cohort (N = 217)

Cugati 2007

Australia, Blue Mountains region

4433/3654

2335 (5 years)/1952 (10 years)/2123 complete data (10 years)

Baseline data for people without diabetes (N = 3437)

De Abreu 2015

Australia

Unclear

1167/395 (IFG_5.6)

Baseline data for IFG cohort at baseline (N = 187)

Den Biggelaar 2016

The Netherlands

574/491

476

Baseline data for prediabetic group (N = 122)

Derakhshan 2016

Tehran, Iran

12808

8231

Baseline data for prediabetes group with normal blood pressure

Dowse 1991

Nauru, Micronesia

1497/1201

830 (1982/1987‐including 143 nondiabetic person from 1975/76)

No baseline data provided

Ferrannini 2009

Mexico

3505

2282/1963

Baseline characteristics: range across different definitions of prediabetes

Filippatos 2016

Attica, Greece

4056/3042/1875

1485

Baseline data for IFG_5.6 cohort (N = 343)

Forouhi 2007

Ely (Cambridgeshire), UK

1571/1122 (phase 1)/912 (phase 2)

683 (phase 3)

Baseline data for IFG_6.1 cohort (N = 257)

Garcia 2016

Sacramento (CA), USA

1789

1777

Baseline data for prediabetic cohort (N = 310)

Gautier 2010

France

3817

979

No baseline data

Gomez‐Arbelaez 2015

Columbia

2012

772

Baseline data for the total cohort (N = 772)

Guerrero‐Romero 2006

Durango, Mexico

Unclear

375

Baseline data for IGT cohort at baseline progressing to T2DM (N = 20); all individuals were counselled on the importance of diet and physical exercise (standard care for the whole cohort)

Han 2017

Ansung‐Ansan, South Korea

10,030

7542

Baseline data for i‐IFG, i‐IGT and IFG/IGT cohort

Hanley 2005

USA

1625

822

Baseline data for diabetic cohort at follow‐up (N = 131); participants were recruited from 2 population‐based studies: the San Antonio Heart Study and the San Luis Valley diabetes study

Heianza 2012

Japan

32057

6636/6241

Baseline data for total cohort (N = 6241)

Inoue 1996

Gunma (Gyeonggi), Japan

Unclear

Unclear

Baseline data for the IGT cohort (N = 37)

Janghorbani 2015

Isfahan, Iran

3370

1489

Baseline data for i‐IFG, i‐IGT and IFG/IGT cohort at baseline (N = 770); first‐degree relatives of people with T2DM

Jaruratanasirikul 2016

Thailand

181

177 (157)

Baseline data for IGT cohort (N = 27)

Jeong 2010

Dalseong County, South Korea

1806/1599

1474

1287 participants were re‐evaluated in 2008 and 187 new participants "added to the study"; baseline data for participants with incident diabetes (N = 135)

Jiamjarasrangsi 2008a

Bangkok, Thailand

3989

3243/2370

Baseline data for total cohort becoming diabetic at follow‐up (N = 48)

Kim 2005

Seoul, South Korea

20,203/15,936

2964

Baseline data for FPG group 4 (6.1–7.0) with baseline and follow‐up (N = 276)

Kim 2008

Incheon, South Korea

7510

7211

Baseline data for IFG_5.6/IFG_6.1 cohort (N = 1335/494)

Kim 2014

Seoul, South Korea

418

418

Baseline data for i‐IFG (N = 158)/i‐IGT (N = 65)/IFG/IGT (N = 119)/i‐HbA1c (N = 64); total (N = 406)

Kim 2016a

Seoul, South Korea

19,356

17,971

2 baseline data cohorts: prediabetes by FPG only and HbA1c only (N = 3544 and N = 1713)

Kleber 2010

Germany

79

79

Baseline data for IGT cohort (N = 79)

Kleber 2011

Germany

128

128

Baseline data for IFG cohort (N = 128)

Ko 1999

Hong Kong

123

123

Baseline data for the IGT cohort (N = 123)

Ko 2001

Hong Kong

657

319

Baseline data for IFG cohort (N = 55)

Larsson 2000

Sweden

1843

265

Baseline data for i‐IGT (N = 66)/i‐IFG (N = 42)/IFG/IGT (N = 30); 265 follow‐up participants were randomly sampled from each glucose tolerance group of the original cohort and invited for follow‐up

Latifi 2016

Ahvaz (Khuzestan), Iran

12,514/6640

Unclear/593

Baseline for prediabetic cohort becoming diabetic at follow‐up

Lecomte 2007

France

56,650

4532

Baseline data for IFG cohort attending both examinations (N = 743)

Lee 2016

South Korea

6246

5528

Baseline data for the total cohort (N = 3497)

Leiva 2014

Chile

1007

177

Most baseline data for cohort becoming diabetic at follow‐up (N = 94 with IFG)

Levitzky 2008

Framingham (MA), USA

Unclear

3634

Baseline data for individuals on first exam, free of cardiovascular disease (N = 4058)

Li 2003

Kinmen, Taiwan

Unclear

644

Baseline data for i‐IGT (N = 118)/i‐IFG (N = 42)/IFG/IGT (N = 49)

Ligthart 2016

Rotterdam, The Netherlands

14,926/11,740

11,740/10,050

Baseline data for prediabetic cohort (N = 1382)

Lipska 2013

USA

3075

1690

Baseline data for i‐IFG (N = 189)/i‐HbA1c_5.7 (N = 207)/IFG/HbA1c (N = 169)

Liu 2008

Jiang Su province, China

6400/5888

1844

Baseline data for non‐diabetic participants (N = 1844); M (N = 788)/W (N = 1056)

Liu 2014

Shanghai, China

4556

3174

Baseline data for the prediabetic cohort converting to T2DM (N = 78)

Liu 2016

Beijing, China

2101

1857

Baseline data for participants without diabetes at baseline (N = 1857)

Liu 2017

China

27,020

23,626/18,610

Baseline data for IFG cohort at baseline (N = 3607)

Lorenzo 2003

San Antonio (TX), USA

2941/2569

1734

Baseline data for cohort converting to T2DM (N = 195)

Lyssenko 2005

Finland

Unclear

2115

Baseline data for IFG‐IGT individuals who converted to T2DM (N = 86)

Magliano 2008

Australia

20,347/11,247

6537

Baseline data for cohort becoming diabetic at follow‐up (N = 224)

Man 2017

Singapore

3280

1279/1137

Baseline data for incident diabetes cohort (N = 127)

Marshall 1994

Colorado, USA

1321

173/134

Baseline data for IGT cohort converting to T2DM (N = 20)

McNeely 2003

Seattle (WA), USA

518

465 (5 years)/412 (10 years)

Baseline data for cohort converting to T2DM at 5–6 years (N = 50) and 10 years (N = 74)

Meigs 2003

Baltimore (MD) and Washington, D.C., USA

Unclear

815/753

Baseline data for the IFG‐IGT cohort (N = 265); follow‐up time: at least 6 years 77%, at least 10 years 44%, at least 16 years 16%, at least 20 years 4.5%

Mohan 2008

Chennai, India

1061

513

Baseline data for cohort becoming diabetic at follow‐up (N = 64)

Motala 2003

Durban (KwaZulu‐Natal), South Africa

2479

563

Baseline data for responders (both baseline and follow‐up examination) (N = 563)

Motta 2010

Italy

2603

2603

No baseline data provided

Mykkänen 1993

Kuopio (Northern Savonia), Finland

1300

1054/892

Baseline data for cohort developing T2DM (N = 69)

Nakagami 2016

Japan

6012

2770/2267

Baseline data for cohort converting to T2DM (N = 99)

Nakanishi 2004

Japan

Unclear/6812

5746

Baseline characteristics for IFG cohort (N = 246)

Noda 2010

Japan

22387

2207

Baseline characteristics for the total cohort (N = 2207)

Park 2006

South Korea

6305

5557

Baseline data for incident diabetic participants with IFG at baseline (N = 40)

Peterson 2017

Sweden

119

87/74/29

Baseline data for IGT cohort (N = 29)

Qian 2012

Shanghai, China

1869

1042

Baseline data for cohort progressing to T2DM (N = 377)

Rajala 2000

Oulo (North Ostrobothnia), Finland

1008/768

183 (1st)/193 (2nd, other group)

Few baseline data for IGT cohort (N = 171)

Ramachandran 1986

Madras, India

Unclear

107

Baseline data for the diabetic cohort at follow‐up (N = 39)

Rasmussen 2008

Denmark

1821

1510/1002

Baseline data for IFG (N = 607)/IGT cohort (N = 903)

Rathmann 2009

Augsburg (Bavaria), Germany

2656

1202

Baseline data for total cohort (follow‐up participants, age‐group 55–74 years, N = 887)

Rijkelijkhuizen 2007

The Netherlands

2484/1513

1428

Baseline data for IFG_6.1 (N = 149)/IFG_5.6 (N = 488)

Sadeghi 2015

Isfahan, Iran

6323

2980

Baseline data for prediabetic cohort becoming diabetic at follow‐up (N = 131)