CHEC criteria checklists

Adair 2013

Clancy 2007

Davis 2011

Eccles 2007

Frei 2014

Frijling 2002

Krein 2004

Litaker 2003

McCall 2011

Piette 2001

Pizzi 2015

Prezio 2014

Schechter 2008

Wagner 2001

Is the study population clearly described?

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Are competing alternatives clearly described?

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Is a well‐defined research question posed in answerable form?

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Is the economic study design appropriate to the stated objective?

N

N

Y

N

N

N

N

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Is the chosen time horizon appropriate to include relevant costs and consequences?

Y

N

U

N

N

N

N

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Is the actual perspective chosen appropriate?

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Are all important and relevant costs for each alternative identified?

Y

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Are all costs measured appropriately in physical units?

Y

N

U

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Are costs valued appropriately?

Y

N

N

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Are all important and relevant outcomes for each alternative identified?

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Are all outcomes measured appropriately?

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Are outcomes valued appropriately?

N

N

N

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

N

N

Is an incremental analysis of costs and outcomes of alternatives performed?

N

N

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Are all future costs and outcomes discounted appropriately?

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

N

N

Are all important variables, whose values are uncertain, appropriately subjected to sensitivity analysis?

N

N

N

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Do the conclusions follow from the data reported?

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Does the study discuss the generalizability of the results to other settings patient/client groups?

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Does the article indicate that there is no potential conflict of interest of study researcher(s) and funder(s)?

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Are ethical and distributional issues discussed appropriately?

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Section of paper

Component

Reported on page number

Adair 2013

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions

Not reported

Introduction

‐

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study

176

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions

176

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen

177

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made

177

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated

178 ‐ 179

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen

Not reported

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate

Not reported

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate

Not reported

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed

Not reported

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data

Not reported

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data

Not reported

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes

Not reported

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs

179

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate

179

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended

Not reported

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model

Not reported

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty

Not reported

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended

Appendices

w65

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios

Appendices

w65

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective)

Not reported

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions

Not reported

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information

Not reported

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge

183

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support

183

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations

183

Clancy 2007

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

Not reported

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

Not reported

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

Not reported

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

620

Methods

Not reported

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

621

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

Not reported

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

Not reported

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

620 ‐ 621

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

Not reported

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

620

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

Not reported

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

Not reported

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

Not reported

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

Not reported

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

Not reported

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

622

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

Not reported

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

Not reported

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

Not reported

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions

Not reported

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

Not reported

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

Not reported

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

624

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

624

Davis 2010

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

Abstract

A325

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

Abstract

A325

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

Abstract

A325

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

1712 of effectiveness report

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

1714 of effectiveness report

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

Abstract

A325

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

Not reported

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

Abstract

A325

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

Abstract

A325

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

1713

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

Abstract

A325

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not applicable

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

Not reported

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

Not reported

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

Not reported

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

Not applicable

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

Not applicable

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

Not applicable

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

Not reported

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

Abstract

A325

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

Not reported

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions.

Not applicable

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

Not reported

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

Not reported

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

1716

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

1716

Eccles 2007

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

Not reported

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

Not reported

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

2

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

2

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

2

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

2

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

4

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

4

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

4

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

3

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

3

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

3

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

4

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

Not reported

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

Not reported

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

Not reported

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

Not reportted

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

8 ‐ 12

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

Not reported

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions.

Not reported

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

Not reported

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

6, 10

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

11

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

11

Frei 2014

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

Not reported

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

Not reported

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

1040

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

1040

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

1043

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

1040

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

Not reported

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

1040

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

Not reported

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not applicable

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

Not reported

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

Not reported

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

Not reported

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

Not applicable

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

Not applicable

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

Not applicable

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

Not reported

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

Not reported

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

Not reported

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions.

Not applicable

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

Not reported

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

1045

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

1045

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

1045

Frijling 2002

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

Not reported

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

Not reported

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

837

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

837

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

838

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

838

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

Not reported

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

837

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

Not reported

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not applicable

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

Not reported

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

Not reported

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

Not reported

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

Not applicable

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

Not applicable

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

Not reported

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

Not reported

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

Not reported

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

Not reported

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions.

Not applicable

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

Not applicable

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

841

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

841

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

Not reported

Krein 2004

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

Not reported

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

Not reported

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

732

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

732

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

733

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

733

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

Not reported

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

733

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

Not reported

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

Not reported

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

Not reported

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

Not reported

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

Not reported

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

Not reported

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

Not reported

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

Not reported

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

Not reported

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions.

Not applicable

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

Not applicable

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

738

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

732

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

Not reported

Litaker 2003

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

front page

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

Not reported

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

224

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

224

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

225

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

225

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

Not reported

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

226

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

Not reported

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

226

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

Not reported

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

Not reported

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

Not applicable

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

Not applicable

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

Not applicable

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

Not reported

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

Not reported

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

Not reported

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions.

Not applicable

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

232

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

234

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

235

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

Not reported

McCall 2011

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

Not reported

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

Not reported

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

1705

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

1706

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

1708

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

1705

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

Not reported

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

Not reported

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

Not reported

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not applicable

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

Not applicable

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

Not reported

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

Not reported

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

Not applicable

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

Not applicable

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

Not applicable

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

Not reported

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

Not reported

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

Not reported

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions

Not applicable

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

Not applicable

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

1712

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

Not reported

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

Not reported

Piette 2001

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

Not reported

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

Not reported

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

202 ‐ 203

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

Not reported

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

204

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

203

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

Not reported

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

177

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

Not reported

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not applicable

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

Not applicable

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

Not reported

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

Not reported

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

Not applicable

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

Not applicable

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

Not applicable

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

Not reported

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

Not reported

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

Not reported

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions.

Not applicable

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

Not reported

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

207

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

207

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

Not reported

Pizzi 2015

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

front page

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

front page

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

254

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

254

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

254

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

254

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

255

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

254

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

256

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

256

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

255

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

254 ‐ 255

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

Not applicable

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

256

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

256

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

256

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

256 ‐ 257

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

256

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

258 ‐ 259

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

260

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

258 ‐ 260

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions.

Not reported

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

258 ‐ 260

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

261 ‐ 262

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

263

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

263

Prezio 2014

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

771

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

771

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

772

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

772

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

772

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

772

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

772

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

772

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

772

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

772

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

774

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

772

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

Not applicable

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

772

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

772

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

772

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

772 ‐ 774

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

774

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

774 ‐ 776

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

777

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

776 ‐ 777

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions.

Not applicable

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

777

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

775

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

778

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

778

Schechter 2008

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

763

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

763

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

763 ‐ 764

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

764

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

764

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

764

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

764

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

764

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

764

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

765

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

764

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

764

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not applicable

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

765

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

764

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

764

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

Not applicable

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

Not applicable

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

765

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

766

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

765

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective)

766

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions.

Not applicable

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

765

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

767

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

767

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

768

Wagner 2001

Title

Identify the study as an economic evaluation or use more specific terms such as “cost‐effectiveness analysis”, and describe the interventions compared.

Not reported

Abstract

Provide a structured summary of objectives, perspective, setting, methods (including study design and inputs), results (including base case and uncertainty analyses), and conclusions.

Not reported

Introduction

Background and objectives

Provide an explicit statement of the broader context for the study.

695

Present the study question and its relevance for health policy or practice decisions.

695

Methods

Target population and subgroups

Describe characteristics of the base case population and subgroups analysed, including why they were chosen.

697

Setting and location

State relevant aspects of the system(s) in which the decision(s) need(s) to be made.

695 ‐ 696

Study perspective

Describe the perspective of the study and relate this to the costs being evaluated.

Not reported

Comparators

Describe the interventions or strategies being compared and state why they were chosen.

Not reported

Time horizon

State the time horizon(s) over which costs and consequences are being evaluated and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Discount rate

Report the choice of discount rate(s) used for costs and outcomes and say why appropriate.

Not reported

Choice of health outcomes

Describe what outcomes were used as the measure(s) of benefit in the evaluation and their relevance for the type of analysis performed.

Not reported

Measurement of effectiveness

Single study‐based estimates: Describe fully the design features of the single effectiveness study and why the single study was a sufficient source of clinical effectiveness data.

Not reported

Synthesis‐based estimates: Describe fully the methods used for identification of included studies and synthesis of clinical effectiveness data.

Not applicable

Measurement and valuation of preference based outcomes

If applicable, describe the population and methods used to elicit preferences for outcomes.

Not applicable

Estimating resources and costs

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe approaches used to estimate resource use associated with the alternative interventions. Describe primary or secondary research methods for valuing each resource item in terms of its unit cost. Describe any adjustments made to approximate to opportunity costs.

Not reported

Currency, price date, and conversion

Report the dates of the estimated resource quantities and unit costs. Describe methods for adjusting estimated unit costs to the year of reported costs if necessary. Describe methods for converting costs into a common currency base and the exchange rate.

Not reported

Choice of model

Describe and give reasons for the specific type of decision‐analytical model used. Providing a figure to show model structure is strongly recommended.

Not applicable

Assumptions

Describe all structural or other assumptions underpinning the decision‐analytical model.

Not applicable

Analytical methods

Describe all analytical methods supporting the evaluation. This could include methods for dealing with skewed, missing, or censored data; extrapolation methods; methods for pooling data; approaches to validate or make adjustments (such as half cycle corrections) to a model; and methods for handling population heterogeneity and uncertainty.

Not reported

Results

Study parameters

Report the values, ranges, references, and, if used, probability distributions for all parameters. Report reasons or sources for distributions used to represent uncertainty where appropriate. Providing a table to show the input values is strongly recommended.

697 ‐ 698

Incremental costs and outcomes

For each intervention, report mean values for the main categories of estimated costs and outcomes of interest, as well as mean differences between the comparator groups. If applicable, report incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

Not reported

Characterising uncertainty

Single study‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects of sampling uncertainty for the estimated incremental cost and incremental effectiveness parameters, together with the impact of methodological assumptions (such as discount rate, study perspective).

Not reported

Model‐based economic evaluation: Describe the effects on the results of uncertainty for all input parameters, and uncertainty related to the structure of the model and assumptions

Not reported

Characterising heterogeneity

If applicable, report differences in costs, outcomes, or cost‐effectiveness that can be explained by variations between subgroups of patients with different baseline characteristics or other observed variability in effects that are not reducible by more information.

Not reported

Discussion

Study findings, limitations, generalisability, and current knowledge

Summarise key study findings and describe how they support the conclusions reached. Discuss limitations and the generalisability of the findings and how the findings fit with current knowledge.

698 ‐ 699

Other

Source of funding

Describe how the study was funded and the role of the funder in the identification, design, conduct, and reporting of the analysis. Describe other non‐monetary sources of support.

699

Conflicts of interest

Describe any potential for conflict of interest of study contributors in accordance with journal policy. In the absence of a journal policy, we recommend authors comply with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations.

Not reported