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PRISMA study flow diagram
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

PRISMA study flow diagram

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Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
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Figure 2

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
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Figure 3

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, outcome: 1.1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work: short‐term follow‐up.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 4

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, outcome: 1.1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work: short‐term follow‐up.

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term ‐ sensitivity analysis.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term ‐ sensitivity analysis.

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 3 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work. follow‐up medium‐term (CBA).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 3 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work. follow‐up medium‐term (CBA).

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term (CBA).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term (CBA).

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 5 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 5 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 6 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 6 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 7 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term (RCT only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 7 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term (RCT only).

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 8 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 8 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 9 Mean difference in time spent standng at work, follow‐up medium‐term (CBA).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 9 Mean difference in time spent standng at work, follow‐up medium‐term (CBA).

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 10 Work performance (1‐10 scale), follow‐up short‐term (CBA).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 10 Work performance (1‐10 scale), follow‐up short‐term (CBA).

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 11 Proportion with ≥ 1 sick days in the last three months (CBA).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 11 Proportion with ≥ 1 sick days in the last three months (CBA).

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 12 Proportion with ≥ 1 sick days in the last month (CBA).
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Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 12 Proportion with ≥ 1 sick days in the last month (CBA).

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 13 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 13 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 14 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms, follow‐up Medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk, Outcome 14 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms, follow‐up Medium‐term.

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Comparison 2 Standing desk versus sit‐stand desk, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Standing desk versus sit‐stand desk, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 2 Standing desk versus sit‐stand desk, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Standing desk versus sit‐stand desk, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 3 Active workstation versus sit desk, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Active workstation versus sit desk, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 3 Active workstation versus sit desk, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent in inactive sitting at work, follow‐up medium term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Active workstation versus sit desk, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent in inactive sitting at work, follow‐up medium term.

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Comparison 4 Walking strategies versus no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Walking strategies versus no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term.

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Comparison 4 Walking strategies versus no intervention, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Walking strategies versus no intervention, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 4 Walking strategies versus no intervention, Outcome 3 Percentage of lost work productivity (WLQ Index Score) follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 Walking strategies versus no intervention, Outcome 3 Percentage of lost work productivity (WLQ Index Score) follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 5 Short break versus long break, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Short break versus long break, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term.

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Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 3 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.3

Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 3 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 4 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.4

Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 4 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium term.

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Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 5 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.5

Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 5 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 6 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.6

Comparison 6 Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention, Outcome 6 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 7.1

Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term.

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Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 7.2

Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 3 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 7.3

Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 3 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 7.4

Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 5 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 7.5

Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 5 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 6 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 7.6

Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 6 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 7 Mean difference in energy expenditure, follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 7.7

Comparison 7 Prompts plus information versus information alone, Outcome 7 Mean difference in energy expenditure, follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 8.1

Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 2 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 8.2

Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 2 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 3 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 8.3

Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 3 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 8.4

Comparison 8 Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 9 High personalised or contextualised information versus less personalised or contextualised information, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 9.1

Comparison 9 High personalised or contextualised information versus less personalised or contextualised information, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 10 Mindfulness training versus no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 10.1

Comparison 10 Mindfulness training versus no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 10 Mindfulness training versus no intervention, Outcome 2 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 10.2

Comparison 10 Mindfulness training versus no intervention, Outcome 2 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 11.1

Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 11.2

Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 3 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 11.3

Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 3 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 11.4

Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 5 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 11.5

Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 5 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 6 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 11.6

Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 6 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 7 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 11.7

Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 7 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 8 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 11.8

Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 8 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 9 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 11.9

Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 9 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 10 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 11.10

Comparison 11 Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only, Outcome 10 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.1

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.2

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 3 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.3

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 3 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.4

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 5 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.5

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 5 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 6 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.6

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 6 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 7 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.7

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 7 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 8 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.8

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 8 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 9 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.9

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 9 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 10 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.10

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 10 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 11 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up medium‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.11

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 11 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up medium‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 12 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up short‐term.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.12

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 12 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up short‐term.

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Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 13 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms all sites (score 0–6) at short‐term follow‐up.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 12.13

Comparison 12 Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 13 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms all sites (score 0–6) at short‐term follow‐up.

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Summary of findings for the main comparison. Alternative desks and workstations compared to sit‐desks for reducing sitting at work

Alternative desks and workstations compared to sit‐desks for reducing sitting at work

Patient or population: employees who sit at work
Setting: workplace
Intervention: alternative desks and workstations
Comparison: sit‐desks

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

№ of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Risk with sit‐desk

Risk with changes in desk

Comparison: sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk

Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, short‐term follow‐up (up to 3 months)

The mean difference in time spent sitting at work (short‐term follow‐up) was 364 minutes

MD 100 minutes lower
(116 lower to 84 lower)

323
(10 studies: 4 RCTs, 2 cross‐over RCTs, 4 CBAs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1 2

Subgroup analysis showed no difference in effect between sit‐stand desks used alone or in combination with information and counselling. Restricting the analysis to RCTs only did not show any difference in effect either.

Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, short‐term follow‐up

The mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more (short‐term follow‐up) was 167 minutes

MD 53 minutes lower
(79 lower to 26 lower)

74
(2 CBAs)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
VERY LOW 2 3

Comparison: treadmill desk combined with counselling versus sit‐desk

Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, short‐term follow‐up (up to 3 months)

The mean difference in time spent sitting at work (short‐term follow‐up) was 342 minutes

MD 29 minutes lower
(55 lower to 2 lower)

31
(1 RCT)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 2 4

Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, short‐term follow‐up — not reported

‐

‐

‐

‐

Comparison: cycling desk + information and counselling versus sit‐desk + information and counselling

Mean difference in time spent in inactive sitting at work, medium‐term follow‐up (from 3 to 12 months)

The mean difference in time spent in inactive sitting at work (medium‐term follow‐up) was 413 minutes

MD 12 minutes lower
(24 lower to 1 higher)

54
(1 RCT)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 2 5

*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio; OR: Odds ratio; RCT: randomised controlled trial CBA: controlled before‐and‐after study; MD: mean difference

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect

1 Of the six RCTs, five were at high risk of bias. The non‐randomised controlled before‐and‐after study/studies were also at high risk of bias; downgraded one level

2 Imprecision with wide confidence intervals, small sample size; downgraded one level

3 Unconcealed allocation, unblinded outcome assessment and attrition bias; downgraded two levels

4 Unblinded outcome assessment; downgraded one level

5 Unblinded outcome assessment and attrition bias; downgraded one level

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Alternative desks and workstations compared to sit‐desks for reducing sitting at work
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Summary of findings 2. Workplace policy changes compared to no intervention or alternate intervention for reducing sitting at work

Workplace policy changes compared to no intervention for reducing sitting at work

Patient or population: employees who sit at work
Setting: workplace
Intervention: policy changes
Comparison: no intervention

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

№ of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Risk with no intervention

Risk with Policy changes

Comparision: walking strategies versus no intervention

Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, short‐term follow‐up

The mean difference in time spent sitting at work (short‐term follow‐up) was 344 minutes

MD 15 minutes lower
(50 lower to 19 higher)

179
(1 RCT)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1 2

Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, short‐term follow‐up — not reported

‐

‐

‐

‐

Comparision: short break versus long break

Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, short‐term follow‐up

The mean difference in time spent sitting at work (short term follow‐up) was 131 minutes

MD 40 minutes lower
(66 lower to 15 lower)

49
(1 RCT)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 2 3

Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, short‐term follow‐up — not reported

‐

‐

‐

‐

*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio; OR: Odds ratio; RCT: randomised controlled trial; MD: mean difference

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect

1 Risk of bias high due to unblinded outcome assessment and lack of allocation concealment; downgraded with one level

2 Imprecision with wide confidence intervals; downgraded with one level

3 Unconcealed allocation and attrition bias

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 2. Workplace policy changes compared to no intervention or alternate intervention for reducing sitting at work
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Summary of findings 3. Information, feedback, and/or counselling compared to information only or no intervention for reducing sitting at work

Information and counselling compared to information only or no intervention for reducing sitting at work

Patient or population: employees who sit at work
Setting: workplace
Intervention: information and counselling
Comparison: information only or no intervention

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

№ of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Risk with information only or no intervention

Risk with Information and counselling

Information, feedback and counselling versus no intervention

Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, short‐term follow‐up — information and feedback versus no intervention

The mean difference in time spent sitting at work (short‐term follow‐up) was 550 minutes

MD 19 minutes lower
(57 lower to 19 higher)

63
(2 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1 2

Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, medium‐term follow‐up — counselling versus no intervention

The mean difference in time spent sitting at work (medium‐term follow‐up) was 462 minutes

MD 28 minutes lower
(51 lower to 5 lower)

747
(2 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1 3

Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, short‐term follow‐up ‐ not reported

‐

‐

‐

‐

Prompts combined with information versus information alone

Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, short‐term follow‐up

The mean difference in time spent sitting at work (short‐term follow‐up) was 349 minutes

MD 10 minutes lower
(45 lower to 24 higher)

75
(2 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1 2

Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, short‐term follow‐up

The mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more (short‐term follow‐up) was 286 minutes

MD 74 minutes lower
(124 lower to 24 lower)

28
(1 RCT)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1 4

Mindfulness training versus no intervention

Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, medium‐term follow‐up

The mean difference in time spent sitting at work (medium‐term follow‐up) was 316 minutes

MD 23 minutes lower
(63 lower to 17 higher)

257
(1 RCT)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1 6

Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, medium‐term follow‐up — not reported

‐

‐

‐

‐

*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio; OR: Odds ratio; RCT: randomised controlled trial; MD: mean difference

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect

1 Imprecision with wide confidence intervals, small sample size; downgraded with one level

2 Unblinded outcome assessment and attrition bas

3 Risk of bias, allocation not concealed, lack of blinding, high attrition rate; downgraded with one level

4 Lack of blinding of participants and selective reporting

5 Lack of blinding of participants and attrition bias

6 Risk of bias high due to unconcealed allocation and unblinded outcome assessment; downgraded with one level

7 Lack of blinding of participants

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 3. Information, feedback, and/or counselling compared to information only or no intervention for reducing sitting at work
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Summary of findings 4. Multi‐component intervention compared to no intervention for reducing sitting at work

Multi‐component intervention compared to no intervention for reducing sitting at work

Patient or population: employees who sit at work
Setting: workplace
Intervention: multi‐component intervention
Comparison: no intervention

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

№ of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Risk with no intervention

Risk with Multi‐component intervention

Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, short‐term follow‐up

See comment

see comment

573
(3 RCTs)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
VERY LOW 1 2 3

Not pooled

Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, short‐term follow‐up

See comment

See comment

518
(2 RCTs)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
VERY LOW 1 2 3

Not pooled

*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).

CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio; OR: Odds ratio; RCT: randomised controlled trial

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect

1 Unconcealed allocation and unblinded outcome assessment

2 Imprecision with wide confidence interval, small sample size

3 Not pooled due to high heterogeneity

3 Small sample size

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 4. Multi‐component intervention compared to no intervention for reducing sitting at work
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Comparison 1. Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

10

323

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐100.16 [‐115.83, ‐84.48]

1.1 Sit‐stand desk only

5

145

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐96.72 [‐126.05, ‐67.39]

1.2 Sit‐stand desk + information and counselling

6

178

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐104.38 [‐122.81, ‐85.96]

2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term ‐ sensitivity analysis Show forest plot

10

323

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐100.16 [‐115.83, ‐84.48]

2.1 Randomised control trials

4

132

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐105.19 [‐128.13, ‐82.24]

2.2 Cross‐over RCT

2

70

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐99.11 [‐112.82, ‐85.41]

2.3 Control before after studies

4

121

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐92.80 [‐133.13, ‐52.47]

3 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work. follow‐up medium‐term (CBA) Show forest plot

2

60

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐57.08 [‐98.76, ‐15.41]

4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term (CBA) Show forest plot

2

74

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐52.57 [‐78.79, ‐26.35]

4.1 Sit‐stand desk only

1

20

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐13.00 [‐70.80, 40.80]

4.2 Sit‐stand desk + information and counselling

2

54

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐63.22 [‐92.92, ‐33.51]

5 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

2

56

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐81.67 [‐123.99, ‐39.36]

6 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

9

295

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

89.38 [76.44, 102.32]

6.1 Sit‐stand desk only

4

117

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

75.78 [57.56, 94.01]

6.2 Sit‐stand desk + information and counselling

6

178

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

103.20 [84.83, 121.58]

7 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term (RCT only) Show forest plot

4

132

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

98.65 [74.94, 122.36]

8 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

8

270

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐0.52 [‐3.88, 2.85]

9 Mean difference in time spent standng at work, follow‐up medium‐term (CBA) Show forest plot

2

60

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

53.36 [16.59, 90.14]

10 Work performance (1‐10 scale), follow‐up short‐term (CBA) Show forest plot

3

109

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.35 [‐0.10, 0.79]

10.1 Sit‐stand desk only

2

52

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.82 [0.00, 1.63]

10.2 Sit‐stand desk + information and counselling

2

57

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.15 [‐0.38, 0.68]

11 Proportion with ≥ 1 sick days in the last three months (CBA) Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

12 Proportion with ≥ 1 sick days in the last month (CBA) Show forest plot

2

78

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.77 [0.49, 1.21]

12.1 Sit‐stand desk only

1

20

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.94 [0.42, 2.13]

12.2 Sit‐stand desk + information and counselling

2

58

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.72 [0.41, 1.24]

13 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

46

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.51 [‐1.03, ‐0.00]

14 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms, follow‐up Medium‐term Show forest plot

1

45

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.54 [‐0.89, ‐0.19]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Sit‐stand desk with or without information and counselling versus sit‐desk
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Comparison 2. Standing desk versus sit‐stand desk

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Standing desk versus sit‐stand desk
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Comparison 3. Active workstation versus sit desk

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Treadmill desk plus counselling versus sit desk

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Mean difference in time spent in inactive sitting at work, follow‐up medium term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Cycling desk + information and counselling versus information and counselling only

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Active workstation versus sit desk
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Comparison 4. Walking strategies versus no intervention

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term Show forest plot

1

179

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐15.49 [‐49.65, 18.67]

1.1 Route versus no intervention

1

90

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐16.0 [‐64.98, 32.98]

1.2 Incidental versus no intervention

1

89

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐15.0 [‐62.66, 32.66]

2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

264

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐16.50 [‐60.55, 27.55]

3 Percentage of lost work productivity (WLQ Index Score) follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 4. Walking strategies versus no intervention
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Comparison 5. Short break versus long break

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 5. Short break versus long break
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Comparison 6. Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term Show forest plot

2

63

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐19.23 [‐57.05, 18.58]

1.1 Information and feedback versus no intervention

2

63

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐19.23 [‐57.05, 18.58]

2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

2

747

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐28.38 [‐51.49, ‐5.26]

2.1 Counselling versus no intervention

2

747

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐28.38 [‐51.49, ‐5.26]

3 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Information and feedback versus no intervention

1

37

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐16.40 [‐96.85, 64.06]

4 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 Counselling versus no intervention

1

416

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐20.0 [‐85.00, 45.00]

5 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 Information and feedback

1

93

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

10.24 [‐17.17, 37.65]

6 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 Counseling versus no intervention

1

224

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.1 [‐0.10, 0.30]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 6. Information, feedback and/or reminder versus information only or no intervention
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Comparison 7. Prompts plus information versus information alone

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short term Show forest plot

2

75

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐10.48 [‐44.88, 23.92]

2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

34

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐54.92 [‐95.82, ‐14.02]

3 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

28

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐73.92 [‐123.78, ‐24.06]

5 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7 Mean difference in energy expenditure, follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 7. Prompts plus information versus information alone
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Comparison 8. Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Mean difference in time spent standing at work, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 8. Computer prompts to step versus computer prompts to stand
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Comparison 9. High personalised or contextualised information versus less personalised or contextualised information

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 9. High personalised or contextualised information versus less personalised or contextualised information
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Comparison 10. Mindfulness training versus no intervention

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

257

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐22.69 [‐62.55, 17.17]

2 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 10. Mindfulness training versus no intervention
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Comparison 11. Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work, follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 11. Activity tracker combined with organisational support versus organisational support only
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Comparison 12. Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Mean difference in time spent sitting at work, follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

2

562

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐45.60 [‐62.54, ‐28.66]

3 Mean difference in number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Mean difference in time in sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

2

227

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐72.73 [‐91.87, ‐53.59]

7 Mean difference in total time spent sitting (including sitting at and outside work), follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10 Mean difference in time spent standing at work follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

11 Mean difference in time spent stepping at work follow‐up medium‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

12 Work engagement (0‐6 scale), follow‐up short‐term Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.14, 0.14]

12.1 Environmental interventions only

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.1 [‐0.10, 0.30]

12.2 Environmental interventions + counselling

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.1 [‐0.30, 0.10]

13 Mean difference in musculoskeletal symptoms all sites (score 0–6) at short‐term follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 12. Multi‐component intervention versus no intervention
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