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Vacunas conjugadas antineumocócicas para la prevención de la neumonía con consolidación radiográfica y la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva por los serotipos de la vacuna en niños menores de dos años de edad

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Referencias

Referencias de los estudios incluidos en esta revisión

Ir a:

Black 2000a {published data only}

Black S, Shinefield H, Fireman B, Lewis E, Ray P, Hansen J, et al. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19(3):187‐95.

Black 2002a {published data only}

Black S, Shinefield H, Ling S, Hansen J, Fireman B, Spring D, et al. Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than five years of age for prevention of pneumonia. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(9):810‐5.

Eskola 2001 {published data only}

Eskola J, Kilpi T, Palmu A, Jokinen J, Haapakoski J, Herva E, et al. Efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344(6):403‐9.

Kilpi 2003 {published data only}

Kilpi T, Ahman H, Jokinen J, Lankinen KS, Palmu A, Savolainen H, et al. Protective efficacy of a second pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumococcal acute otitis media in infants and children: randomized, controlled trial of a 7‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide‐meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine in 1666 children. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003;37(9):1155‐64.

Klugman 2003 {published data only}

Klugman K, Madhi S, Huebner R, Kohberger R, Mbelle N, Pierce N for the Vaccine Trialists Group. A trial of a 9‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. New England Journal of Medicine 2003 Oct 2;349(14):1341‐8.

O'Brien 2003a {published data only}

O'Brien K, Moulton L, Reid R, Weatherholtz R, Oski J, Brown L, et al. Efficacy and safety of seven‐valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in American Indian children: group randomised trial. The Lancet 2003;362(9381):355‐61. [MEDLINE: 12907008]

Referencias de los estudios excluidos de esta revisión

Ir a:

Aaberge 1998 {published data only}

Aaberge IS, Lovik M, Leikvold R, Groeng E, Pawlowski A, Svenson SV. Vaccination with type 6B polysaccharide‐protein conjugates protects against challenge with type 6A pneumococci. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Acharya 1987 {published data only}

Acharya IL, Lowe CU, Thapa R, Gurubacharya VL, Shrestha MB, Cadoz M, et al. Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi. A preliminary report. New England Journal of Medicine 1987;317(18):1101‐4.

Adam 2001 {published data only}

Adam D, Scholz H. Value of pneumococcal vaccination in infants and young children. Klinische Padiatrie 2001;213(3):109‐13.

Adamkiewicz 2003 {published data only}

Adamkiewicz TV, Sarnaik S, Buchanan GR, Iyer RV, Miller ST, Pegelow CH, et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections in children with sickle cell disease in the era of penicillin prophylaxis, antibiotic resistance, and 23‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination. Journal of Pediatrics 2003;143(4):438‐44.

Addiego 1980 {published data only}

Addiego JE, Ammann AJ, Schiffman G, Baehner R, Higgins G, Hammond D. Response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease. Children's Cancer Study Group Report. Lancet 1980;2(8192):450‐2.

Agostoni 1988 {published data only}

Agostoni C, Giovannini M, Fraschini F, Scaglione F, Galluzzo C, Riva E, et al. Comparison of miocamycin versus amoxycillin in lower respiratory tract infections in children. Clinical response and effect on natural killer activity. Journal of International Medical Research 1988;16(4):305‐11.

Ahman 1996 {published data only}

Ahman H, Kayhty H, Tamminen P, Vuorela A, Malinoski F, Eskola J. Pentavalent pneumococcal oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine PncCRM is well‐tolerated and able to induce an antibody response in infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1996;15(2):134‐9.

Ahman 1998a {published data only}

Ahman H, Kahyty H, Eskola J. Maternal antibodies and response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Ahman 1998b {published data only}

Ahman H, Kayhty H, Lehtonen H, Leroy O, Froeschle J, Eskola J. Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide‐diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in early infancy and able to induce immunologic memory. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17(3):211‐6.

Ahman 1999 {published data only}

Ahman H, Kayhty H, Vuorela A, Leroy O, Eskola J. Dose dependency of antibody response in infants and children to pneumococcal polysaccharides conjugated to tetanus toxoid. Vaccine 1999;17(20‐21):2726‐32.

Ahman 2000 {published data only}

Ahman H, Jokinen J, Kahyty H, and the Finnish Otitis Media (FinOM) Study Group. Immunogenicity of PncCRM vaccine used in FinOM vaccine trial. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Akikusa 2001 {published data only}

Akikusa JD, Kemp AS. Clinical correlates of response to pneumococcal immunization. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2001;37(4):382‐7. [MEDLINE: 2001297437]

al‐Hawsawi 2001 {published data only}

al Hawsawi ZM, Hummaida TI, Ismail GA. Splenectomy in thalassaemia major: experience at Madina Maternity and Children's Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 2001;21(2):155‐8. [MEDLINE: 2001251645]

Alanis 1992 {published data only}

Alanis A, Longest KA, Senetar JE, Dere WH. A multicentre trial of cefaclor advanced formulation versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute bronchitis. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1992;68(Suppl 3):24‐8, discussion 29.

Albert 1980 {published data only}

Albert RK, Martin TR, Lewis SW. Controlled clinical trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency. Annals of Internal Medicine 1980;92(6):753‐8.

Allen 2003 {published data only}

Allen UD, Thomas S, Carapetis J, Henry S, Wasfy S, Lovgren M, et al. Serotypes of respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Jamaican children. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003;7(1):29‐34.

Allenet 1997 {published data only}

Allenet B, Lenne X, Lebrun Th, Brambilla C, Raffi F, Scheimberg A. Cost assessment of josamycin dispersible tablets used in short term treatment of acute bronchitis [Evaluation economique de la josamycine comprime dispersible en traitement court dans la bronchite aigue]. Medecine Et Maladies Infectieuses 1997;27(12):1025‐9.

Alvarez 2000 {published data only}

Alvarez MP, Simon M, Sanchez S, Apaloaza I, Prieto J. Pharmacovigilance study of azithromycin tablets (500 mg) in the treatment of adult patients with respiratory tract infections [Estudio de farmacovigilancia de azitromicinacomprimidos (500 mg) en el tratamiento de pacientesadultos con infecciones de vias respiratorias. Grupo colaborador]. Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia 2000;13(3):297‐305.

Ammann 1977 {published data only}

Ammann AJ, Addiego J, Wara DW, Lubin B, Smith WB, Mentzer WC. Polyvalent pneumococcal‐polysaccharide immunization of patients with sickle‐cell anemia and patients with splenectomy. New England Journal of Medicine 1977;297(17):897‐900.

Anderson 1996 {published data only}

Anderson EL, Kennedy DJ, Geldmacher KM, Donnelly J, Mendelman PM. Immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1996;128(5 Pt 1):649‐53.

Anderson 1998 {published data only}

Anderson P, Treanor J, Porcelli S, Pichichero M. Effect of carrier on human Ab responses to PS conjugated to toxoids. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Anderson 2003 {published data only}

Anderson P, Treanor J, Porcelli S, Pichichero M. Non‐interference between two protein carriers when used with the same polysaccharide for pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in 2‐year‐old children. Vaccine 2003;21(13‐14):1554‐9.

Andrews 2003 {published data only}

Andrews J, Nadjm B, Gant V, Shetty N. Community‐acquired pneumonia. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 2003;9(3):175‐80. [MEDLINE: 2003157600]

Anonymous 1998a {published data only}

Anonymous. Mortality among children with sickle cell disease identified by newborn screening during 1990‐1994‐California, Illinois, and New York. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1998;47(9):169‐72.

Anonymous 1998b {published data only}

Anonymous. Pneumococcal vaccine: a second look. Solution for SC or IM injection: pneumococcal vaccine. Prescrire International 1998;7(33):16‐8.

Anonymous 1999a {published data only}

Anonymous. Adult pneumococcal vaccination guideline. SAMA‐SA Pulmonology Society Working Group. South African Medical Journal 1999;89 Suppl(11):1222‐30.

Anonymous 1999b {published data only}

Anonymous. Pneumococcal vaccine conjugate PNCRM5, PNCRM7, PNCRM9. Drugs 1999;2(3):215‐9.

Anonymous 1999c {published data only}

Anonymous. Pneumococcal vaccines. WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record 1999;74(23):177‐83.

Anonymous 1999d {published data only}

Anonymous. Pneumococcal vaccines: World Health Organization position paper. Canada Communicable Disease Report 1999;25(17):150‐1.

Anonymous 2000a {published data only}

Anonymous. American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on infectious diseases. Policy statement: recommendations for the prevention of pneumococcal infections, including the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar), pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and antibiotic prophylaxis. Pediatrics 2000;106(2 Pt 1):363‐6.

Anonymous 2000b {published data only}

Anonymous. Are current recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination appropriate for Western Australia?. Medical Journal of Australia 2000;173(Suppl):36‐40.

Anonymous 2000c {published data only}

Anonymous. A pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for infants and children. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics 2000;42(1074):25‐7.

Anonymous 2001a {published data only}

Anonymous. Heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ready for universal use. European Journal of Pediatrics 2001;160(2):135.

Anonymous 2001b {published data only}

Anonymous. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Asia and the Pacific. Singapore, 9‐11 October 2000. Report of an Asia Pacific Board Advisory Meeting. Vaccine 2001;19(32):4579‐87.

Anonymous 2002 {published data only}

Anonymous. 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: new preparation prevents rare invasive infections in infants. Prescriber International 2002;11(57):7‐10.

Anonymous 2003 {published data only}

Anonymous. Pneumococcal vaccine (Prevnar) for otitis media. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics 2003;45(1153):27‐8.

Antilla 1998a {published data only}

Anttila M, Eklund C, Eskola J, Kayhty H. Functional cross‐reactivity of antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides of serotypes 6A and 6B. Programs and abstracts of the Pneumococcal Vaccines for the World 1998 Conference. Washington, DC, 1998; Vol. Poster 16:66.

Antilla 1998b {published data only}

Antilla M, Eskola J, Kayhty H. Avidity of antibodies elicited by different pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Antilla 1998c {published data only}

Antilla M, Eskola J, Ahman H, Kayhty H. Avidity of IgG for Streptococcus pneumoniae type 6B and 23F polysaccharides in infants primed with pneumococcal conjugates and boosted with polysaccharide or conjugate vaccines. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1998;177(6):1614‐21.

Antilla 1999a {published data only}

Antilla M, Eskola J. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1999;18(6):543‐51.

Antilla 1999b {published data only}

Antilla M, Eskola J, Ahman H, Kayhty H. Differences in the avidity of antibodies evoked by four different pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in early childhood. Vaccine 1999;17(15‐16):1970‐7.

Arguedas 2001 {published data only}

Arguedas A, Loaiza C, Perez A, Cervantes Y, Hohenboken MH, Jacquet J, et al. A randomized, placebo‐controlled, dose‐range study to evaluate the immunogenicity of a tetravalent pneumococcal protein D conjugate vaccine in infants, and boostability by plain polysaccharide. 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 Mar 26‐28.

Arkwright 2000 {published data only}

Arkwright PD, Patel L, Moran A, Haeney MR, Ewing CI, David TJ. Atopic eczema is associated with delayed maturation of the antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2000;122(1):16‐9. [MEDLINE: 2000364135]

Arthur 1996 {published data only}

Arthur M, McAdoo M, Guerra J, Maloney R, McCluskey D, Giguere G, et al. Clinical comparison of cefuroxime axetil with cefixime in the treatment of acute bronchitis. American Journal of Therapeutics 1996;3(9):622‐9.

Auranen 2002 {published data only}

Auranen K, Lucero M, Kayhty H, Puumalainene T, Ugpo J, Sombrero L, et al. Pneumococcal (Pnc) carriage and anti‐Pnc antibody concentration among Filipino children: high IgG concentrations against serotype 6B associated with protection from carriage. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002.

Austrian 1975 {published data only}

Austrian R. Maxwell Finland Lecture. Random gleanings from a life with the pneumococcus. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1975;131(4):474‐84.

Austrian 2000 {published data only}

Austrian R. Pneumococcal otitis media and pneumococcal vaccines, a historical perspective. Vaccine 2000;19 Suppl(1):71‐7.

Babiker 1986 {published data only}

Babiker MA. Prophylaxis of pneumococcal infection in sickle‐cell disease by the combined use of vaccination and penicillin. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 1986;6(3):179‐81.

Bacle 1997 {published data only}

Bacle A, Diot P, Lemarie E. Anti‐pneumococcal vaccine: justifications and results. Revue de Pneumologie Clinique 1997;53(3):128‐37.

Baker 2003 {published data only}

Baker CJ, Edwards MS. Group B streptococcal conjugate vaccines. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2003;88(5):375‐8.

Ball 1994 {published data only}

Ball P. Efficacy and safety of cefprozil versus other beta‐lactam antibiotics in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 1994;13(10):851‐6.

Balmes 1991 {published data only}

Balmes P, Clerc G, Dupont B, Labram C, Pariente R, Poirier R. Comparative study of azithromycin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 1991;10(5):437‐9.

Barnett 1999 {published data only}

Barnett ED, Pelton SI, Cabral HJ, Eavey RD, Allen C, Cunningham MJ, et al. Immune response to pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines in otitis prone and otitis free children. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1999;29(1):191‐2.

Baucher 2000 {published data only}

Baucher H. Use of the new pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2000;83(5):396.

Beatson 1985 {published data only}

Beatson JM, Marsh BT, Talbot DJ. A clinical comparison of pivmecillinam plus pivampicillin (Miraxid) and a triple tetracycline combination (Deteclo) in respiratory infections treated in general practice. Journal of International Medical Research 1985;13(4):197‐202.

Berg 2003 {published data only}

Berg GD, Johnson A, Fleegler E. Clinical and utilization outcomes for a pediatric and adolescent telephonic asthma care support program: a propensity score‐matched cohort study. Disease Management and Health Outcomes 2003;11(11):737‐43.

Berger 1988 {published data only}

Berger R, Trannoy E, Hollander G, Bailleux F, Rudin C, Creusvaux H. A dose‐response study of a live attenuated varicella‐zoster virus (Oka strain) vaccine administered to adults 55 years of age and older. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1998;178(Suppl 1):99‐103.

Berk 1984 {published data only}

Berk SL, Verghese A, Berk ML, Dison C, Smith JK. Survey of physician acceptance of the pneumococcal vaccine. Southern Medical Journal 1984;77(4):450‐4.

Beumer 1989 {published data only}

Beumer HM. Cefixime versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in lower respiratory tract infections. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, & Toxicology 1989;27(1):30‐3.

Biltoft 2002 {published data only}

Biltoft C, Lucero M, Olander R, Ugpo J, Auranen K, Leroy O, et al. Effect of the carrier protein and vaccination schedule on the antibody responses to Hib and DTP vaccines that are concurrently administered with conjugate vaccines. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Disease (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Bitnun 1998 {published data only}

Bitnun A, Allen UD. Medical therapy of otitis media: Use, abuse, efficacy, and morbidity. Journal of Otolaryngology 1998;27 Suppl(2):26‐36. [MEDLINE: 1998383452]

Bjornson 1996 {published data only}

Bjornson AB, Falletta JM, Verter JI, Buchanan GR, Miller ST, Pegelow CH, et al. Serotype‐specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children with sickle cell anemia: effects of continued penicillin prophylaxis [comment]. Comment in: J Pediatr. 1996 Dec;129(6):788‐9; PMID: 8969717, Comment in: J Pediatr. 1997 Sep;131(3):498‐9; PMID: 9329440. Journal of Pediatrics 1996;129(6):828‐35. [MEDLINE: 1997362083]

Black 2000b {published data only}

Black S, Lieu TA, Ray GT, Capra A, Shinefield HR. Assessing costs and cost effectiveness of pneumococcal disease and vaccination within Kaiser Permanente. Vaccine 2000;19(Suppl 1):83‐6.

Black 2000c {published data only}

Black S, Shinefield H. Vaccines and otitis media. Pediatric Annals 2000;29(10):648‐51.

Black 2000d {published and unpublished data}

Black S, Shinefield H, Ray P, Lewis E, Fireman B, Kaiser Permanente Study Group, et al. Efficacy of Heptavalent Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine (Wyeth Lederle) in 37,000 infants and children: impact on pneumonia, otitis media, and an update on invasive disease ‐‐ results extended follow‐up of the efficacy trial cohort. Second International Symposium of Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases. Sun City, South Africa, 2000 Mar 19‐23.

Black 2001a {published data only}

Black S. Perspectives on the design and analysis of prelicensure trials: bridging the gap to postlicensure studies. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001;33 Suppl(4):323‐6.

Black 2001b {published data only}

Black SB, Shinefield HR, Hansen J, Elvin L, Laufer D, Malinoski F. Postlicensure evaluation of the effectiveness of seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2001;20(12):1105‐7.

Black 2002b {published data only}

Black S, Shinefield H. Safety and efficacy of the seven‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: evidence from Northern California. European Journal of Pediatrics 2002;161(Suppl 2):127‐31.

Block 2002 {published data only}

Block SL, Hedrick J, Harrison CJ, Tyler R, Smith A, Findlay R, et al. Pneumococcal serotypes from acute otitis media in rural Kentucky. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(9):859‐65.

Blum 2000 {published data only}

Blum MD, Dagan R, Mendelman PM, Pinsk V, Giordani M, Li S, et al. A comparison of multiple regimens of pneumococcal polysaccharide‐meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in toddlers. Vaccine 2000;18(22):2359‐67.

Bogaert 2002 {published data only}

Bogaert D, Veenhoven RH, Brouwer CNM, Kiezebrink HH, Bruin J, Ijzerman EPF, et al. Impact of vaccination with 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by a 23‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage in children with recurrent AOM (Dutch OMAVAX‐study). 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Boivin 1995 {published data only}

Boivin JM, Issartel G, Zannad F. Double‐blind and randomised parallel study of minocycline 100mg (Mynocine) vs roxithromycin 300mg (Rulid), in the treatment of seasonal acute bronchitis in clinical practice [Estudio de farmacovigilancia de azitromicinacomprimidos (500 mg) en el tratamiento de pacientesadultos con infecciones de vias respiratorias. Grupo colaborador]. Therapie 1995;50(1):35‐9.

Box 2003 {published data only}

Box TL, Olsen M, Oddone EZ, Keitz SA. Healthcare access and utilization by patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: does gender matter?. Journal of Women's Health 2003;12(4):391‐7.

Bradbury 1993 {published data only}

Bradbury F. Comparison of azithromycin versus clarithromycin in the treatment of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1993;31(Suppl E):153‐62.

Brandileone 2003 {published data only}

Brandileone MCC, Sgambatti De Andrade ALS, Di Fabio JL, Guerra MLLS, Austrian R. Appropriateness of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Brazil: Potential impact of age and clinical diagnosis, with emphasis on meningitis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003;187(8):1206‐12. [MEDLINE: 2003160394]

Breukels 1999 {published data only}

Breukels MA, Rijkers GT, Voorhorst‐Ogink MM, Zegers BJ, Sanders LA. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine primes for polysaccharide‐inducible IgG2 antibody response in children with recurrent acute otitis media. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999;179(5):1152‐6.

Breukels 2002 {published data only}

Breukels M, Zandvoort A, Lodewijks M, Ridjkers GT, Zegers BJM, Timens W. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine localization in the spleen is complement independent, and differs from pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine localization. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Brickfield 1986 {published data only}

Brickfield FX, Carter WH, Johnson RE. Erythromycin in the treatment of acute bronchitis in a community practice. Journal of Family Practice 1986;23(2):119‐22.

Briles 2000a {published data only}

Briles DE, Hollingshead S, Brooks‐Walter A, Nabors GS, Ferguson L, Schilling M, et al. The potential to use PspA and other pneumococcal proteins to elicit protection against pneumococcal infection. Vaccine 2000;18(16):1707‐11.

Briles 2000b {published data only}

Briles DE, Hollingshead SK, Nabors GS, Paton JC, Brooks‐Walter A. The potential for using protein vaccines to protect against otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccine 2000;19(Suppl 1):87‐95.

Broome 1980 {published data only}

Broome CV, Facklam RR, Fraser DW. Pneumococcal disease after pneumococcal vaccination: an alternative method to estimate the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine 1980;303(10):549‐52.

Broome 1981 {published data only}

Broome CV. Efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1981;3 Suppl:82‐96.

Brouwer 2003 {published data only}

Brouwer C, Rovers M, Maille AR, Veenhoven RH, Grobe DE, Sanders EA, et al. Effect of pneumococcal vaccination on quality‐of‐life in children with recurrent otitis media: a randomized controlled trial. 8th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media. 2003.

Bruyn 1991 {published data only}

Bruyn GA, van Furth R. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines: indications, efficacy and recommendations. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 1991;10(11):897‐910.

Butler 1996 {published data only}

Butler JC, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Elliott JA, Facklam RR, Breiman RF. The continued emergence of drug‐resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: An update from the Centers for Disease Control and prevention's pneumococcal sentinel surveillance system. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996;174(5):986‐93. [MEDLINE: 1996326438]

Butler 1997 {published data only}

Butler JC. Epidemiology of pneumococcal serotypes and conjugate vaccine formulations. Microbial Drug Resistance 1997;3(2):125‐9.

Butler 1999 {published data only}

Butler JC, Shapiro ED, Carlone GM. Pneumococcal vaccines: history, current status and future directions. American Journal of Medicine 1999;107 Suppl(1A):69‐76.

Capeding 2000 {published data only}

Capeding MRZ, Puumalainen T, Kahyty H, Gepanayao C, Lucero M, Leroy O, et al. The effect of a booster dose following primary immunization of an eleven‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in philippine infants. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Carroll 1977 {published data only}

Carroll PG, Krejci SP, Mitchell J, Puranik V, Thomas R, Wilson B. A comparative study of co‐trimoxazole and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute bronchitis in general practice: a multicentre study. Medical Journal of Australia 1977;2(9):286‐7.

Cartwright 2002 {published data only}

Cartwright K. Pneumococcal disease in Western Europe: burden of disease, antibiotic resistance and management. European Journal of Pediatrics 2002;161(4):188‐95.

Chi 1999 {published data only}

Chi CA, Altamirano AA, Garcia de Quevedo PS, Hidalgo LH, Hernandez MG. Efficacy and safety of cefalexin‐bromhexin vs amoxicillin in acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis acute exacerbations [Eficacia y seguridad de cefalexina y bromhexina versus amoxilina en bronquitis aguda o cronica agudizada]. Investigacion Medica Internacional 1999;26(1):19‐24.

Chiang 2001 {published data only}

Chiang CJ, Hwang KP, Peng CF, Kuo CS. Antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in Kaohsiung from 1996 through 1999. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 2001;34(4):269‐74. [MEDLINE: 2002023287]

Chintu 1983 {published data only}

Chintu C, Gupta K, Osborne C, Masona JM. Clinical trial of the protective role of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine in sickle cell anaemia patients in Zambia. Medical Journal of Zambia 1983;17(3):73‐6.

Choo 1999 {published data only}

Choo S, Seymour L, Zhang Q, Morris R, Lockhart S, Cartwright K, et al. Mucosal immune responses to a 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in UK infants. Oral presentation. 17th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 1999 May 19‐21.

Choo 2000a {published data only}

Choo S, Seymour L, Morris R, Quataert S, Lockhart S, Cartwright K, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered combined with a hemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in United Kingdom infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19(9):854‐62.

Choo 2000b {published data only}

Choo S, Zhang Q, Seymour L, Akhtar S, Finn A. Primary and booster salivary antibody responses to a 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;182(4):1260‐3.

Choo 2001 {published data only}

Choo S, Finn A. New pneumococcal vaccines for children. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2001;84(4):289‐94.

Christensen 1985 {published data only}

Christensen P, Hovelius B, Prellner K, Rosen C, Christensen KK, Kurl DN, et al. Effects of pneumococcal vaccination on tonsillo‐pharyngitis and upper respiratory tract flora. International Archives of Allergy & Applied Immunology 1985;78(2):161‐6.

Clancy 1990 {published data only}

Clancy RL, Cripps AW, Gebski V. Protection against recurrent acute bronchitis after oral immunization with killed Haemophilus influenzae. Medical Journal of Australia 1990;152(8):413‐6.

Clini 1990 {published data only}

Clini V, Clini E. Treatment of acute infections of the respiratory tract. The cytiolone‐ampicillin relationship: a study of therapeutic effectiveness and tolerability. Clinical Trials Journal 1990;27(6):368‐77.

CSG 1992 {published data only}

Canadian Study Group on Periodical Physical Examination. Periodical physical examination, 1991 update: 2. Administration of pneumococcal vaccine [L'examen medical periodique Mise a jour 1991: 2 Administration du vaccin pneumococcique]. L'Union Medicale du Canada 1992;121(1):22‐4, 26‐8, 30.

Czerniawska‐Mysik 92 {published data only}

Czerniawska‐Mysik G, Adamek GT, Dyczek A, Kotlinowska T. Double‐blind clinical study with broncho‐vaxom in the treatment of recurrent acute bronchitis and bronchial asthma. International Journal Immunotherapy 1992;8(3):153‐9.

D'Alessandro 2002 {published data only}

D'Alessandro D. Costs of pneumococcal infections and cost evaluation of heptavalent conjugate vaccine. Annali di Igiene 2002;14 Suppl 7(6):43‐8.

Dabelstein 2000 {published data only}

Dabelstein D, Cromer B. Recent advances in conjugated pneumococcal vaccination. Family Practice 2000;17(5):435‐41. [MEDLINE: 2000384015]

Dagan 1997a {published data only}

Dagan R, Melamed R, Zamir O, Leroy O. Safety and immunogenicity of tetravalent pneumococcal vaccines containing 6B, 14, 19F and 23F polysaccharides conjugated to either tetanus toxoid or diphtheria toxoid in young infants and their boosterability by native polysaccharide antigens. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1997;16(11):1053‐9.

Dagan 1998a {published data only}

Dagan R, Eskola J, Leclerc C, Leroy O. Reduced response to multiple vaccines sharing common protein epitopes that are administered simultaneously to infants. Infection and Immunity 1998;66(5):2093‐8.

Dagan 2000a {published data only}

Dagan R, Givon‐Lavi N, Shkolnik L, Yagupsky P, Fraser D. Acute otitis media caused by antibiotic‐resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in southern Israel: implication for immunizing with conjugate vaccines. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;181(4):1322‐9.

Dagan 2001 {published data only}

Dagan R, Sikuler‐Cohen M, Zamir O, Janco J, Givon‐Lavi N, Fraser D. Effect of a conjugate pneumococcal vaccine on the occurrence of respiratory infections and antibiotic use in day‐care center attendees. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2001;20(10):951‐8.

Dagan 2002a {published data only}

Dagan R. Immunization with a pneumococcal 7‐valent conjugate vaccine. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2002;56(4):287‐91.

Dagan 2002b {published data only}

Dagan R, Givon‐Lavi N, Zamir O, Sikuler‐Cohen M, Guy L, Janco J, et al. Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae after administration of a 9‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to toddlers attending day care centers. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002;185(7):927‐36.

Dagan 2003 {published data only}

Dagan R, Givon‐Lavi N, Zamir O, Fraser D. Effect of a nonavalent conjugate vaccine on carriage of antibiotic‐resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in day‐care centers. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2003;22(6):532‐40. [MEDLINE: 2003261596]

Dagan 2004 {published data only}

Dagan R, Kayhty H, Wuorimaa T, Yaich M, Bailleux F, Zamir O, et al. Tolerability and immunogenicity of an eleven valent mixed carrier Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide‐diphtheria toxoid or tetanus protein conjugate vaccine in Finnish and Israeli infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004;23(2):91‐8.

Dahl 2001 {published data only}

Dahl MS, Trollfors B, Claesson BA, Brandberg LL, Rosengren A. Invasive pneumococcal infections in Southwestern Sweden: A second follow‐up period of 15 years. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001;33(9):667‐72. [MEDLINE: 2001364558]

Daley 2002 {published data only}

Daley MF, Steiner JF, Brayden RM, Xu S, Morrison S, Kempe A. Immunization registry‐based recall for a new vaccine. Ambulatory Pediatrics 2002;2(6):438‐43.

Daly 2003 {published data only}

Daly KA, Toth JA, Giebink GS. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines as maternal and infant immunogens: challenges of maternal recruitment. Vaccine 2003;21(24):3473‐8. [MEDLINE: 2003264656]

Dark 1991 {published data only}

Dark D. Multicenter evaluation of azithromycin and cefaclor in acute lower respiratory tract infections. American Journal of Medicine 1991;91(3A):31‐35.

Darkes 2002 {published data only}

Darkes MJ, Plosker GL. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar; PNCRM7): a review of its use in the prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Paediatric Drugs 2002;4(9):609‐30.

Daum 1997 {published data only}

Daum RS, Hogerman D, Rennels MB, Bewley K, Malinoski F, Rothstein E, et al. Infant immunisation with pneumococcal CRM197 vaccines: effect of saccharide size on immunogenicity and interactions with simultaneously administered vaccines. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997;176(2):445‐55.

Daum 1998 {published data only}

Daum RS. Pneumococcal vaccines for children: an update. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17(9):823‐4.

Dautzenberg 1992 {published data only}

Dautzenberg B, Scheimberg A, Brambilla C, Camus P, Godard P, Guerin JC, et al. Comparison of two oral antibiotics, roxithromycin and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, in lower respiratory tract infections. Diagnostic Microbiology & Infectious Disease 1992;15(4 Suppl):85‐9.

Davis 2003 {published data only}

Davis MM, Ndiaye SM, Freed GL, Kim CS, Clark SJ. Influence of insurance status and vaccine cost on physicians' administration of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics 2003;112(3 Pt 1):521‐6.

Davis 2004 {published data only}

Davis RL, Fireman B, Shinefield HR. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. New England Journal of Medicine 2004;350(1):84‐5.

De Cock 1988 {published data only}

De Cock L, Poels R. Comparison of spiramycin with erythromycin for lower respiratory tract infections. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1988;22(Suppl B):159‐63.

Dere 1992a {published data only}

Dere WH, Farlow D, Therasse DG, Ruoff GE. Loracarbef (LY163892) versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute bacterial bronchitis. Clinical Therapeutics 1992;14(1):41‐53.

Dere 1992b {published data only}

Dere WH, Farlow D, Therasse DG, Jacobson KD, Guerra FJ. Loracarbef (LY163892) versus amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute purulent bacterial bronchitis. Clinical Therapeutics 1992;14(2):166‐77.

DeStefano 2003 {published data only}

DeStefano F, Verstraeten T, Jackson LA, Okoro CA, Benson P, Black SB, et al. Vaccinations and risk of central nervous system demyelinating diseases in adults. Archives of Neurology 2003;60(4):504‐9. [MEDLINE: 2003155727]

Dieye 2002 {published data only}

Dieye T, Simonart T, Sow PS, M'Baye N, M'Boup S, Farber CM. Impact of pneumococcal vaccination in Senegalese HIV‐1‐infected children. European Journal of Pediatrics 2002;161(2):122‐3. [MEDLINE: 2002064320]

Diez‐Domingo 2002 {published data only}

Diez‐Domingo J, Pereiro I, Morant A, Gimeno C, Lerma M, Oyaguez I, et al. Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in children in Spain, 1996‐1998. Journal of Infection 2002;45(3):139‐43. [MEDLINE: 2003037132]

Djuric 1989 {published data only}

Djuric O, Mihailovic‐Vucinic V, Stojcic V. Effect of broncho‐vaxom on clinical and immunological parameters in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. International Journal of Immunotherapy 1989;5(3):139‐43.

Doit 2002 {published data only}

Doit C, Loukil C, Geslin P, Bingen E. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of invasive pneumococcal isolates recovered from French children. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2002;40(8):2994‐8.

Douglas 1983 {published data only}

Douglas RM, Paton JC, Duncan SJ, Hansman DJ. Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in children younger than five years of age. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1983;148(1):131‐7.

Douglas 1984a {published data only}

Douglas RM, Miles HB. Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae in childhood: lack of demonstrable benefit in young Australian children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1984;149(6):861‐9.

Douglas 1984b {published data only}

Douglas RM, Miles H, Paton J, Hansman D, Bollen M, Hart M, et al. Pneumococcal vaccine in childhood: a randomized controlled trial. Community Health Studies 1984;8(1):154‐5.

Douglas 1986a {published data only}

Douglas RM, Hansman D, McDonald B, Paton J, Kirke K. Pneumococcal vaccine in aboriginal children‐a randomized controlled trial involving 60 children. Community Health Studies 1986;10(2):189‐96.

Douglas 1986b {published data only}

Douglas RM, Hansman D, Miles HB, Paton JC. Pneumococcal carriage and type‐specific antibody. Failure of a 14‐valent vaccine to reduce carriage in healthy children. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1986;140(11):1183‐5.

Dunlay 1987 {published data only}

Dunlay J, Reinhardt R, Roi LD. A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial of erythromycin in adults with acute bronchitis. Journal of Family Practice 1987;25(2):137‐41.

Edwards 2001 {published data only}

Edwards KM. Development, acceptance, and use of immunologic correlates of protection in monitoring the effectiveness of combination vaccines. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001;33 Suppl(4):274‐7.

Eick 2002 {published data only}

Eick A, Weatherholtz R, Santosham M. Safety and Immunogenicity of two octavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Native American infants. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Ejstrud 2000 {published data only}

Ejstrud P, Kristensen B, Hansen JB, Madsen KM, Schonheyder HC, Sorensen HT. Risk and patterns of bacteraemia after splenectomy: A population‐based study. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;32(5):521‐5. [MEDLINE: 2000373790]

Englund 2000 {published data only}

Englund JA, Glezen WP. Passive immunization for the prevention of otitis media. Vaccine 2000;19 Suppl(1):116‐21.

Eskola 1990 {published data only}

Eskola J, Kayhty H, Takala A, Ronnberg PR, Kela E, Peltola H. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of combined vaccines for bacteraemic diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, Meningococci and Pneumococci in 24‐month‐old children. Vaccine 1990;8(2):107‐10.

Eskola 1994 {published data only}

Eskola J. Epidemiological views into possible components of paediatric combined vaccines in 2015. Biologicals 1994;22(4):323‐7.

Eskola 1998a {published data only}

Eskola J. Clinical evaluation of pneumococcal vaccines for children. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Eskola 1998b {published data only}

Eskola J, Takala AK, Kilpi TM, Lankinen KS, Kayhty H. Clinical evaluation of new pneumococcal vaccines: the Finnish approach. Developments in Biological Standardization 1998;95:85‐92.

Eskola 1999a {published data only}

Eskola J, Anttila M. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1999;18(6):543‐51.

Eskola 1999b {published data only}

Eskola J, Kayhty H. Mucosal antibody response to parenteral pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in toddlers. Oral presentation, 17th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 1999 May 19‐21.

Eskola 1999c {published data only}

Eskola J. Pneumococcal vaccine development: focus on immunogenicity. Oral presentation, 17th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 1999 May 19‐21.

Eskola 2000a {published data only}

Eskola J. Polysaccharide‐based pneumococcal vaccines in the prevention of acute otitis media. Vaccine 2000;19 Suppl(1):78‐82.

Eskola 2000b {published data only}

Eskola J. Immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19(4):388‐93.

Esposito 2002 {published data only}

Esposito S, Madore DV, Cavagna R, Bosis S, Droghetti R, Faelli N, et al. Theoretical effectiveness of 7‐valent and 9‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the prevention of community‐acquired pneumonia in children. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Esposito 2003a {published data only}

Esposito S, Madore DV, Gironi S, Bosis S, Tosi S, Bianchi C, et al. Theoretic coverage of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the prevention of community‐acquired pneumonia in children in Italy. Vaccine 2003;21(21‐22):2704‐7. [MEDLINE: 2003236951]

Esposito 2003b {published data only}

Esposito S, Principi N, Sanders E, Veenhoven R, Bogaert D, Schilder A, et al. Effect of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine on recurrent acute otitis media. Lancet 2003;362(9389):1080‐1.

Esposito 2003c {published data only}

Esposito S, Principi N. Effect of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine on recurrent acute otitis media. Lancet 2003;362(9389):1080‐1.

Ess 2003 {published data only}

Ess SM, Schaad UB, Gervaix A, Pinosch S, Szucs TD. Cost‐effectiveness of a pneumococcal conjugate immunisation program for infants in Switzerland. Vaccine 2003;21(23):3273‐81. [MEDLINE: 2003233823]

Evans 2002 {published data only}

Evans AT, Husain S, Durairaj L, Sadowski LS, Charles‐Damte M, Wang Y. Azithromycin for acute bronchitis: a randomised, double‐blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359(9318):1648‐54.

Fagan 2001 {published data only}

Fagan RL, Hanna JN, Messer RD, Brookes DL, Murphy DM. The epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in Far North Queensland. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2001;37(6):571‐5. [MEDLINE: 2002019447]

Falletta 1995 {published data only}

Falletta JM, Woods GM, Verter JI, Buchanan GR, Pegelow CH, Iyer RV, et al. Discontinuing penicillin prophylaxis in children with sickle cell anemia: prophylactic penicillin study II. Journal of Pediatrics 1995;127(5):685‐90. [MEDLINE: 1995340640]

Farquhar 2002 {published data only}

Farquhar D. Reducing antibiotic use for acute bronchitis by giving patients written information. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2002;166(6):776.

Farr 1995 {published data only}

Farr BM, Johnston BL, Cobb DK, Fisch MJ, Germanson TP, Adal KA, et al. Preventing pneumococcal bacteremia in patients at risk. Results of a matched case‐control study. Archives of Internal Medicine 1995;155(21):2336‐40.

Fattom 1990 {published data only}

Fattom A, Lue C, Szu SC, Mestecky J, Schiffman G, Bryla D, et al. Serum antibody response in adult volunteers elicited by injection of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 12F polysaccharide alone or conjugated to diphtheria toxoid. Infection & Immunity 1990;58(7):2309‐12.

Feavers 1998 {published data only}

Feavers I, Whitley C, Mawas F. Immunogenicity of co‐administering bacterial glycoconjugate vaccines. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Fedson 1999a {published data only}

Fedson DS. Pneumococcal vaccination for older adults: the first 20 years. Drugs & Aging 1999;15 Suppl(1):21‐30.

Fedson 1999b {published data only}

Fedson DS. The clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccinations: a brief review. Vaccine 1999;17 Suppl(1):85‐90.

Fedson 2000 {published data only}

Fedson DS. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination for adults: why its important for children. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19(3):183‐6.

Fenoll 2002 {published data only}

Fenoll A, Asensio G, Jado I, Berron S, Camacho MT, Ortega M, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and pneumococcal serotypes. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2002;50 Suppl(2):13‐9. [MEDLINE: 2003067631]

Finkelstein 2003 {published data only}

Finkelstein JA, Huang SS, Daniel J, Rifas‐Shiman SL, Kleinman K, Goldmann D, et al. Antibiotic‐resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era: predictors of carriage in a multicommunity sample. Pediatrics 2003;112(4):862‐9.

Finn 2000 {published data only}

Finn A, Zhang Q, Akhtar S, Lockhart S, Seymour L, Choo S. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants primes for memory responses in serum and saliva. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Finn 2001 {published data only}

Finn A, Choo S. New pneumococcal vaccines for children. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2001;84(4):289‐94.

Finn 2002 {published data only}

Finn A, Arnaoutakis K, Race G, Burkinshaw R, Shaw L, Zhang Q. Mucosal anticapsular polysaccharide responses at 3 years of age after pneumococcal immunization in infancy and their relation to pneumococcal carriage. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Fireman 2001 {published data only}

Fireman B, Shinefield H, Black S, Lewis E, Lee J, Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center. Effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for the prevention of acute otitis media, by age and season. 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 March 26‐28.

Fireman 2003 {published data only}

Fireman B, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Lee J, Lewis E, Ray P. Impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on otitis media. Erratum appears in Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2003;22(2):163. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2003;22(1):10‐6.

Flamaing 2002 {published data only}

Flamaing J, Verhaegen J, Peetermans WE. Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia in Belgium: differential characteristics in children and the elderly population and implications for vaccine use. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2002;50(1):43‐50.

Flo 1998 {published data only}

Flo RW, Solberg CO. Pneumococcal vaccine. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 1998;118(24):3799‐802.

Fong 1995 {published data only}

Fong IW, Laforge J, Dubois J, Small D, Grossman R, Zakhari R. Clarithromycin versus cefaclor in lower respiratory tract infections. The Canadian Bronchitis Study Group. Clinical & Investigative Medicine ‐ Medecine Clinique et Experimentale 1995;18(2):131‐8.

Franks 1984 {published data only}

Franks P, Gleiner JA. The treatment of acute bronchitis with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Journal of Family Practice 1984;19(2):185‐90.

Fraser 2000a {published data only}

Fraser D, Dagan R. Conjugate pneumococcal vaccine and antibiotic‐resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: herd immunity and reduction of otitis morbidity. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19 Suppl(5):79‐87.

Fraser 2000b {published data only}

Fraser D, Dagan R, Givon‐Lavi N, Sikuler‐Cohen M, Janco J, Chang I, et al. Density of nasopharyngeal colonization (NP‐col) of vaccine‐type and non‐vaccine type pneumococci after administration of 9‐valent CRM197 conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PncCRM9). 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

French 2003 {published data only}

French N. Use of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines: no simple answers. Journal of Infection 2003;46(2):78‐86.

Fuchshuber 1996 {published data only}

Fuchshuber A, Kuhnemund O, Keuth B, Lutticken R, Michalk D, Querfeld U. Pneumococcal vaccine in children and young adults with chronic renal disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1996;11(3):468‐73. [MEDLINE: 1996097861]

Gaillat 1993 {published data only}

Gaillat J. A multicentre study comparing the safety and efficacy of dirithromycin with erythromycin in the treatment of bronchitis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1993;31(Suppl C):139‐51.

Gaillat 2001 {published data only}

Gaillat J, Leophonte P. Pneumococcal vaccination: renewed awareness?. Revue de Pneumologie Clinique 2001;57(1 Pt 1):3‐5.

Gatchalian 2001 {published data only}

Gatchalian SR, Borja‐Tabora C, Bermal NR, Hohenboken MH, Peeters P. A randomized, placebo‐controlled study to evaluate the immunogenicity of an 11‐valent pneumococcal protein D conjugate vaccine administered as primary vaccination to infants 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 March 26‐28.

Gennery 1998 {published data only}

Gennery AR, Cant AJ, Spickett GP, Walshaw D, Hunter S, Hasan A, et al. Effect of immunosuppression after cardiac transplantation in early childhood on antibody response to polysaccharide antigen. Lancet 1998;351(9118):1778‐81.

Gentry 1987 {published data only}

Gentry LO. Roxithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic, in the treatment of infections in the lower respiratory tract: an overview. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1987;20(Suppl B):145‐52.

Gibb 1995 {published data only}

Gibb D, Spoulou V, Giacomelli A, Griffiths H, Masters J, Misbah S, et al. Antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1995;14(2):129‐35. [MEDLINE: 1995055821]

Giebink 1985 {published data only}

Giebink GS. Preventing pneumococcal disease in children: recommendations for using pneumococcal vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease 1985;4(4):343‐8.

Giebink 1997 {published data only}

Giebink GS. Vaccination against middle‐ear bacterial and viral pathogens. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1997;830:330‐52.

Giebink 1999 {published data only}

Giebink GS. Otitis media: the chinchilla model. Microbial Drug Resistance 1999;5(1):57‐72.

Giebink 2000 {published data only}

Giebink GS. Otitis media prevention: non‐vaccine prophylaxis. Vaccine 2000;19 Suppl(1):129‐33.

Giebink 2002 {published data only}

Giebink GS, Daly KA, Le CT, Madden JE, Meland MH, Condon LM, et al. Pneumococcal (Pnc) conjugate vaccines (PCV) as maternal and infant immunogens. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Girbino 1990 {published data only}

Girbino G, Oliani C, Lauriello G, Condoluci M. A new anti‐inflammatory‐analgesic‐antipyretic for the treatment of acute disease of the bronchi [Un nuovo antiflogistico‐analgesico‐antipiretico nel trattamento delle affezioni acute delle vie bronchiali]. Rivista Europea Per Le Scienze Mediche e Farmacologiche 1990;12(6):359‐66.

Givon‐Lavi 2002 {published data only}

Givon‐Lavi N, Fraser D, Porat N, Dagan R. Spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae and antibiotic‐resistant S. pneumoniae from day‐care center attendees to their younger siblings. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002;186(11):1608‐14.

Givon‐Lavi 2003 {published data only}

Givon‐Lavi N, Fraser D, Dagan R. Vaccination of day‐care center attendees reduces carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among their younger siblings. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2003;22(6):524‐32.

Gleadhill 1986 {published data only}

Gleadhill IC, Ferguson WP, Lowry RC. Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin in patients with respiratory infections in comparison with amoxycillin. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1986;18(Suppl D):133‐8.

Goldblatt 2000 {published data only}

Goldblatt D. Conjugate vaccines. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2000;119(1):1‐3.

Gonzales 1999 {published data only}

Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Lum A, Barrett PH. Decreasing antibiotic use in ambulatory practice: impact of a multidimensional intervention on the treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis in adults. Journal of American Medical Association 1999;281(16):1512‐9.

Gonzales 2000 {published data only}

Gonzales R, Sande MA. Uncomplicated acute bronchitis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000;133(12):981‐91.

Greenberg 2001 {published data only}

Greenberg DP, Hoberman A. Vaccine prevention of acute otitis media. Current Allergy & Asthma Reports 2001;1(4):358‐63.

Griffin 1992 {published data only}

Griffin MR, Taylor JA, Daugherty JR, Ray WA. No increased risk for invasive bacterial infection found following diphtheria‐tetanus‐pertussis immunization. Pediatrics 1992;89(4 Pt 1):640‐2.

Gris 1996 {published data only}

Gris P. Once‐daily, 3‐day azithromycin versus a three‐times‐daily, 10‐day course of co‐amoxiclav in the treatment of adults with lower respiratory tract infections: results of a randomized, double‐blind comparative study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1996;37(Suppl C):93‐101.

Guinan 1994 {published data only}

Guinan EC, Molrine DC, Antin JH, Lee MC, Weinstein HJ, Sallan SE, et al. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine responses in bone marrow transplant patients. Transplantation 1994;57(5):677‐84.

Hajek 1998 {published data only}

Hajek DM, Quartey MK, Liebeler CL, Giebink GS. Maternal pneumococcal immunization in the chinchilla otitis media model. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Hales 1979 {published data only}

Hales K, Barriere SL. Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines: a review. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 1979;36(6):773‐7.

Hammarström 1998 {published data only}

Hammarström V, Pauksen K, Kayhty H, Ljungman P. Antibody responses after vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccine in BMT recipients with chronic GVHD. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Hattotuwa 1997 {published data only}

Hattotuwa KL, Hind CR. Pneumococcal vaccine. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1997;73(858):222‐4.

Hausdorff 1998 {published data only}

Hausdorff WP, Chang IH, Eby R. The epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease: implications for conjugate vaccine development. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD); 1998 June 13‐17; Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Hausdorff 2002 {published data only}

Hausdorff WP, Yothers G, Dagan R, Kilpi T, Pelton SI, Cohen R, et al. Multinational study of pneumococcal serotypes causing acute otitis media in children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(11):1008‐16.

Haveman 2002 {published data only}

Haveman LM, Geelen SPM, Sanders EAM, Wolfs TFW. Serious invasive pneumococcal disease in young children: the importance of vaccination. Nederlands‐Tijdschrift‐voor‐Geneeskunde 2002;146(41):1917‐20.

Hedlund 2003 {published data only}

Hedlund J, Sorberg M, Normark BH, Kronvall G. Capsular types and antibiotic susceptibility of invasive streptococcus pneumoniae among children in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003;35(8):452‐8. [MEDLINE: 2003378722]

Heikkinen 2000 {published data only}

Heikkinen T. The role of respiratory viruses in otitis media. Vaccine 2000;19(Suppl 1):51‐5.

Henry 1995a {published data only}

Henry D, Ruoff GE, Rhudy J, Puopolo A, Drehobl M, Schoenberger J, et al. Clinical comparison of cefuroxime axetil and amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of patients with secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis. Clinical Therapeutics 1995;17(5):861‐74.

Henry 1995b {published data only}

Henry D, Ruoff GE, Rhudy J, Puopolo A, Drehobl M, Schoenberger J, et al. Effectiveness of short‐course therapy (5 days) with cefuroxime axetil in treatment of secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 1995;39(11):2528‐34.

Herva 1980 {published data only}

Herva E, Luotonen J, Timonen M, Sibakov M, Karma P, Makela PH. The effect of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine on nasopharyngeal and nasal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1980;12(2):97‐100.

Hessel 1998 {published data only}

Hessel L. Efficacy of pneumococal vaccination. Presse Medicale 1998;27 Suppl(1):28‐32.

Hodson 2003 {published data only}

Hodson E. The management of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. Pediatric Drugs 2003;5(5):335‐49.

Hoekstra 1994 {published data only}

Hoekstra HJ, Tamminga RY, Timens W. Partial splenectomy in children: an alternative for splenectomy in the pathological staging of Hodgkin's disease. Annals of Surgical Oncology 1994;1(6):480‐6.

Hoffman 2003 {published data only}

Hoffman JA, Mason EO, Schutz GE, Tan TQ, Barson WJ, Givner LB, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in the neonate. Pediatrics 2003;112(5):1095‐102.

Hord 2002 {published data only}

Hord J, Byrd R, Stowe L, Windsor B, Smith‐Whitley K. Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis and meningitis during the penicillin prophylaxis era in children with sickle cell disease. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 2002;24(6):470‐2. [MEDLINE: 2002338029]

Hortel 2002 {published data only}

Hortel M, Camou T, Palacio R, Di Fabio JL. Invasive pneumococcal diseases in Uruguayan children: comparison between serotype distribution and conjugated vaccine formulas. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Hotez 2001 {published data only}

Hotez PJ. Vaccines as instruments of foreign policy: the new vaccines for tropical infectious diseases may have unanticipated uses beyond fighting diseases.. EMBO Reports 2001;2(10):862‐8.

Huchon 1996 {published data only}

Huchon. Initial antibiotic therapy for lower respiratory tract infection in the community: a European survey. European Respiratory Journal 1996;9(8):1590‐5.

Huebner 2002 {published data only}

Huebner RE, Mbelle N, Forrest B, Madore DV, Klugman KP. Immunogenicity after one, two or three doses and impact on the antibody response to coadministered antigens of a nonavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants of Soweto, South Africa. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(11):1004‐7.

Hueston 1991 {published data only}

Hueston WJ. A comparison of albuterol and erythromycin for the treatment of acute bronchitis. Journal of Family Practice 1991;33(5):476‐80.

Hueston 1994 {published data only}

Hueston WJ. Albuterol delivered by metered‐dose inhaler to treat acute bronchitis. Journal of Family Practice 1994;39(5):437‐40.

Hueston 2000 {published data only}

Hueston WJ, Mainous AG, Brauer N. Predicting cost‐benefits before programs are started: looking at conjugate vaccine for invasive pneumococcal infections. Journal of Community Health 2000;25(1):23‐33.

Isah 1996 {published data only}

Isah AO, Ohaju‐Obodo J. An open evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the new macrolide roxithromycin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections and pneumonia in Nigerian patients. West African Journal of Medicine 1996;15(2):111‐6.

Iwai 1988 {published data only}

Iwai N, Miyazu M, Nakamura H, Katayama M, Kasai K. Studies on rokitamycin in pediatrics. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 1988;41(7):885‐900.

Jaccard‐Ruedin 2003 {published data only}

Jaccard‐Ruedin H, Ess S, Zimmermann HP, Szucs T. Invasive meningococcal and pneumococcal disease in Switzerland: cost‐utility analysis of different vaccine strategies. Vaccine 2003;21(27‐28):4145‐52. [MEDLINE: 2003378489]

Jaffar 1999 {published data only}

Jaffar S, Leach A, Hall AJ, Obaro S, McAdam KP, Smith PG, et al. Preparation for a pneumococcal vaccine trial in The Gambia: individual or community randomisation?. Vaccine 1999;18(7‐8):633‐40.

Jaffar 2003 {published data only}

Jaffar S, Leach A, Smith PG, Cutts F, Greenwood B. Effects of misclassification of causes of death on the power of a trial to assess the efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in The Gambia. International Journal of Epidemiology 2003;32(3):430‐6. [MEDLINE: 2003256406]

Jakobsen 2002 {published data only}

Jakobsen H, Bjarnarson SP, Del Giudice G, Moreau M, Siegrist CA, Jonsdottir I. Intranasal immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and LT‐K63 rapidly induces protective immunity against lethal pneumococcal infections in neonatal mice. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Jakobsen 2003a {published data only}

Jakobsen H, Jonsdottir I. Mucosal vaccination against encapsulated respiratory bacteria ‐ new potentials for conjugate vaccines?. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 2003;58(2):119‐28. [MEDLINE: 2003303893]

Jakobsen 2003b {published data only}

Jakobsen H, Sigurdsson VD, Sigurdardottir S, Schulz D, Jonsdottir I. Pneumococcal serotype 19F conjugate vaccine induces cross‐protective immunity to serotype 19A in a murine pneumococcal pneumonia model. Infection and Immunity 2003;71(5):2956‐9.

Janoff 1992 {published data only}

Janoff EN, Breiman RF, Daley CL, Hopewell PC. Pneumococcal disease during HIV infection. Epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic perspectives. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992;117(4):314‐24. [MEDLINE: 1992246674]

Jette 2001 {published data only}

Jette LP, Delage G, Ringuette L, Allard R, De Wals P, Lamothe F, et al. Surveillance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in the province of Quebec, Canada, from 1996 to 1998: serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, and clinical characteristics. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2001;39(2):733‐7.

Jodar 2003 {published data only}

Jodar L, Butler J, Carlone G, Dagan R, Goldblatt D, Kayhty H, et al. Serological criteria for evaluation and licensure of new pneumococcal conjugate vaccine formulations for use in infants. Vaccine 2003;21(23):3265‐72. [MEDLINE: 2003233822]

John 1984 {published data only}

John AB, Ramlal A, Jackson H, Maude GH, Sharma AW, Serjeant GR. Prevention of pneumococcal infection in children with homozygous sickle cell disease. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research ed.) 1984;288(6430):1567‐70.

Joloba 2001 {published data only}

Joloba ML, Windau A, Bajaksouzian S, Appelbaum PC, Hausdorff WP, Jacobs MR. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility of such isolates in children with otitis media. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001;33(9):1489‐94.

Jones 1993 {published data only}

Jones DM. Current and future trends in immunization against meningitis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1993;31(Suppl B):93‐9.

Jonsdotirr 2000 {published data only}

Jonsdotirr I, Sigurdardotirr S, Gudnason I, Kjartansson S, Davidsdotirr K, Kristinsson KG, et al. Concomitant administration of octavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, PNC‐D, and haemophilus influenzae conjugate vaccine, PRP‐D, sharing the carrier DT, may induce interference in infants. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Jonsdottir 2002 {published data only}

Jonsdottir I, Sigurdsson VD, Sigurdardorttir S, Schulz D, Jakobsen H. Pneumococcal polysaccharide tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines of serotype 19F induces cross‐protective antibodies to serotype 19A. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Jousimies 2002 {published data only}

Jousimies K, Puumalanen T, Capeding R, Nohynek H, Lucero M, Lindholm N, et al. Functional antibody response after the third and the fourth dose of the 11‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (11‐PncTD) in Filipino infants. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Kamal 2003 {published data only}

Kamal KM, Madhavan SS, Maine LL. Pharmacy and immunization services: pharmacists' participation and impact. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association (JAPhA) 2003;43(4):470‐82.

Kamboj 2003 {published data only}

Kamboj KK, Kirchner HL, Kimmel R, Greenspan NS, Schreiber JR. Significant variation in serotype‐specific immunogenicity of the seven‐valent Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide‐CRM197 conjugate vaccine occurs despite vigorous T cell help induced by the carrier protein. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003;187(10):1629‐38. [MEDLINE: 2003201163]

Kaplan 2002 {published data only}

Kaplan SL, Mason Jr EO, Wald ER, Tan TQ, Schutze GE, Bradley JS, et al. Six year multicenter surveillance of invasive pneumococcal infections in children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(2):141‐7.

Karma 1982 {published data only}

Karma P, Pukander J, Sipilä M, Mäkelä PH. Recurrent otitis media in children after pneumococcal vaccination. Acta Otolaryngology Supplement (Stockholm) 1982;386:117‐20.

Karma 1985 {published data only}

Karma P, Pukander J, Sipila M, Timonen M, Pontynen S, Herva E, et al. Prevention of otitis media in children by pneumococcal vaccination. American Journal of Otolaryngology 1985;6(3):173‐84.

Karma 1995 {published data only}

Karma PH, Bakaletz LO, Giebink GS, Mogi G, Rynnel‐Dagoo B. Immunological aspects of otitis media: present views on possibilities of immunoprophylaxis of acute otitis media in infants and children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 1995;32(Suppl):127‐34.

Karma 2002 {published data only}

Karma P. Vaccination and otitis media. Journal for Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology & its Related Specialties 2002;64(2):80‐5.

Kauffman 2001 {published data only}

Kauffman M, Dobie S. Does a multivalent pneumococcal vaccine given to infants prevent otitis media?. Journal of Family Practice 2001;50(5):395.

Kayhty 1995 {published data only}

Kayhty H, Ahman H, Ronnberg PR, Tillikainen R, Eskola J. Pneumococcal polysaccharide‐meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infants and children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1995;172(5):1273‐8.

Kayhty 1996 {published data only}

Kayhty H, Eskola J. New vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1996;2(4):289‐98.

Kayhty 2001 {published data only}

Kayhty H, Ahman H. Bridging phase 2 and phase 3 pneumococcal immunologic data for future combination vaccines. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001;33 Suppl(4):292‐8.

Kayhty 2002 {published data only}

Kayhty H, Wuorimaa T, Dagan R, Haikala R, Bailleux F, Ekstrom N, et al. Functional activity of antibodies in infants after immunization with an 11‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. 3rd World Congress of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (WSPID). Santiago, Chile, 2002 Nov 19‐23.

Keller 2000 {published data only}

Keller M, Deveikis A, Cutillar‐Garcia M, Gagajena A, Elkins K, Plaeger S, et al. Pneumococcal and influenza immunization and human immunodeficiency virus load in children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19(7):613‐8.

Keyserling 1999 {published data only}

Keyserling HL. Preventing pneumococcal disease in children. Advances in Therapy 1999;16(6):243‐56.

Kiani 1988 {published data only}

Kiani R, Johnson D, Nelson B. Comparative, multicenter studies of cefixime and amoxicillin in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. American Journal of Medicine 1988;85(3A):6‐13.

Kiani 1990 {published data only}

Kiani R, Coulson L, Johnson D, Hammershaimb L. Comparison of once‐daily and twice‐daily cefixime regimens with amoxicillin in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections. Current Therapeutic Research Clinical and Experimental 1990;48(5):841‐52.

Kibar 1997 {published data only}

Kibar F, Koksal F, Serin MS, Kilinc Y, Akan E. Immunogenicity of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in the patients with sickle cell anemia. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 1997;31(1):29‐37. [MEDLINE: 1997210055]

Kilic 2002 {published data only}

Kilic R, Safak MA, Ozdek A, Gocmen H, Kilic D, Samim E. Effect of 23 valent pneumococcal polysaccharide and Haemophilus influenza conjugated vaccines on the clinical course of otitis media with effusion. Laryngoscope 2002;112(11):2042‐5. [MEDLINE: 2002400824]

Kilpi 2001 {published data only}

Kilpi TM, Syrjänen R, Palmu A, Herva E, Eskola J, Mäkelä PH, et al. Parallel evaluation of the effect of a 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PncCRM) on pneumococcal (Pnc) carriage and acute otitis media. 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 Mar 26‐28.

Kilpi 2002 {published data only}

Kilpi T, Palmu A, Jokinen J, Kayhty H, Makela PH. Efficacy of conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media (AOM) ‐ Finnish experience. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

King 1996a {published data only}

King JC, Vink PE, Farley JJ, Parks M, Smilie M, Madore D, et al. Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal conjugate with a licensed polysaccharide vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus and non‐human immunodeficiency virus‐infected children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1996;15(3):192‐6.

King 1996b {published data only}

King DE, Williams WC, Bishop L, Shechter A. Effectiveness of erythromycin in the treatment of acute bronchitis. Journal of Family Practice 1996;42(6):601‐5.

King 1997 {published data only}

King JC, Vink PE, Farley JJ, Smilie M, Parks M, Lichenstein R. Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a five valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than 2 years with and without HIV infection. Pediatrics 1997;4:575‐80.

King 1998 {published data only}

King JC, Vink PE, Chang I, Kimura A, Parks M, Smilie M, et al. Antibody titers eight months after three doses of a five‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV and non‐HIV‐infected children less than two years of age. Vaccine 1998;16(4):361‐5.

Kinnersley 1993 {published data only}

Kinnersley P, Wilkinson CE, Srinivasan J. Pneumococcal vaccination after splenectomy: survey of hospital and primary care records. BMJ 1993;307(6916):1398‐9.

Klein 1983 {published data only}

Klein JO. Use of new bacterial vaccines in children. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 1983;19(11):1026‐9.

Klein 1989 {published data only}

Klein JO. Pneumococcal otitis media vaccine trials. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1989;8 Suppl(1):82‐3.

Klein 1994 {published data only}

Klein JO. Otitis media. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1994;19(5):823‐33.

Klein 1995 {published data only}

Klein M. Multicenter trial of cefpodoxime proxetil vs. amoxicillin‐clavulanate in acute lower respiratory tract infections in childhood. International Study Group. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1995;14(4 Suppl):19‐22.

Klein 1999a {published data only}

Klein JO. Management of acute otitis media in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 1999;49 Suppl(1):15‐7.

Klein 1999b {published data only}

Klein DL. Pneumococcal disease and the role of conjugate vaccines. Microbial Drug Resistance 1999;5(2):147‐57.

Klein 2000a {published data only}

Klein JO. Management of otitis media: 2000 and beyond. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19(4):383‐7.

Klein 2000b {published data only}

Klein JO. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine arrives: a big win for kids. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19(3):181‐2.

Klein 2002 {published data only}

Klein JO. Management of the febrile child without a focus of infection in the era of universal pneumococcal immunization. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(6):584‐8; Discussion 613‐4.

Konradsen 1991 {published data only}

Konradsen HB, Henrichsen J. Pneumococcal infections in splenectomized children are preventable. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1991;80(4):423‐7. [MEDLINE: 1991120579]

Korkeila 2000 {published data only}

Korkeila M, Lehtonen H, Ahman H, Leroy O, Eskola J, Kayhty H. Salivary anti‐capsular antibodies in infants and children immunized with Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides conjugated to diphtheria or tetanus toxoid. Vaccine 2000;18(13):1218‐26.

Kroon 2000 {published data only}

Kroon FP, van Dissel JT, Ravensbergen E, Nibbering PH, van Furth R. Enhanced antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine after prior immunization with conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in HIV‐infected adults. Vaccine 2000;19(7‐8):886‐94.

Kyaw 2000 {published data only}

Kyaw MH, Clarke S, Edwards GFS, Jones IG, Campbell H. Serotypes/groups distribution and antimicrobial resistance of invasive pneumococcal isolates: implications for vaccine strategies. Epidemiology and Infection 2000;125(3):561‐72. [MEDLINE: 2001069568]

Kyaw 2002a {published data only}

Kyaw MH, Christie P, Jones IG, Campbell H. The changing epidemiology of bacterial meningitis and invasive non‐meningitic bacterial disease in Scotland during the period 1983‐99. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002;34(4):289‐98.

Kyaw 2002b {published data only}

Kyaw MH, Clarke S, Jones IG, Campbell H. Non‐invasive pneumococcal disease and antimicrobial resistance: vaccine implications. Epidemiology and Infection 2002;128(1):21‐7.

Laferriére 2000 {published data only}

Laferriére C, Simoen E, Slaoui M, Poolman J. Preclinical evaluation of a pneumococcal‐polysaccharide conjugate vaccine dose‐range. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD); 2000 March 19‐23; Sun City, South Africa. 2000.

LaForce 1989 {published data only}

LaForce FM. Pneumococcal vaccine. Seminars in Respiratory Infections 1989;4(4):293‐8.

Lagos 2002 {published data only}

Lagos R. Immunogenicity of 3 formulations of Aventis Pasteur 11‐valent pneumococcal conjugate (Pnc) in Chilean infants. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Lakshman 2001 {published data only}

Lakshman R, Race G, Shaw L, Murdoch C, Pettitt E, Finn A. Effect of heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in infancy and booster polysaccharide vaccine at 13 months on nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae in children aged 2 to 4 years. 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 Mar 26‐28.

Lakshman 2003 {published data only}

Lakshman R, Murdoch C, Race G, Burkinshaw R, Shaw L, Finn A. Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children following heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in infancy. Archive of Disease in Childhood 2003;88(3):211‐4.

Landau 1992 {published data only}

Landau Z, Schlaffer F, Pitlik S. Cefuroxime axetil vs. augmentin for the treatment of acute bronchitis and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 1992;28(11):797‐9.

Landis 1995 {published data only}

Landis S, Scarbrough ML. Using a vaccine manager to enhance in‐hospital vaccine administration. Journal of Family Practice 1995;41(4):364‐9.

Latessa 2000 {published data only}

Latessa RA, Cummings DM, Lilley SH, Morrissey SL. Changing practices in the use of pneumococcal vaccine. Family Medicine 2000;32(3):196‐200. [MEDLINE: 2000094412]

Laurichesse 2001 {published data only}

Laurichesse H, Romaszko JP, Nguyen LT, Souweine B, Poirier V, Guelon D, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with invasive pneumococcal disease, Puy‐de‐Dome, France, 1994‐1998. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2001;20(5):299‐308. [MEDLINE: 2001386935]

Lawrence 1983 {published data only}

Lawrence EM, Edwards KM, Schiffman G, Thompson JM, Vaughn WK, Wright PF. Pneumococcal vaccine in normal children: primary and secondary vaccination. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1983;137(9):846‐50.

Le 2000 {published data only}

Le C. Cost‐effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000;284(4):440‐1.

Leach 1996 {published data only}

Leach A, Ceesay SJ, Banya WAS, Greenwood BM. Pilot trial of a pentavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccine in Gambian infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1996;15(4):333‐9.

Leach 1998 {published data only}

Leach A, Shelby‐James TM, Gratten M, Matthews JD. Pneumococcal carriage dynamics: implications for vaccine trials. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Ledwith 2001 {published data only}

Ledwith M. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2001;13(1):70‐4.

Lee 1995 {published data only}

Lee HJ, Kang JH, Henrichsen J, Konradsen HB, Jang SH, Shin HY, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a 23‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in healthy children and in children at increased risk of pneumococcal infection. Vaccine 1995;13(16):1533‐8.

Lee 1997 {published data only}

Lee CJ, Wang TR, Tai SS. Immunologic epitope, gene, and immunity involved in pneumococcal glycoconjugate. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 1997;23(2):121‐42.

Lee 1998 {published data only}

Lee C, Wang T. Protective immunity induced by glycoconjugate and gene expression involved in pneumococcal antigens. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Lee 2001 {published data only}

Lee GM, Fleisher GR, Harper MB. Management of febrile children in the age of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine: a cost‐effectiveness analysis. Pediatrics 2001;108(4):835‐44. [MEDLINE: 2001358248]

Lee 2002a {published data only}

Lee LH, Lee CJ, Frasch CE. Development and evaluation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: clinical trials and control tests. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 2002;28(1):27‐41.

Lee 2002b {published data only}

Lee KS, Nguyen J, Allen CE, Barnett ED, Pelton SI. Immune response to PCV7 compared to PPV23 in healthy children 2‐6 years of age: function and durability of antibody response. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Lee 2002c {published data only}

Lee C, Lee LH, Frasch CE. Protective immunity elicited in mice by pneumococcal glycoconjugate vaccines using pneumococcal protein carriers. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Lee 2003 {published data only}

Lee CY, Chiu CH, Huang YC, Chung PW, Su LH, Wu TL, et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections: a clinical and microbiological analysis of 53 patients in Taiwan. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2003;9(7):614‐8. [MEDLINE: 2003330556]

Lees 2000 {published data only}

Lees CM, Davies S, Dezateux C. Neonatal screening for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001913]

Lehmann 1986 {published data only}

Lehmann D. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine prevents death from pneumonia in Papua New Guinean children. Papua New Guinea Medical Journal 1986;29(4):281‐3.

Lehmann 1991 {published data only}

Lehmann D, Marshall TF, Riley ID, Alpers MP. Effect of pneumococcal vaccine on morbidity from acute lower respiratory tract infections in Papua New Guinean children. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 1991;11(3):247‐57. [MEDLINE: 1991286415]

Lehmann 2000 {published data only}

Lehmann D. Efficacy and effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines and their use in industrialized countries. Medical Journal of Australia 2000;173(Suppl):41‐4.

Lerou 2001 {published data only}

Lerou PH. Lower respiratory tract infections in children. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2001;13(2):200‐6. [MEDLINE: 2001160147]

Li 2001 {published data only}

Li J, Yuan L, Yu S, Yang Y. Nasal carriage of streptococcus pneumoniae among children in Beijing. Chinese Medical Journal 2001;114(11):1196‐200. [MEDLINE: 2001418610]

Liebeler 1998 {published data only}

Liebeler C, Englund J, Le CT, Glezen P, Giebink S. Comparative immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccines in adult women. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Lieu 2000 {published data only}

Lieu TA, Ray GT, Black SB, Butler JC, Klein JO, Breiman RF, et al. Projected cost‐effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination of healthy infants and young children. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000;283(11):1460‐8.

Lieu 2002 {published data only}

Lieu TA, Finkelstein JA, Adams MM, Miroshnik IL, Lett SM, Palfrey S, et al. Pediatricians' views on financial barriers and values for pneumococcal vaccine for children. Ambulatory Pediatrics 2002;2(5):358‐66.

Lin 2003 {published data only}

Lin PL, Michaels MG, Janosky J, Ortenzo M, Wald ER, Mason Jr EO. Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in children 3 to 36 months of age at a tertiary care pediatric center 2 years after licensure of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics 2003;111(4):896‐9. [MEDLINE: 2003147326]

Lindholm 2002a {published data only}

Lindholm N, Verho J, Ahman H, Kilpi T, Kahyty H, FINOM Study Group. Avidity and functional activity of antibodies for pneumococcal polysaccharides (PS) after immunization of infants with the Pnc conjugate vaccine PncOMPC in the Finnish Otitis Media (FinOM) vaccine trial. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Lindholm 2002b {published data only}

Lindholm N, Lehtonen H, Kilpi T, Ahman H, Kahyty H, and the FINOM Study Group. Functional activity of antibodies for pneumococcal (Pnc) type 6B and 19F polysaccharides after immunization with the Pnc conjugate vaccine PncCRM in the finnish otitis media (FinOM) vaccine trial. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Lipnick 1985 {published data only}

Lipnick RN, Karsh J, Stahl NI, Blackwelder WC, Schiffman G, Klippel JH. Pneumococcal immunization in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunosuppressives. Journal of Rheumatology 1985;12(6):1118‐21.

Lucero 2002 {published data only}

Lucero MG, Puumalainen T, Ugpo J, Williams G, Leroy O, Makela PH, et al. One dose of an 11‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide mixed carrier protein conjugate vaccine (11PncTD) given at 18 weeks of age is immunogenic in healthy Filipino infants. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Løvik 1998 {published data only}

Løvik M, Aaberge IS, Hoogerhout P, Poolman J, Powlowski A, Svenson SB. New type 6B conjugates: antibody response, protection, and different dependency on adjuvant and booster dose. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Macfarlane 2002 {published data only}

Macfarlane J, Holmes W, Gard P, Thornhill D, Macfarlane R, Hubbard R. Reducing antibiotic use for acute bronchitis in primary care: blinded, randomised controlled trial of patient information leaflet. BMJ 2002;324(7329):91‐4.

Madhi 1999 {published data only}

Madhi SA, Klugman KP. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine prospects for intervention in children. Seminars in Respiratory Infections 1999;14(3):285‐94.

Madore 2000 {published data only}

Madore D, Chang I, Friedman K, Skuse J, the Clinical Serology Testing Group, Sikkema D, et al. Relationship of ELISA IgG titers to opsonophagocytic titers in sera from 7‐month old infants immunized with the 7‐valent pneumococcal CRM197 conjugate. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Makela 1980 {published data only}

Makela PH, Sibakov M, Herva E, Henrichsen J, Luotonen J, Timonen M, et al. Pneumococcal vaccine and otitis media. Lancet 1980;2(8194):547‐51.

Makela 1981 {published data only}

Makela PH, Leinonen M, Pukander J, Karma P. A study of the pneumococcal vaccine in prevention of clinically acute atttacks of recurrent otitis media. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1981;3(Suppl):124‐32.

Makela 1983 {published data only}

Makela PH, Karma P, Sipila M, Pukander J, Leinonen M. Possibilities of preventing otitis media by vaccination. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1983;39(Suppl):34‐8.

Makela 2002 {published data only}

Makela PH, Kayhty H. Evolution of conjugate vaccines. Expert Review of Vaccines 2002;1(3):399‐410.

Malinoski 2001 {published data only}

Malinoski FJ, Laufer DS. Pneumonia vaccine. Journal of Family Practice 2001;50(10):902.

Manis 2002 {published data only}

Manis D, Greiver M. New conjugated pneumococcal vaccine. Does it decrease the incidence of acute otitis media?. Canadian Family Physician 2002;48:1777‐9.

Manzur 2002 {published data only}

Manzur AY, Muntoni F. The management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Current Paediatrics 2002;12(4):261‐8. [MEDLINE: 2002354296]

Marchant 1999 {published data only}

Marchant CD. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Pediatric Annals 1999;28(8):540‐5.

Martin 1996 {published data only}

Martin DR, Brett MS. Pneumococci causing invasive disease in New Zealand, 1987‐94: serogroup and serotype coverage and antibiotic resistances. New Zealand Medical Journal 1996;109(1027):288‐90. [MEDLINE: 1996246277]

Matthys 2000 {published data only}

Matthys H, de Mey C, Carls C, RyS A, Geib A, Wittig T. Efficacy and tolerability of myrtol standardized in acute bronchitis. A multi‐centre, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled parallel group clinical trial vs. cefuroxime and ambroxol. Arzneimittel‐Forschung 2000;50(8):700‐11.

Matthys 2003 {published data only}

Matthys H, Eisebitt R, Seith B, Heger M. Efficacy and safety of an extract of Pelargonium sidoides (EPs 7630) in adults with acute bronchitis. A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Phytomedicine 2003;10(Suppl 4):7‐17.

Mawas 1998 {published data only}

Mawas F, Feavers I, Corbel M. T cell response to CRM197 and IgG subclasses to type 14 pneumococcal PS in conjugate vaccine. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Mbelle 1999 {published data only}

Mbelle N, Huebner RE, Wasas AD, Kimura A, Chang I, Klugman KP. Immunogenicity and impact on nasopharyngeal carriage of a nonavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999;180(4):1171‐6.

McCormick 2003 {published data only}

McCormick DP, Saeed KA, Pittman C, Baldwin CD, Friedman N, Teichgraeber DC, et al. Bullous myringitis: a case‐control study. Pediatrics 2003;112(4):982‐6.

McGhie 1986 {published data only}

McGhie D, Kerfoot P, Talbot DJ. A comparative study of Miraxid (pivmecillinam plus pivampicillin) and Augmentin (amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid) in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in general practice. Journal of International Medical Research 1986;14(5):254‐60.

McIntyre 2000 {published data only}

McIntyre PB, Nolan TM. Conjugate pneumococcal vaccines for non‐indigenous children in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 2000;173(Suppl):54‐7.

Meyerhoff 2000 {published data only}

Meyerhoff AS, Jacobs RJ. Cost‐effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000;284(4):440‐1.

Michon 1998 {published data only}

Michon F, Fusco PC, Minetti C, Laude‐Sharp M, Uitz C, Huang C, et al. Multivalent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines employing genetically detoxified pneumolysin as a carrier protein.. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Miernyk 1998 {published data only}

Miernyk KM, Rudolph KM, Parkinson AJ, Petersen KM, Bulkow LR, Greenberg DP, et al. Response to the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in American Indian, Alaska Native, and non‐Native infants <2 years of age. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD); 1998 June 13‐17; Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Miernyk 2000 {published data only}

Miernyk KM, Parkinson AJ, Rudolph KM, Petersen KM, Bulkow LR, Greenberg DP, et al. Immunogenicity of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Apache and Navajo Indian, Alaska Native and non‐native American children aged <2 years. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2000;31(1):34‐41.

Millar 2002 {published data only}

Millar EV, O'Brien KL, Watt JP, Dallas J, Katz S, Bronsdon MA, et al. Duration of protection against pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage by 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PnCRM7) in Navajo and Apache children. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Miller 2000 {published data only}

Miller JL. Pneumococcal vaccine for infants, toddlers. American Journal of Health‐System Pharmacy 2000;57(7):625.

Mills 1996 {published data only}

Mills OF, Rhoads GG. The contribution of the case‐control approach to vaccine evaluation: pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type B PRP vaccines. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1996;49(6):631‐6.

Misbah 1997 {published data only}

Misbah SA, Griffiths H, Mitchell T, Freeland A, Haeney MR, Chapel HM. Antipolysaccharide antibodies in 450 children with otitis media. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1997;109(1):67‐72. [MEDLINE: 1997209919]

Molrine 1996 {published data only}

Molrine DC, Guinan EC, Antin JH, Wheeler C, Parsons SK, Weinstein HJ, et al. Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB)‐conjugate immunization before bone marrow harvest in autologous bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1996;17(6):1149‐55.

Molrine 1999 {published data only}

Molrine DC, Siber GR, Samra Y, Shevy DS, Macdonald K, Cieri R, et al. Normal IgG and impaired IgM responses to polysaccharide vaccines in asplenic patients. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999;179(2):513‐7.

Molrine 2003 {published data only}

Molrine DC, Antin JH, Guinan EC, Soiffer RJ, MacDonald K, Malley R, et al. Donor immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and early protective antibody responses following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 2003;101(3):831‐6.

Moon 2000 {published data only}

Moon N, Yu X, Gray B, Chang S, Ward JI, Edwards KM. Immunity to cross reactive serotypes induced by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infants. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Moore 2001 {published data only}

Moore SE, Collinson AC, Prentice AM. Immune function in rural Gambian children is not related to season of birth, birth size, or maternal supplementation status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;74(6):840‐7. [MEDLINE: 2001420223]

Moore 2003 {published data only}

Moore SE, Goldblatt D, Bates CJ, Prentice AM. Impact of nutritional status on antibody responses to different vaccines in undernourished Gambian children. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics 2003;92(2):170‐6. [MEDLINE: 2003141447]

Moraga 2001 {published data only}

Moraga Llop FA. Advances in vaccines and invasive disease in children. Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia 2001;14(4):319‐30.

Moran 1983 {published data only}

Moran DG. A multicentre general practice study comparing pivampicillin (Pondocillin) and amoxycillin (Amoxil) in respiratory tract infections. Journal of International Medical Research 1983;11(6):370‐4.

Motohiro 1992a {published data only}

Motohiro T, Handa S, Yamada S, Oki S, Tsumura N, Yoshinaga Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefdinir 10% fine granules in pediatrics. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 1992;45(1):74‐86.

Motohiro 1992b {published data only}

Motohiro T, Aramaki M, Oda K, Kawakami A, Koga T, Tomita S, et al. Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefprozil granules in the pediatric field. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 1992;45(12):1700‐35.

Moulton 2002 {published data only}

Moulton LH, O'Brien K, Weatherholtz R, Reid R, Katz S, Donaldson C, et al. Efficacy of conjugate vaccine and herd immunity: Navajo/Apache trial. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Mulholland 1998 {published data only}

Mulholland K, Usen S, Adegbola R, Weber M. Use of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children. Lancet 1998;352(9127):575‐6.

Mulholland 1999 {published data only}

Mulholland K. Strategies for the control of pneumococcal diseases. Vaccine 1999;17 Suppl(1):79‐84.

Mulholland 2000a {published data only}

Mulholland K. Evaluation of vaccines to prevent childhood pneumonia: lessons relevant to planning tuberculosis vaccine trials [Review]. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2000;30 Suppl(3):206‐9.

Mulholland 2000b {published data only}

Mulholland EK. Conjugate pneumococcal vaccines: an overview. Medical Journal of Australia 2000;173(Suppl):48‐50.

Munoz 2001 {published data only}

Munoz FM, Englund JA, Cheesman CC, Maccato ML, Pinell PM, Nahm MH, et al. Maternal immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the third trimester of gestation. Vaccine 2001;20(5‐6):826‐37. [MEDLINE: 2002005448]

Murphy 1976 {published data only}

Murphy JE, Donald JF, Molla AL. A single‐blind comparative clinical trial of lymecycline and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute bronchitis in general practice. Journal of International Medical Research 1976;4(1):64‐8.

Nachman 2003 {published data only}

Nachman S, Kim S, King J, Abrams EJ, Margolis D, Petru A, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Pediatrics 2003;112(1 I):66‐73. [MEDLINE: 2003265441]

Nahm 2000 {published data only}

Nahm MH, Briles DE, Yu X. Development of a multi‐specificity opsonophagocytic killing assay. Vaccine 2000;18(24):2768‐71.

Nieminen 1998a {published data only}

Nieminen T, Eskola J, Kayhty H. Mucosal antibody response to parenteral pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in toddlers. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Nieminen 1998b {published data only}

Nieminen T, Eskola J, Kayhty H. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in adults: circulating antibody secreting cell response and humoral antibody responses in saliva and serum. Vaccine 1998;16(6):630‐6.

Nieminen 1999 {published data only}

Nieminen T, Kayhty H, Leroy O, Eskola J. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in toddlers: mucosal antibody response measured as circulating antibody‐secreting cells and as salivary antibodies. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1999;18(9):764‐72.

Nieminen 2000 {published data only}

Nieminen T, Eskola J, Kayhty H. Mucosal antibody response to parenteral pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: the IgA isotype distribution. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Niinou 1995 {published data only}

Niinou K, Sigeta M, Kuwahata K, Suzuki H, Sato H. Clinical studies on SY5555 in pediatric infections. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 1995;48(1):49‐70.

Nkouwap 1999 {published data only}

Nkouwap I, Diara JP, Noyon I, Etienne‐Julan M, Merault L. Is there any alternative to oral penicillin in antibioprophylaxis for children with sickle cell disease?. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses 1999;29(2):111‐6.

Nohynek 1998 {published data only}

Nohynek HM, Quiambao B, Gepanayao C, Sombrero L, Esparar G, Ruutu P, et al. Pneumococcal (Pnc) carriage in households with infants in the Philippines. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Noone 1985 {published data only}

Noone JF, Barlow D, Callow P. A comparison of bacampicillin and ampicillin in acute bronchitis. Practitioner 1985;229(1399):43‐5.

Normark 2001 {published data only}

Normark BH, Ortqvist A, Kalin M, Olsson‐Liljequist B, Hedlund J, Svenson SB, et al. Changes in serotype distribution may hamper efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in children. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001;33(11):848‐50.

Nowak‐Wegrzyn 2000 {published data only}

Nowak‐Wegrzyn A, Winkelstein JA, Swift AJ, Lederman HM, Gootenberg J, Dover G, et al. Serum opsonic activity in infants with sickle‐cell disease immunized with pneumococcal polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccine. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 2000;7(5):788‐93.

Nurkka 2000 {published data only}

Nurkka A, Jokinen J, Kahyty H, Finnish Otitis Media (FinOM) Study Group. Salivary antibodies in Finnish children after immunization with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PncCRM). 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Nurkka 2001 {published data only}

Nurkka A, Ahman H, Yaich M, Eskola J, Kayhty H. Serum and salivary anti‐capsular antibodies in infants and children vaccinated with octavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, PncD and PncT. Vaccine 2001;20(1‐2):194‐201.

Nurkka 2002a {published data only}

Nurkka A, Joensuu J, Malm M, Holm A, Poolman J, Laferriere C, et al. Antibody response to three doses of a new 11‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 11Pn‐PD in Finnish infants. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Nurkka 2002b {published data only}

Nurkka A, Lahdenkari M, Palmu A, Kilpi T, Kayhty H, and the Finnish Otitis Media Study Group. Salivary antibodies 3 to 4 years after the vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PncCrm) in infancy. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

O'Brien 1996 {published data only}

O'Brien KL, Steinhoff MC, Edwards K, Keyserling H, Thoms ML, Madore D. Immunologic priming of young children by pneumococcal glycoprotein conjugate, but not polysaccharide, vaccines. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1996;15(5):425‐30.

O'Brien 2000 {published data only}

O'Brien KL, Swift AJ, Winkelstein JA, Santosham M, Stover B, Luddy R, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM (197) among infants with sickle cell disease. Pediatrics 2000;106(5):965‐72.

O'Brien 2002a {published data only}

O'Brien KL, Bronsdon MA, Carlone GM, Facklam RR, Abboud R, Kvamme S, et al. Ability of a seven valent pneumococccal conjugate vaccine to protect unvaccinated children against nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

O'Brien 2002b {published data only}

O'Brien KL, Bronsdon MA, Carlone GM, Facklam RR, Schwartz B, Reid RR, et al. Effect of a 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage among Navajo and White Mountain Apache (N/WMA) infants. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

O'Brien 2002c {published data only}

O'Brien KL. The effect of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines on nasopharyngeal colonization. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

O'Brien 2003b {published data only}

O'Brien KL, Nohynek H, World Health Organization Pneumococcal Vaccine Trials Carriage Working Group. Report from a WHO working group: standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2003;22(2):e1‐11.

O'Brien 2003c {published data only}

O'Brien KL, Nohynek H, World Health Organization Pneumococcal Vaccine Trials Carraige Working Group. Report from a WHO working group: standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2003;22(2):133‐40.

O'Dempsey 1996 {published data only}

O'Dempsey TJD, McArdle T, Ceesay SJ, Banya WAS, Demba E, Secka O, et al. Immunization with a pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine during pregnancy. Vaccine 1996;14(10):963‐70.

O'Donoghue 2002 {published data only}

O'Donoghue G, Balkany T, Cohen N, Lenarz T, Lustig L, Niparko J. Meningitis and cochlear implantation. Otology & Neurotology 2002;23(6):823‐4.

Obaro 1997 {published data only}

Obaro S, Huo Z, Banya WAS, Henderson DC, Monteil MA, Leach A, et al. A glycoprotein pneumococcal conjugate vaccine primes for antibody responses to a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Gambian children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1997;16(12):1135‐40.

Obaro 1998 {published data only}

Obaro S, Leach A, McAdam KW. Use of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children. Lancet 1998;352(9127):575.

Obaro 2000a {published data only}

Obaro SK. Prospects for pneumococcal vaccination in African children. Acta Tropica 2000;75(2):141‐53.

Obaro 2000b {published data only}

Obaro SK, Adegbola RA, Chang I, Banya WA, Jaffar S, Mcadam KW, et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of a nonavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM197 administered simultaneously but in a separate syringe with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines in Gambian infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19(5):463‐9.

Obaro 2002a {published data only}

Obaro SK. The new pneumococcal vaccine. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2002;8(10):623‐33.

Obaro 2002b {published data only}

Obaro SK, Enwere GC, Deloria M, Jaffar S, Goldblatt D, Brainsby K, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in combination with diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(10):940‐7.

Okoko 2001 {published data only}

Okoko BJ, Wesumperuma LH, Hart AC. Materno‐foetal transfer of H. influenzae and pneumococcal antibodies is influenced by prematurity and low birth weight: implications for conjugate vaccine trials. Vaccine 2001;20(5‐6):647‐50.

Olander 2001 {published data only}

Olander RM, Wuorimaa T, Kayhty H, Leroy O, Dagan R, Eskola J. Booster response to the tetanus and diphtheria toxoid carriers of 11‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults and toddlers. Vaccine 2001;20(3‐4):336‐41.

Orcel 1993 {published data only}

Orcel B, Delclaux B, Baud M, Derenne JP. Preventive effect of an immunomodulator, OM‐85 BV, on acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in elderly patients. Preliminary results at six months in 291 patients [Effet preventif d'un immunomodulateur, l'OM‐85 BV, sur les exacerbations aigues de bronchite chronique du sujet age. Resultats preliminaires a 6 mois chez 291 patients]. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 1993;10(1):23‐8.

Orcel 1994 {published data only}

Orcel B, Delclaux B, Baud M, Derenne JP. Oral immunization with bacterial extracts for protection against acute bronchitis in elderly institutionalized patients with chronic bronchitis. European Respiratory Journal 1994;7(3):446‐52.

Orfila 2000 {published data only}

Orfila J, Godard P. Percentage of asthmatic patients with acute bronchitis and Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity. Presse Medicale 2000;29(25):1439‐41.

Ortqvist 2001 {published data only}

Ortqvist A. Pneumococcal vaccination: current and future issues. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(1):184‐95.

Oshima 1986 {published data only}

Oshima S, Yokoyama Y, Kikuiri T, Murakami T, Nishihara H, Shimizu T, et al. A double‐blind comparative study on the efficacy of S6472, cefaclor, in the treatment of bacterial bronchitis. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 1986;39(10):2726‐53.

Overturf 1982 {published data only}

Overturf GD. Pneumococcal vaccine: update and evaluation. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 1982;98:59‐71.

Overturf 1999 {published data only}

Overturf GD. Infections and immunizations of children with sickle cell disease. Advances in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 1999;14:191‐218.

Overturf 2000 {published data only}

Overturf GD. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Technical report: prevention of pneuococcal infections, including the use of pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines and antibiotic prophylaxis. Pediatrics 2000;106(2 Pt 1):367‐76.

Pai 2002 {published data only}

Pai VB, Heyneman CA, Erramouspe J. Conjugated heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2002;36(9):1403‐13.

Palmu 2001a {published data only}

Palmu AAI, Kilpi TM, Jokinen J, Makela PH, FinOM Study Group. Further characterization of efficacy of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PNCCRM) against acute otitis media. 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 Mar 26‐28.

Palmu 2001b {published data only}

Palmu A, Puhakka H, Huhtala H, Takala AK, Kilpi T. Normative values for tympanometry in 7‐ and 24‐month old children. Audiology 2001;40(4):178‐84.

Palmu 2002 {published data only}

Palmu A, Verho J, Makela PH, Kilpi TM. Long‐term efficacy of the seven‐valent PncCRM vaccine on otitis media. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Palmu 2004 {published data only}

Palmu AA, Herva E, Savolainen H, Karma P, Makela PH, Kilpi TM. Association of clinical signs and symptoms with bacterial findings in acute otitis media. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004;38(2):234‐42.

Pappas 2003 {published data only}

Pappas DE, Owen Hendley J. Otitis media. A scholarly review of the evidence. Minerva Pediatrica 2003;55(5):407‐14.

Paragi 2003 {published data only}

Paragi M, Kolman J, Kraigher A, Cizman M, Gubina M, Ribic H, et al. Possibility of application of new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in children in Slovenia. Vaccine 2003;21(32):4708‐14.

Parkkali 1999 {published data only}

Parkkali T, Kayhty H, Anttila M, Ruutu T, Wuorimaa T, Soininen A, et al. IgG subclasses and avidity of antibodies to polysaccharide antigens in allogeneic BMT recipients after vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1999;24(6):671‐8. [MEDLINE: 1999330997]

Parry 2002 {published data only}

Parry CM, Duong NM, Zhou J, Mai NT, Diep TS, Thinh le Q, et al. Emergence in Vietnam of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents as a result of dissemination of the multiresistant Spain(23F)‐1 clone. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2002;46(11):3512‐7.

Patriarca 1982 {published data only}

Patriarca PA, Schlech WF, Hinman AR, Conn JM, Gunn WJ. Pneumococcal vaccination practices among private physicians. Public Health Reports 1982;97(5):406‐8.

Pawlowski 1998 {published data only}

Pawlowski A, Svenson SB. A new general method for producing non‐crosslinked pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide‐protein conjugate vaccines. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Peetermans 1998 {published data only}

Peetermans WE. Introduction and implementation of pneumococcal vaccination in Belgium. Presse Medicale 1998;27 Suppl(1):43‐5.

Pekkanen 1983 {published data only}

Pekkanen PS, Josefsson K. Efficacy and tolerance of enteric‐coated erythromycin base (Ery‐Max) administered twice or four times daily in patients with acute bronchitis. Journal of International Medical Research 1983;11(5):285‐8.

Pelton 2000 {published data only}

Pelton SI, Barnett E, McNamara E, Steiner S, Martinez J. Functional antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine in children with recurrent otitis media. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Pelton 2002 {published data only}

Pelton SI, Klein JO. The future of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for prevention of pneumococcal diseases in infants and children. Pediatrics 2002;110(4):805‐14.

Pelton 2003 {published data only}

Pelton SI, Dagan R, Gaines BM, Klugman KP, Laufer D, O'Brien K, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: proceedings from an Interactive Symposium at the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Vaccine 2003;21(15):1562‐71.

Peters 1994 {published data only}

Peters VB, Diamant EP, Hodes DS, Cimino CO. Impaired immunity to pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection immunized with pneumococcal vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1994;13(10):933‐4. [MEDLINE: 1994321943]

Peters 2000 {published data only}

Peters TR, Edwards KM. The pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccines. Journal of Pediatrics 2000;137(3):416‐20.

Peterson 1988 {published data only}

Peterson PK, Stein D, Guay DR, Logan G, Obaid S, Gruninger R, et al. Prospective study of lower respiratory tract infections in an extended‐care nursing home program: potential role of oral ciprofloxacin. American Journal of Medicine 1988;85(2):164‐71.

Pichichero 1997 {published data only}

Pichichero ME, Shelly MA, Treanor JJ. Evaluation of pentavalent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in toddlers. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1997;16:72‐4.

Pichichero 1998 {published data only}

Pichichero ME, Porcelli S, Treanor J, Anderson P. Serum antibody responses of weanling mice and two‐year‐old children to pneumococcal‐type 6A‐protein conjugate vaccines of differing saccharide chain lengths. Vaccine 1998;16(1):83‐91.

Pineda 2002 {published data only}

Pineda V, Fontanals D, Larramona H, Domingo M, Anton J, Segura F. Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in children in an area of Barcelona, Spain. Acta Paediatrica International Journal of Paediatrics 2002;91(11):1251‐6.

Plikaytis 2000 {published data only}

Plikaytis BD, Goldblatt D, Frasch CE, Blondeau C, Bybel MJ, Giebink GS, et al. An analytical model applied to a multicenter pneumococcal enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay study. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000;38(6):2043‐50.

Plotkin 2000 {published data only}

Plotkin SA. Development of a nonavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Medecine Therapeutique Pediatrie 2000;3(Spec. Iss. 2):17‐8.

Plumb 1998 {published data only}

Plumb J, Feavers IM, Holliday MR. Combination vaccines: enhanced immunogenicity of haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate co‐administered with 7‐valent streptococcus pneumoniae conjugate vaccine. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Poland 1999 {published data only}

Poland GA. The burden of pneumococcal disease: the role of conjugate vaccines. Vaccine 1999;17(13‐14):1674‐9.

Poland 2001 {published data only}

Poland GA. The prevention of pneumococcal disease by vaccines: promises and challenges. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2001;15(1):97‐122.

Ponvert 2001 {published data only}

Ponvert C, Ardelean‐Jaby D, Colin‐Gorski AM, Soufflet B, Hamberger C, De Blic J, et al. Anaphylaxis to the 23‐valent pneumococcal vaccine in child: A case‐control study based on immediate responses in skin tests and specific IgE determination. Vaccine 2001;19(32):4588‐91. [MEDLINE: 2001306708]

Potera 1999 {published data only}

Potera C. Look, Ma! No pneumococcus!. Environmental Health Perspectives 1999;107(6):A312‐3.

Pozzi 1993 {published data only}

Pozzi E. Clinical efficacy of dirithromycin versus miocamycin in the treatment of acute bronchitis or acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1993;31(Suppl C):153‐8.

Principi 2002 {published data only}

Principi N, Esposito S. Efficacy of the heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine against meningitis, pneumonia and acute otitis media in pediatric age: theoretical coverage offered by the heptavalent conjugate vaccine in Italy. Annali di Igiene 2002;14 Suppl 7(6):21‐30.

Puopolo 1997 {published data only}

Puopolo A, Littlejohn TW, Nolen T, Dewan M, Ziering WH. A randomized, multicenter, comparative trial of cefprozil and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute bacterial bronchitis and AECB. Infections in Medicine 1997;14(SUPPL):51‐9.

Puumalainen 2000 {published data only}

Puumalainen T, Capeding R, Kahyty H, Lucero M, Arnoux S, Bailleux F, et al. Kinetics of the antibody response of an elevenvalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (11‐Pnc) vaccine in Filipino infants. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Puumalainen 2003a {published data only}

Puumalainen T, Dagan R, Wuorimaa T, Zeta‐Capeding R, Lucero M, Ollgren J, et al. Greater antibody responses to an eleven valent mixed carrier diphtheria‐ or tetanus‐conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in Filipino than in Finnish or Israeli infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2003;22(2):141‐9.

Puumalainen 2003b {published data only}

Puumalainen T, Ekstrom N, Zeta‐Capeding R, Ollgren J, Jousimies K, Lucero M, et al. Functional antibodies elicited by an 11‐valent diphtheria‐tetanus toxoid‐conjugated pneumococcal vaccine. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003;187(11):1704‐8. [MEDLINE: 2003226175]

Quiambao 2003 {published data only}

Quiambao BP, Nohynek H, Kayhty H, Ollgren J, Gozum L, Gepanayao CP, et al. Maternal immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the Philippines. Vaccine 2003;21(24):3451‐4. [MEDLINE: 2003266971]

Raby 1996 {published data only}

Raby R, Blaiss M, Gross S, Herrod HG. Antibody response to unconjugated Haemophilus influenzae b and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in children with recurrent infections. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1996;98(2):451‐9.

Ramachandra 2003 {published data only}

Ramachandra J, Bond A, Ranaboldo C, Cullis J. An audit of post‐splenectomy prophylaxis ‐ are we following the guidelines?. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2003;85(4):252‐5. [MEDLINE: 2003293831]

Rao 2000 {published data only}

Rao PP, Mopkar O, Desai A. Comparative trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of cefuroxime 250mg with probenecid 250mg with cefuroxime 500mg in the management of community acquired pneumonia, acute bronchitis and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2000 Oct;98(10):650‐1,654.

Rappuoli 2001 {published data only}

Rappuoli R. Conjugates and reverse vaccinology to eliminate bacterial meningitis. Vaccine 2001;19(17‐19):2319‐22.

Ray 2001 {published data only}

Ray P, Schwalbe J, Shinefield S, Black S, Lewis E, Hackell J, et al. Safety of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low birthweight and preterm infants. 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 Mar 26‐28.

Ray 2002 {published data only}

Ray GT, Butler JC, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Fireman BH, Lieu TA. Observed costs and health care use of children in a randomized controlled trial of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(5):361‐5.

Redfield 2000 {published data only}

Redfield JR, Wang TW. Improving pneumococcal vaccination rates: a three‐step approach. Family Medicine 2000;32(5):338‐41.

Reid 2002 {published data only}

Reid RR, O'Brien KL, Moulton L, Katz S, Weatherholtz R, Donaldson C, et al. Is use of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine changing invasive pneumococcal disease among Navajo and White Mountain Apache populations?. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Reinert 1999 {published data only}

Reinert P. Conjugated pneumococcal vaccines. Archives of Pediatrics 1999;6(Suppl 3):643‐6.

Reinert 2003 {published data only}

Reinert P, Guy M, Girier B, Szelechowski B, Baudoin B, Deberdt P, et al. The safety and immunogenicity of an heptavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (Prevenar) administered in association with a whole‐cell pertussis‐based pediatric combination vaccine (DTP‐IPV/PRP‐T) to French infants with a two‐, three‐, and four‐month schedule. Archives de Pediatrie 2003;10(12):1048‐55.

Reis 2002 {published data only}

Reis JN, Cordeiro SM, Coppola SJ, Salgado K, Carvalho MGS, Teixeira LM, et al. Population‐based survey of antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae from meningitis patients in Salvador, Brazil. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2002;40(1):275‐7.

Reis 2003 {published data only}

Reis EC, Roth EK, Syphan JL, Tarbell SE, Holubkov R. Effective pain reduction for multiple immunization injections in young infants. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2003;157(11):1115‐20.

Rennels 1998 {published data only}

Rennels MB, Edwards KM, Keyserling HL, Reisinger KS, Hogerman DA, Madore DV. Safety and Immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM197 in United States infants. Pediatrics 1998;101(4 Pt 1):604‐11.

Rennels 2001 {published data only}

Rennels MB, Edwards KM, Keyserling HL, Reisinger K, Blatter MM, Quataert SA, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of four doses of Neisseria meningitidis group C vaccine conjugated to CRM197 in United States infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2001;20(2):153‐9. [MEDLINE: 2001066748]

Riddington 2002 {published data only}

Riddington C, Owusu‐Ofori S. Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003427]

Rigau‐Perez 1983 {published data only}

Rigau‐Perez JG, Overturf GD, Chan LS, Weiss J, Powars D. Reactions to booster pneumococcal vaccination in patients with sickle cell disease. Pediatric Infectious Disease 1983;2(3):199‐202.

Riley 1978 {published data only}

Riley ID, Douglas RM. Pneumococcal vaccines: recent developments. Papua New Guinea Medical Journal 1978;21(1):105‐12.

Riley 1981 {published data only}

Riley ID, Everingham FA, Smith DE, Douglas RM. Immunisation with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine: effect of respiratory mortality in children living in the New Guinea highlands. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1981;56(5):354‐7.

Riley 1986 {published data only}

Riley ID, Lehmann D, Alpers MP, Marshall TF, Gratten H, Smith D. Pneumococcal vaccine prevents death from acute lower‐respiratory‐tract infections in Papua New Guinean children. Lancet 1986;2(8512):877‐81.

Riley 1991 {published data only}

Riley ID, Lehmann D, Alpers MP. Pneumococcal vaccine trials in Papua New Guinea: relationships between epidemiology of pneumococcal infection and efficacy of vaccine [Review] [41 refs]. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1991;3 Suppl(6):535‐41.

Roa 1995 {published data only}

Roa CC, Dantes RB. Clinical effectiveness of a combination of bromhexine and amoxicillin in lower respiratory tract infection. A randomized controlled trial. Arzneimittel‐Forschung 1995;45(3):267‐72.

Robbins 1983 {published data only}

Robbins JB, Austrian R, Lee CJ, Rastogi SC, Schiffman G, Henrichsen J, et al. Considerations for formulating the second‐generation pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine with emphasis on the cross‐reactive types within groups. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1983;148(6):1136‐59.

Robbins 1998 {published data only}

Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Szu SC, Bryla DA, Lin FY, Gotschlich EC. Standardization may suffice for licensure of conjugate vaccines. Developments in Biological Standardization 1998;95:161‐7.

Robbins 2002 {published data only}

Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Szu SC, Poszgay V. Examination of the new pneumococcal polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccines. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Robke 2002 {published data only}

Robke JT, Woods M, Heitz S. Pharmacist impact on pneumococcal vaccination rates through incorporation of immunization assessment into critical pathways in an acute care setting. Hospital Pharmacy 2002;37(10):1050‐4. [MEDLINE: 2002374438]

Rocha 1999 {published data only}

Rocha RT, Awad CE, Ali A, Matyas R, Vital AC, Silva CO, et al. Comparison of spiramycin and clarithromycin for community‐acquired lower respiratory tract infections. International Journal of Clinical Practice 1999;53(6):433‐6.

Rodriguez 1998 {published data only}

Rodriguez ME, van den Dobbelsteen GP, Oomen LA, de Weers O, van Buren L, Beurret M, et al. Immunogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 6B and 14 polysaccharide‐tetanus toxoid conjugates and the effect of uncoupled polysaccharide on the antigen‐specific immune response. Vaccine 1998;16(20):1941‐9.

Rosen 1983 {published data only}

Rosen C, Christensen P, Hovelius B, Prellner K. Effect of pneumococcal vaccination on upper respiratory tract infections in children: design of a follow‐up study. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases ‐ Supplementum 1983;39:39‐44.

Rosen 1984a {published data only}

Rosen C, Christensen P, Henrichsen J, Hovelius B, Prellner K. Beneficial effect of pneumococcal vaccination on otitis media in children over two years old. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 1984;7(3):239‐46.

Rosen 1984b {published data only}

Rosen C, Christensen P, Hovelius B, Prellner K. A longitudinal study of the nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci as related to pneumococcal vaccination in children attending day‐care centres. Acta Oto‐Laryngologica 1984;98(5‐6):524‐32.

Rubin 2000 {published data only}

Rubin LG. Pneumococcal vaccine [Review]. Pediatrics Clinics of North America 2000;47(2):269‐285.

Rudolph 2002 {published data only}

Rudolph K, Parkinson A, Bruden D, Hyde T, Moore M, Henessy T. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of nasopharyngeal pneumococci in Alaskan children: 2000‐01. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Rusen 1997 {published data only}

Rusen ID, Fraser‐Roberts L, Slaney L, Ombette J, Lovgren M, Datta P, et al. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization among Kenyan children: antibiotic resistance, strain types and associations with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1997;16(7):656‐62. [MEDLINE: 1997214811]

Russell 2003 {published data only}

Russell FM, Buttery J. Vaccine development for capsulate bacteria causing pneumonia. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 2003;9(3):227‐32. [MEDLINE: 2003157608]

Sacristan 1997 {published data only}

Sacristan JA, Elviro J, Garcia de Lomas J, Palomino‐Nicas J, Sobradillo V, Sanchez GF, et al. Double‐blind clinical trial comparing 5 days of dirithromycin versus 7 days of diacetylmidecamycin in acute bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis [Ensayo clinico doble ciego comparando 5 dias de diritromicina frente a 7 dias de diacetilmidecamicina en bronquitis aguda y exacerbaciones agudas de bronquitis cronica]. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica 1997;15(7):357‐60.

Saeland 1998 {published data only}

Saeland E, Jacobsen H, Ingolfsdottir G, Sigurdardottir S, Jonsdottir I. Pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines elicit antibodies in infants that are protective in vivo in mice. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Saeland 2001 {published data only}

Saeland E, Jakobsen H, Ingolfsdottir G, Sigurdardottir ST, Jonsdottir I. Serum samples from infants vaccinated with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PncT, protect mice against invasive infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 6A and 6B. Infectious Diseases 2001;183(2):253‐60.

Safran 1990 {published data only}

Safran C. Cefpodoxime proxetil: dosage, efficacy and tolerance in adults suffering from respiratory tract infections. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1990;26(Suppl E):93‐101.

Safwat 1999 {published data only}

Safwat T, Abou Hussein A. Spiramycin versus cefadroxil in the treatment of acute bronchitis: a randomised, observer blind study. Journal of Clinical Research 1999;2(93‐103):93‐102.

Sanal 1999 {published data only}

Sanal O, Ersoy F, Yel L, Tezcan I, Metin A, Ozyorek H, et al. Impaired IgG antibody production to pneumococcal polysaccharides in patients with ataxia‐telangiectasia. Journal of Clinical Immunology 1999;19(5):326‐34. [MEDLINE: 1999364157]

Sanders 1994 {published data only}

Sanders LAM, Van‐de‐Winkel JGJ, Rijkers GT, Voorhorst‐Ogink MM, De Haas M, Capel PJA, et al. Fc<gamma> receptor IIa (CD32) heterogeneity in patients with recurrent bacterial respiratory tract infections. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1994;170(4):854‐61. [MEDLINE: 1994301963]

Santosham 1993 {published data only}

Santosham M. Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. Vaccine 1993;11(Suppl 1):52‐7.

Santosham 2001 {published data only}

Santosham M, Englund JA, McInnes P, Croll J, Thompson CM, Croll L, et al. Safety and antibody persistence following Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate or pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines given before pregnancy in women of childbearing age and their infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2001;20(10):931‐40. [MEDLINE: 2001359893]

Sawae 1991 {published data only}

Sawae Y, Kashiwagi S, Kumagai Y, Ishimaru T, Takii M, Shigeoka H, et al. Clinical studies on the utility of ofloxacin for lower respiratory infections. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 1991;44(1):48‐57.

Scherl 1987 {published data only}

Scherl ER, Riegler SL, Cooper JK. Doxycycline in acute bronchitis: a randomized double‐blind trial. Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association 1987;85(9):539‐41.

Schleupner 1988 {published data only}

Schleupner CJ, Anthony WC, Tan J, File TM, Lifland P, Craig W, et al. Blinded comparison of cefuroxime to cefaclor for lower respiratory tract infections. Archives of Internal Medicine 1988;148(2):343‐8.

Schmitt 2001a {published data only}

Schmitt HJ. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Europe, Berlin, Germany, 23‐25 August 2000 Report of a European advisory board meeting. Vaccine 2001;19(25‐26):3347‐54.

Schmitt 2001b {published data only}

Schmitt HJ, Faber J, Bartels I, Thoma B, Ahlers N. Immunogenicity and safety of a 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7VPNC) given concomitantly with a 5‐component DTAP‐IPV‐HIB vaccine. 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 Mar 26‐28.

Schmitt 2003 {published data only}

Schmitt HJ, Faber J, Lorenz I, Schmole‐Thoma B, Ahlers N. The safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7VPnC) concurrently administered with a combination DTaP‐IPV‐Hib vaccine. Vaccine 2003;21(25‐26):3653‐62.

Schopflocher 2003 {published data only}

Schopflocher DP, Russell ML. Method for ascertaining denominators for evaluation of population coverage with pneumococcal vaccine. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2003;94(5):377‐80.

Schuller 1983 {published data only}

Schuller DE. Prophylaxis of otitis media in asthmatic children. Pediatric Infectious Disease 1983;2(4):280‐3.

Schwartz 1982 {published data only}

Schwartz JS. Pneumococcal vaccine: clinical efficacy and effectiveness. Annals of Internal Medicine 1982;96(2):208‐20.

Sell 1981 {published data only}

Sell SH, Wright PF, Vaughn WK, Thompson J, Schiffman G. Clinical studies of pneumococcal vaccines in infants. I. reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two polyvalent polysaccharide vaccines. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1981;3(Suppl):97‐107.

Selman 2000 {published data only}

Selman S, Hayes D, Perin LA, Hayes WS. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for young children. Managed Care 2000;9:49‐52.

Semple 2003 {published data only}

Semple MG, Smyth RL. Update on Cochrane data on paediatric respiratory diseases. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2003;4(3):250‐66. [MEDLINE: 2003330707]

Serjeant 1985 {published data only}

Serjeant GR. Treatment of sickle cell disease in early childhood in Jamaica. American Journal of Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology 1985;7(3):235‐9.

Shah 2002 {published data only}

Shah SS, Alpern ER, Zwerling L, Reid JR, McGowan KL, Bell LM. Low risk of bacteremia in children with febrile seizures. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2002;156(5):469‐72.

Shahid 1995 {published data only}

Shahid NS, Steinhoff MC, Hoque SS, Begum T, Thompson C, Siber GR. Serum, breast milk, and infant antibody after maternal immunisation with pneumococcal vaccine. Lancet 1995;346(8985):1252‐7.

Shann 1998 {published data only}

Shann F. Pneumococcal vaccine: time for another controlled trial. Lancet 1998;351(9116):1600‐1.

Shann 2001 {published data only}

Shann F. Uses of error: the wrong research costs lives. Lancet 2001;357(9269):1691.

Sheikh 2002 {published data only}

Sheikh A, Alves B, Dhami S. Pneumococcal vaccine for asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 1. [Pneumococcal vaccine for asthma]

Shelly 1998 {published data only}

Shelly M, Pichichero M, Treanor J. Low baseline antibody to diphtheria is associated with poor response to conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in adults. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Shelly 2001 {published data only}

Shelly MA, Pichichero ME, Treanor JJ. Low baseline antibody level to diphtheria is associated with poor response to conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in adults. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001;33(7):542‐4. [MEDLINE: 2001290046]

Shenderey 1985 {published data only}

Shenderey K, Marsh BT, Talbot DJ. A multi‐centre general practice comparison of a fixed‐dose combination of pivmecillinam plus pivampicillin with amoxycillin in respiratory tract infections. Pharmatherapeutica 1985;4(5):300‐5.

Shiba 1995a {published data only}

Shiba K, Sakamoto M, Nakazawa Y, Maezawa H, Yoshikawa K, Yoshida M, et al. Clinical studies on ritipenem acoxil. Japanese Journal of Chemotherapy 1995;43(Suppl 3):134‐9.

Shiba 1995b {published data only}

Shiba K, Yoshida M, Sakai O, Imai T, Takahashi T, Morita M, et al. Fundamental and clinical investigation of cefluprenam. Japanese Journal of Chemotherapy 1995;43(Suppl 4):42‐8.

Shinefield 1999 {published data only}

Shinefield HR, Black S, Ray P, Chang I, Lewis N, Fireman B, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1999;18(9):757‐63.

Shinefield 2000 {published data only}

Shinefield HR, Black S. Efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in large scale field trials. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19(4):394‐7.

Shinefield 2001a {published data only}

Shinefield HR, Black S, Lewis EM, Hackell J, Malinoski F. Efficacy of 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in premature and low‐birth weight infants. 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 March 26‐28.

Shinefield 2001b {published data only}

Shinefield H. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and ongoing lessons. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2001;Supplement(118):23‐5.

Shinefield 2002a {published data only}

Shinefield H, Black S, Ray P, Fireman B, Schwalbe J, Lewis E. Efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low birth weight and preterm infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(3):182‐6.

Shinefield 2002b {published data only}

Shinefield HR, Black S, Fireman B, Elvin L, Hansen J, Austrian R, et al. Impact since licensure of a 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on disease epidemiology with NCKP. 3rd World Congress of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (WSPID). Santiago, Chile, 2002 Nov 19‐23.

Shinefield 2002c {published data only}

Shinefield H, Black S, Elvin L, Ray P, Lewis E, Fireman B, et al. Impact of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the epidemiology of invasive disease in children less than five years of age within Northern California Kaiser Permanente (NCKP). 3rd World Congress of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (WSPID). Santiago, Chile, 2002 Nov 19‐23.

Shurin 1993 {published data only}

Shurin PA, Rehmus JM, Johnson CE, Marchant CD, Carlin SA, Super DM, et al. Bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin for prophylaxis of acute otitis media in high‐risk children. Journal of Pediatrics 1993;123(5):801‐10. [MEDLINE: 1993316455]

Siber 1992 {published data only}

Siber GR, Thompson C, Reid GR, Almeido‐Hill J, Zacher B, Wolff M, et al. Evaluation of bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin for the treatment or prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal disease [Review} [21 refs]. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1992;165 Suppl(1):129‐33. [MEDLINE: 1992175668]

Siber 1994 {published data only}

Siber GR. Pneumococcal disease: prospects for a new generation of vaccines. Science 1994;265(5177):1385‐7.

Sigurdardottir 1997 {published data only}

Sigurdardottir S. Immune responses of infants vaccinated with serotype 6B pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugated with tetanus toxoid. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1997;16(7):667‐74.

Sigurdardottir 2000 {published data only}

Sigurdardotirr S, Gudnason I, Kristinsson KG, Kjartansson S, Davidsdotirr K, Ingolfsdotirr G, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of two different formulations of 11‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, F3 and F3bis in healthy Icelandic infants. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Sigurdardottir 2002a {published data only}

Sigurdardottir ST, Ingolfsdottir G, Davidsdottir K, Gudnason T, Kjartansson S, Kristinsson KG, et al. Immune response to octavalent diphtheria‐ and tetanus‐conjugated pneumococcal vaccines is serotype‐ and carrier‐specific: the choice for a mixed carrier vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(6):548‐54.

Sigurdardottir 2002b {published data only}

Sigurdardottir ST, Kristinsson KG, Ingolfsdottir G, Gudnason T, Davidsdottir K, Kjartansson S, et al. Nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage of vaccine serotype pneumococci is more common in children who respond poorly to the 11‐valent pneumococcal (Pnc) conjugate. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Sikkema 2000 {published data only}

Sikkema DJ, Friedman KE, Corsaro B, Kimura A, Hildreth SW, Madore DV, et al. Relationship between serum bactericidal activity and sero‐group specific immunoglobulin G concentration for adults, toddlers, and infants immunized with Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C vaccines. Clinical & Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 2000;7(5):764‐8.

Silk 1998 {published data only}

Silk H, Zora J, Goldstein J, Tinkelman D, Schiffman G. Response to pneumococcal immunization in children with and without recurrent infections. Journal of Asthma 1998;35(1):101‐12. [MEDLINE: 1998097835]

Singleton 2002 {published data only}

Singleton R, Butler J, Waldrep K, Bulkow L, Hurlburt D, Parks D, et al. Pneumococcal disease in Alaska children less than 5 years of age 1 year after statewide, routine vaccination with 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Slatter 2003 {published data only}

Slatter MA, Bhattacharya A, Flood TJ, Spickett GP, Cant AJ, Abinum M, et al. Polysaccharide antibody responses are impaired post bone marrow transplantation for severe combined immunodefiency, but not other primary immunodefeciencies. Bone Marrow Transplantation 2003;32(2):225‐9. [MEDLINE: 2003303137]

Sleeman 2001 {published data only}

Sleeman K, Knox K, George R, Miller E, Waight P, Griffiths D, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales: vaccination implications. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001;183(2):239‐46.

Sloyer 1981 {published data only}

Sloyer JL, Ploussard JH, Howie VM. Efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in preventing acute otitis media in infants in Huntsville, Alabama. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1981;3 Suppl:119‐23.

Smego 2000 {published data only}

Smego RA, Genovese G, Klugman KP. Rationale for a hospital‐based pneumococcal vaccine trial for HIV‐seropositive South Africans. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;4(4):231‐2.

Smith 1990 {published data only}

Smith TF, Bain RP, Schiffman G. Relationship between serum IgG2 concentrations and antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharides in children with chronic chest symptoms. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1990;80(3):339‐43. [MEDLINE: 1990180682]

Smucny 1998 {published data only}

Smucny. Are antibiotics effective treatment for acute bronchitis? a meta‐ analysis. Journal of Family Practice 1998;47(6):453‐60.

Soderstrom 1991 {published data only}

Soderstrom M, Blomberg J, Christensen P, Hovelius B. Erythromycin and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) in the treatment of respiratory tract infections as related to microbiological findings and serum C‐reactive protein. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1991;23(3):347‐54.

Soepandi 1998 {published data only}

Soepandi P, Mangunnegoro H, Yunus F, Gunawan J. The pattern of micro‐organisms and the efficacy of new macrolide in acute lower respiratory tract infections. Respirology 1998;3(2):113‐7.

Soininen 1999 {published data only}

Soininen A, Seppala I, Nieminen T, Eskola J, Kayhty H. IgG subclass distribution of antibodies after vaccination of adults with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Vaccine 1999;17(15‐16):1889‐97.

Soininen 2000 {published data only}

Soininen A, Van‐den‐Dobbelsteen G, Oomen L, Kayhty H. Are the enzyme immunoassays for antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides serotype specific?. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 2000;7(3):468‐76. [MEDLINE: 2000172774]

Sorensen 1998 {published data only}

Sorensen RU, Leiva LE, Giangrosso PA, Butler B, Javier FC, Sacerdote DM, et al. Response to a heptavalent conjugate Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine in children with recurrent infections who are unresponsive to the polysaccharide vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17(8):685‐91.

Soult‐Rubio 2001 {published data only}

Soult‐Rubio JA, Rangel‐Pineda C, Munoz‐Saez M, Parrilla‐Parilla JS, Diaz‐Fernandez F, Lopez‐Castilla JD, et al. Pneumococcal meningitis: epidemiological, clinical and bacteriological characteristics. Anales Espanoles de Pediatria 2001;55(4):315‐20.

Sox 2003 {published data only}

Sox CM, Cooper WO, Koepsell TD, DiGiuseppe DL, Christakis DA. Provision of pneumococcal prophylaxis for publicly insured children with sickle cell disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003;290(8):1057‐61.

Sperling 1996 {published data only}

Sperling MJ, Puopolo A, Griffin TJ, Keyserling CH, Tack KJ, The Cefdinir Bronchitis Study Group. Efficacy and safety of cefdinir in the treatment of patients with acute bronchitis. Clinical Therapeutics 1996;18(4):626‐34.

Spoulou 2000 {published data only}

Spoulou V, Victoratos P, Ioannidis JPA, Grafakos S. Kinetics of antibody concentrations and avidity for the assessment of immune response to pneumococcal vaccine among children with bone marrow transplants. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;182(3):965‐9.

Sprabery 2001 {published data only}

Sprabery LR. Vaccinations in women. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 2001;28(2):189‐203. [MEDLINE: 2001212394]

Steele 1996 {published data only}

Steele RW, Warrier R, Unkel PJ, Foch BJ, Howes RF, Shah S, et al. Colonization with antibiotic‐resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease. Journal of Pediatrics 1996;128(4):531‐5. [MEDLINE: 1996119813]

Steele 1998 {published data only}

Steele RW. Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM197 in United States infants. Clinical Pediatrics 1998;37(12):760‐1.

Steinhoff 1994a {published data only}

Steinhoff MC, Hogerman D, Madore D. Duration of antibody response and immunologic memory induced by pneumococcal polysaccharide CRM197 conjugate vaccines in children. Abstract, Society of Pediatric Research; 1994 May 2‐5; Seattle, WA.

Steinhoff 1994b {published data only}

Steinhoff MC, Edwards K, Keyserling H, Thoms ML, Johnson C, Madore D, et al. A randomized comparison of three bivalent Streptococcus pneumoniae glycoprotein conjugate vaccines in young children: effect of polysaccharide size and linkage characteristics. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1994;13(5):368‐72.

Straetemans 2003a {published data only}

Straetemans M, Sanders EAM, Veenhoven RH, Schilder AGM, Damoiseaux RAMJ, Zielhuis GA. Review of randomized controlled trials on pneumococcal vaccination for prevention of otitis media. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2003;22(6):515‐24. [MEDLINE: 200326159]

Straetemans 2003b {published data only}

Straetemans M, Palmu A, Auranen K, Zielhuis GA, Kilpi T. The effect of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the risk of otitis media with effusion at 7 and 24 months of age. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2003;67(11):1235‐42.

Strnad 1998 {published data only}

Strnad N, Drasdo S, Bühring I, Zielen S. Mucosal immune response to 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Strutton 2003 {published data only}

Strutton DR, Stang PE, Forbes ML. Prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), varicella, and pneumococcal infections: economic‐based decision‐making. Journal of Pediatrics 2003;143(5 SUPPL):157‐62.

Subramaniam 2003 {published data only}

Subramaniam KS, Segal R, Lyles RH, Rodriguez‐Barradas MC, Pirofski LA. Qualitative change in antibody responses of human immunodeficiency virus‐infected individuals to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccination associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003;187(5):758‐68. [MEDLINE: 2003102911]

Syrogiannopoulos 02 {published data only}

Syrogiannopoulos GA, Katopodis GD, Grivea IN, Beratis NG. Antimicrobial use and serotype distribution of streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered from the nasopharynx during the first two years of life. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Tan 1993 {published data only}

Tan TQ, Mason Jr EO, Kaplan SL. Penicillin‐resistant systemic pneumococcal infections in children: a retrospective case‐control study. Pediatrics 1993;92(6):761‐7. [MEDLINE: 1993351142]

Tan 2000 {published data only}

Tan TQ. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines‐implications for community antibiotic prescribing. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2000;3(5):502‐7.

Teele 1981 {published data only}

Teele DW, Klein JO, Bratton L, Fisch GR, Mathieu OR, Porter PJ, et al. Use of pneumococcal vaccine for prevention of recurrent acute otitis media in infants in Boston: the Greater Boston Collaborative Otitis Media Study Group. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1981;3 Suppl:113‐8.

Thomas 1996 {published data only}

Thomas C, Lemerle S, Bernaudin F, Feingold J, Guillou‐Bataille M, Reinert P. Death of children with sick cell anemia from 1985 to 1992 in Ile‐de‐France. Archives‐de‐Pediatrie 1996;3(5):445‐1. [MEDLINE: 1996167394]

Thomas 2000 {published data only}

Thomas M, Del Mar C, Glasziou P. How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat?. British Journal of General Practice 2000;50(459):817‐20.

Torzillo 2000 {published data only}

Torzillo PJ, Gratten M. Conjugate pneumococcal vaccines for aboriginal children in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 2000;173 Suppl:51‐53.

Toyonaga 1995 {published data only}

Toyonaga Y, Ishihara T, Tezuka T, Nakamura H. Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of SY5555 dry syrup in the pediatric field. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 1995;48(1):71‐91.

Trannoy 2000 {published data only}

Trannoy E, Berger E, Hollander G, Bailleux F, Heimendinger P, Vuillier, et al. Vaccination of immunocompetent elderly subjects with a live attenuated Oka strain of varicella zoster virus: a randomized, controlled, dose‐response trial. Vaccine 2000;18(16):1700‐6.

Turner 2003 {published data only}

Turner PC, Moore SE, Hall AJ, Prentice AM, Wild CP. Modification of immune function through exposure to dietary aflatoxin in Gambian children. Environmental Health Perspectives 2003;111(2):217‐20. [MEDLINE: 2003110191]

Ugpo 2002 {published data only}

Ugpo J, Nohynek HM, Williams G, Leroy O, Lucero MG. The alum adjuvanted 11‐valent pneumococcal mixed carrier conjugated vaccine (11PncTD) is safe and well tolerated in Filipino infants. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Usen 1998 {published data only}

Usen S, Adegbola R, Mulholland K, Jaffar S, Hilton S, Oparaugo A, et al. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in the western region, the Gambia. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17(1):23‐8.

Vakevainen 2001 {published data only}

Vakevainen M, Eklund C, Eskola J, Kayhty H. Cross‐reactivity of antibodies to type 6B and 6A polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae, evoked by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, in infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001;184(6):789‐93.

Valtonen 1986 {published data only}

Valtonen M, Piippo T, Pitkajarvi T, Pyykonen ML. Comparison of amoxycillin given two and three times a day in acute respiratory tract infections in children. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 1986;4(4):201‐4.

Van‐Kempen 2001 {published data only}

Van‐Kempen M, Dhooge I, Vaneechoutte M, Claeys G. Turnover of Haemophilus influenzae isolates in otitis‐prone children. Acta Oto Rhino Laryngologica Belgica 2001;55(1):83‐6. [MEDLINE: 2001339004]

Veenhoven 2000 {published data only}

Veenhoven RH, Bogaert D, Kiezebrink HH, Dhooge IJM, Ijzerman EPF, Ridjkers GT, et al. Prevention of acute otitis media by a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (OMAVAX‐study). 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Veenhoven 2002a {published data only}

Veenhoven RH, Schilder AGM, Bogaert D, Brouwer CNM, Kiezebrink HH, Uiterwaal CSPM, et al. Prevention of acute otitis media by pneumococcal conjugate vaccine combined with 23‐valent polysaccharide vaccine in children with recurrent acute otitis media (Dutch OMAVAX‐ study). 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Veenhoven 2002b {published data only}

Veenhoven RH, Ridjkers GT, Adelmeijer J, Brouwer CNM, Kiezebrink HH, Schilder AGM, et al. Immunological evaluation of children with recurrent acute otitis media ((Dutch OMAVAX‐ study). 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Veenhoven 2003a {published data only}

Veenhoven R, Bogaert D, Uiterwaal C, Brouwer C, Kiezebrink H, Bruin J, et al. Effect of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine followed by polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine on recurrent acute otitis media: a randomised study. Lancet 2003;361(9376):2189‐95. [MEDLINE: 200326195]

Veenhoven 2003b {published data only}

Veenhoven RH, Bogaert D, Schilder AGM, Uiterwaal CSPM, Rijkers GT, Hermans PWM, et al. Clinical ineffectiveness of combined vaccination with 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children with recurrent acute otitis media: a randomised double‐blind study. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2003;147(45):2220‐6.

Veenhoven 2003c {published data only}

Veenhoven RH, Schlider RGM, Rijkers GT, Sanders EAM. Effect of pneumococcal vaccination on acute otitis media and nasopharyngeal carriage in children with recurrent otitis media. 8th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media. Lauderdale, Florida, USA., 2003 June 3‐7.

Venetz 1998 {published data only}

Venetz I, Schopfer K, Muhlemann K. Paediatric, invasive pneumococcal disease in Switzerland, 1985‐1994. International Journal of Epidemiology 1998;27(6):1101‐4.

Vernacchio 1998 {published data only}

Vernacchio L, Neufeld EJ, MacDonald K, Kurth S, Murakami S, Hohne C, et al. Combined schedule of 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by 23‐valent pneumococcal vaccine in children and young adults with sickle cell disease. Journal of Pediatrics 1998;133:275‐8.

Vernacchio 2000 {published data only}

Vernacchio L, Romero‐Steiner S, Martinez JE, MacDonald K, Barnard S, Pilishvili T, et al. Comparison of an opsonophagocytic assay and IgG ELISA to assess responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in children and young adults with sickle cell disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;181(3):1162‐6.

Vernacchio 2002 {published data only}

Vernacchio L, Bernstein H, Pelton S, Allen C, MacDonald K, Dunn J, et al. Effect of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) on T‐helper cells when administered as an adjuvant with pneumococcal‐CRM 197 conjugate vaccine in healthy toddlers. Vaccine 2002;20(31‐32):3658‐67.

Vidarsson 1998 {published data only}

Vidarsson G, Sigurdardottir ST, Gudnason T, Kjartansson S, Kristinsson KG, Ingolfsdottir G, et al. Isotypes and opsonophagocytosis of pneumococcus type 6B antibodies elicited in infants and adults by an experimental pneumococcus type 6B‐tetanus toxoid vaccine. Infection & Immunity 1998;66(6):2866‐70.

Vigano 1998 {published data only}

Vigano A, Bricalli D, Trabattoni D, Salvaggio A, Ruzzante S, et al. Immunization with both T cell‐dependent and T cell‐independent vaccines augments HIV viral load secondarily to stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 1998;14(9):727‐34. [MEDLINE: 1998192077]

Vincken 1993 {published data only}

Vincken W, Yernault JC. Efficacy and tolerability of clarithromycin versus azithromycin in the short‐course treatment of acute bronchitis. Drug Investment 1993;6(3):170‐5.

Virolainen 2000 {published data only}

Virolainen A, Russell W, Crain MJ, Rapola S, Kayhty H, Briles DE. Human antibodies to pneumococcal surface protein A in health and disease. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19(2):134‐8. [MEDLINE: 2000075537]

Visser 2003 {published data only}

Visser M, Hogeman PHG, Van‐Vught AJ, Revesz T, Wolfs TFW. Fulminating pneumococcal septicaemia in a 2‐year‐old child with sickle cell anaemia. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2003;147(10):454‐6. [MEDLINE: 2003112923]

von Kries 2000 {published data only}

von Kries R, Siedler A, Schmitt HJ, Reinert RR. Proportion of invasive pneumococcal infections in German children preventable by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Clinical Infectious Disease 2000;31(2):482‐7.

Wallace 1985 {published data only}

Wallace RB, Marsh BT, Talbot DJ. A multi‐centre general practice clinical evaluation of pivmecillinam plus pivampicillin ('Miraxid') and co‐trimoxazole ('Septrin') in respiratory tract infections. Current Medical Research & Opinion 1985;9(10):659‐65.

Watson 2000 {published data only}

Watson W. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2000;19(4):331‐2.

Watt 2002 {published data only}

Watt JP, O'Brien KL, Bronsdon MA, Elliott J, Katz S, Dallas J, et al. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate (PnCRM7): vaccination of children on pneumococcal carriage in adult family members. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Weber 2003 {published data only}

Weber SM, Grundfast KM. Modern management of acute otitis media. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2003;50(2):399‐411. [MEDLINE: 2003224949]

Weightman 2003 {published data only}

Weightman NC, Walters A. Missed opportunities in vaccionation of patients with subsequent pneumococcal bacteraemia. British Journal of General Practice 2003;53(492):547‐9. [MEDLINE: 2003281650]

Wettengel 1993 {published data only}

Wettengel R, Vetter N, Waardenburg FA. Clarithromycin versus cefaclor for the treatment of mild‐to‐moderate acute bacterial bronchitis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1993;31(6):963‐72.

Whitney 2002 {published data only}

Whitney CG, Pickering LK. The potential of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(10):961‐70.

Wiesner 1993 {published data only}

Wiesner B, Wilen‐Rosenqvist G, Lehtonen L. Twice daily dosing of erythromycin acistrate in the treatment of acute bronchitis and pneumonia. Arzneimittel Forschung 1993;43(9):1014‐7.

Wilimas 1993 {published data only}

Wilimas JA, Flynn PM, Harris S, Day SW, Smith R, Chesney PJ, et al. A randomized study of outpatient treatment with ceftriaxone for selected febrile children with sickle cell disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;329(7):472‐6. [MEDLINE: 1993222347]

Williamson 1984 {published data only}

Williamson HA. A randomized, controlled trial of doxycycline in the treatment of acute bronchitis. Journal of Family Practice 1984;19(4):481‐6.

Wischnack 1995 {published data only}

Wischnack LL, Jacobson RM, Poland GA, Jacobsen SJ, Harrison JM, Murtaugh PA. The surprisingly high acceptability of low‐efficacy vaccines for otitis media: a survey of parents using hypothetical scenarios. Pediatrics 1995;95(3):350‐4. [MEDLINE: 1995079268]

Wuorimaa 1998 {published data only}

Wuorimaa T, Kayhty H, Leroy O, Eskola J. An eleven‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults. 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Copenhagen, Denmark, 1998 June 13‐17.

Wuorimaa 2000 {published data only}

Wuorimaa T, Olander RM, Kayhty H, Leroy O, Eskola J, Dagan R. An eleven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is able to induce tetanus and diphtheria antitoxin responses in healthy adults and toddlers. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Wuorimaa 2001a {published data only}

Wuorimaa T, Dagan R, Eskola J, Janco J, Ahman H, Leroy O, et al. Tolerability and immunogenicity of an eleven‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy toddlers. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal 2001;20(3):272‐7.

Wuorimaa 2001b {published data only}

Wuorimaa T, Kayhty H, Eskola J, Bloigu A, Leroy O, Surcel HM. Activation of cell‐mediated immunity following immunization with pneumococcal conjugate or polysaccharide vaccine. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 2001;53(4):422‐8.

Wuorimaa 2001c {published data only}

Wuorimaa T, Dagan R, Vakevainen M, Bailleux F, Haikala R, Yaich M, et al. Avidity and subclasses of IgG after immunization of infants with an 11‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine with or without aluminum adjuvant. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001;184(9):1211‐5.

Wuorimaa 2001d {published data only}

Wuorimaa T, Kayhty H, Leroy O, Eskola J. Tolerability and immunogenicity of an 11‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults. Vaccine 2001;19(15‐16):1863‐9.

Wuorimaa 2001e {published data only}

Wuorimaa T, Dagan R, Bailleux F, Haikala R, Eskola J, Kayhty. Eleven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 Mar 26‐28.

Wuorimaa 2002a {published data only}

Wuorimaa T, Kayhty H. Current state of pneumococcal vaccines. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 2002;56(2):111‐29.

Wuorimaa 2002b {published data only}

Wuorimaa T, Ahman H, Palmu A, Kilpi T, Gronholm S, Kahty A, et al. Persistence of anti‐pneumococcal antibodies 3 to 4 years after immunization with the 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PncCRM in infancy. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, 2002 May 5‐8.

Wuorimaa 2002c {published data only}

Wourimaa T, Dagan R, Eskola J, Haikala R, Bailleux F, Lindholm N, et al. Functional activities of IgG antibodies to polysaccharides of pneumococcal serotypes 14 and 23F in infants following immunization with an 11‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Yaich 2000 {published data only}

Yaich M, Wuorimaa T, Eskola J, Jonsdottir I, Sigurdardottir S, Kayhty H, et al. Immune response to an 11‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide‐conjugate vaccine in healthy Israeli, Finnish, and Icelandic infants. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Sun City, South Africa, 2000 March 19‐23.

Yeh 2003 {published data only}

Yeh SH, Zangwill KM, Lee H, Chang SJ, Wong VI, Greenberg DP, et al. Heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup b and nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants. Vaccine 2003;21(19‐20):2627‐31.

Yu 1999 {published data only}

Yu X, Gray B, Chang S, Ward JI, Edwards KM, Nahm MH. Immunity to cross‐reactive serotypes induced by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999;180(5):1569‐76.

Zangwill 2003 {published data only}

Zangwill KM, Greenberg DP, Chiu CY, Mendelman P, Wong VK, Chang SJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. Vaccine 2003;21(17‐18):1894‐1900. [MEDLINE: 2003156541]

Zielen 2000 {published data only}

Zielen S, Buhring I, Strnad N, Reichenbach J, Hofmann D. Immunogenicity and tolerance of a 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in nonresponders to the 23‐valent pneumococcal vaccine. Infection and Immunity 2000;68(3):1435‐40.

Zimmerman 2001 {published data only}

Zimmerman RK. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for young children. American Family Physician 2001;63(10):1991‐8.

Zysk 2003 {published data only}

Zysk G, Bethe G, Nau R, Koch D, Grafin‐Von‐Bassewitz VCDH, Heinz HP, et al. Immune response to capsular polysaccharide and surface proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients with invasive pneumococcal disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003;187(2):330‐3. [MEDLINE: 2003048591]

Referencias de los estudios en curso

Ir a:

Bohol PCV trial {unpublished data only}

Lucero MG, Ugpo J, Ladesma EA, Nohynek H, Ruutu P, Puumalainen T, et al. The Filipino‐Finnish‐French‐Australian investigation of effectiveness of the 11‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. http://www.sph.uq.edu.au/arivac/.

Gambia PCV trial {unpublished data only}

Cutts F, et al. Gambia pneumococcal vaccine trial. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid/gambia/default.htm.

Berman 1985

Berman S, McIntosh K. Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. XXI. Acute respiratory infections [review]. Review of Infectious Diseases 1985;7(5):674‐91.

Black 1999

Black S. The clinical impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. American Journal of Managed Care 1999;5 Suppl(17):1010‐7. [MEDLINE: 2000000365]

Black 2002c

Black SB, Shinefield H, Fireman B, Hansen J, Ling S, Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Group et al. Efficacy against pneumonia of heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (Wyeth Lederle) in 37,868 infants and children: expanded data analysis including duration of protection. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

Black 2002d

Black S, Shinefield H, Ling S, Fireman B, Hansen J, Lee J, et al. Efficacy against pneumonia of heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) in 37,868 infants and children. 3rd World Congress of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (WSPID). Santiago, Chile, 2002 Nov 19‐23.

Black 2003

Black S. Personnal communication November 20, 2003.

Black 2004

Black, S. Personnal communication July 9, 2004.

Crewe‐Brown 1997

Crewe‐Brown HH, Karstaedt AS, Saunders GL, Khoosal M, Jones N, Wasas A, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae blood culture isolates from patients with and without human immunodefieciency virus infection: alterations in penicillin susceptibilities and in serogroups of serotypes. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1997;25(5):1165‐72.

Dagan 1996

Dagan R, Melamed R, Muallem M, Piglansky L, Greenberg D, Abramson O, et al. Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci during the second year of life by a heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996;174(6):1271‐8.

Dagan 1997b

Dagan R, Muallem M, Melamed R, Leroy O, Yagupsky P. Reduction of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in early infancy after immunization with tetravalent pneumococcal vaccines conjugated to either tetanus toxoid or diphtheria toxoid. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1997;16(11):1060‐4.

Dagan 1998b

Dagan R, Givon S, Yagupsky P. Effect of a 9‐valent pneumococcal CRM197 vaccine (PncCRM9) on nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage of vaccine type and non‐vaccine type S. pneumoniae (Pnc) strains among day care center (DCC) attendees. Program and Abstracts of the 38th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Diego, CA, 1998 September 24‐27:299.

Dagan 2000b

Dagan R, Zamir O, Tirosh N. Nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) in toddlers vaccinated during infancy with an 11‐valent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (PCV‐DT). Program and Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Toronto, Canada, 2000 September 17‐20.

Dagan 2000c

Dagan R, Givon‐Lavi N, Porat N. Immunization of toddlers attending day care centers (DCCs) with a 9‐valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PncCRM9) reduces transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) and antibiotic resistant S. pneumoniae (R‐Pnc) to their young siblings (YS). Program and Abstracts of the 40th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Toronto: American Society of Microbiology, 2000 September 17‐20.

Edwards 1999

Edwards KM, Wandling G, Palmer P, Decker MD. Carriage of Pneumococci among infants immunized with a 9‐valent pneumococcal (Pnc) conjugate vaccine at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Abstracts of the 1999 Annual IDSA Meeting. Clinical Infectious Diseases Journal 1999;29:966.

GAVI 2004

Global Alliance on Vaccine, Immunization. Annual deaths in 2002 from vaccine‐preventable diseases. WHO Estimates (Jan 2004). http://www.vaccinealliance.org/home/General_Information/Immunization_informa/Diseases_Vaccines/vaccine_preventable_deaths.php (accessed 16 July 2004).

Ghaffar 2002

Ghaffar FA, Barton T, Muniz LS, Lozano J, McCracken GH. Effect of the 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV‐7) on nasopharyngeal colonization (NP) by Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) early in life. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Diego: American Society of Microbiology, 2002 September 27‐30:242.

Giebink 2001

Giebink GS. The prevention of pneumococcal disease in children. New England Journal of Medicine 18 October 2001;345(16):1177‐83.

Klugman 2004

Klugman K. Personnal communication March 18, 2004.

Kristinsson 1997

Kristinsson KG, Sigurdardottir ST, Gudnason T. Effect of vaccination with octavalent protein conjugated pneumococcal vaccines on pneumococcal carriage in infants. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Toronto: American Society of Microbiology, 1997 September 28‐ October 1:193.

Moulton 2001

Moulton LH, O'brien KL, et al. Design of a group‐randomized Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine trial. Controlled Clinical Trial. Controlled Clinical Trials 2001;22:438‐52.

Nohynek 2002

Nohynek HM, Lucero MG, Ollgren J, Sombrero L, Esparar G, Herva E, et al. Effect of 11‐valent pneumococcal (Pnc) conjugate vaccine (11PncTD) on nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage of Pnc in Filipino infants. 3rd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD). Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 2002 May 5‐8.

O'Brien 2001a

O'Brien KL, Moulton L, Reid R, Weatherholtz R, Hackell J, Kohberger R, et al. Invasive disease efficacy of a 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine among Navajo and White Mountain Apache (N/WMA) children. 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID). Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 Mar 26‐28.

O'Brien 2001b

O'Brien KL, Bronsdon MA, Carlone GM, Facklam RR, Schwartz B, Reid RR, et al. Effect of a 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage among Navajo and White Mountain Apache (N/WMA) infants. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases. Istanbul, Turkey, 2001 March 26‐28:22.

O'Brien 2003d

O'Brien KL, Dagan R. The potential indirect effect of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines. Vaccine 2003 May 16;21(17‐18):1815‐25.

Obaro 1996

Obaro SK, Adegbola RA, Banya WA, Greenwood BM. Carriage of pneumococci after pneumococcal vaccination. Lancet 1996;348:271‐2.

Palmu 2003a

Palmu A. Personnal communication 2003 November 7.

Palmu 2003b

Palmu A. Personnal communication 2003 November 10.

Sazawal 1992

Sazawal S, Black RE. Meta‐analysis of intervention trials on case‐management of pneumonia in community settings. Lancet 1992;340(8818):528‐33.

Shann 1986

Shann F. Etiology of severe pneumonia in children in developing countries. Pediatric Infectious Diseases 1986;5(2):247‐52.

Straetemans 2003c

Straetemans M, Sanders EA, Veenhoven RH, Schilder AG, Damoiseaux RA, Zielhuis GA. Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing otitis media. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001480.pub2]

Swingler 2003

Swingler G, Fransman D, Hussey G. Conjugate vaccines for preventing Haemophilus influenzae type b infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001729.pub2]

Tupasi 1990

Tupasi TE, Lucero MG, Magdangal DM, Mangubat NV, Sunico ME, Torres CU, et al. Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract in children from Alabang, Metro Manila. Review of Infectious Diseases 1990;12 Suppl(8):929‐39.

UNGA 2000

United Nations General Assembly. United Nations Millenium Declaration. http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm (2000 September 18):1‐9. [A/RES/55/2]

Whitney 2003

Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett MM, Lynfield R, et al. Decline in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after the introduction of Protein‐polysachharide Conjugate Vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine 2003;348(18):1737‐46.

WHO 2003

World Health Organization. Pneumococcal Vaccines. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2003;14:110‐9.

WHO‐PVTIG 2001

World Health Organization Pneumonia Vaccine Trial Investigator's Group. Standardization of interpretation of chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children. URL: www.who.int/vaccine‐documents/DocsPDF01/www616.pdf (October 2001) WHO/V&B/01.35.

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Black 2000a

Methods

Randomized controlled, double‐blind

Participants

Children in Northern California Kaiser Permanente (NCKP) database

Interventions

7‐valent PCVCRM vs control (Meningococcal conjugate vaccine)

Outcomes

Pneumococcal invasive disease and acute otitis media (AOM)

Notes

Validity appraisal A; a preliminary report of this study was published earlier and is listed in the Additional References section as Black 1999

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment?

Low risk

A ‐ Adequate
Black 2002a

Methods

Randomized controlled, double‐blind

Participants

Children in Northern California Kaiser Permanente (NCKP) database

Interventions

7‐valent PCVCRM vs control (Meningococcal conjugate vaccine)

Outcomes

Clinical and X‐ray confirmed pneumonia

Notes

Validity appraisal A; this study was presented earlier at the May 2002 ISPPD in Anchorage, Alaska, and the abstract is listed in Additional Studies section as Black 2002c, and later in November at the WSPID 2002, the abstract of which, is listed in Additional Studies section as Black 2002d

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment?

Low risk

A ‐ Adequate
Eskola 2001

Methods

Randomized, double‐blind

Participants

Finnish infants

Interventions

7‐valent PCVCRM vs control (Hepa B)

Outcomes

Acute otitis media (AOM) and pneumococcal invasive disease

Notes

Validity appraisal A

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment?

Low risk

A ‐ Adequate
Kilpi 2003

Methods

Randomized, double‐blind

Participants

Finnish infants

Interventions

7‐valent PCVOMP vs control (Hepa B)

Outcomes

Acute otitis media (AOM) and pneumococcal invasive disease

Notes

Validity appraisal A

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment?

Low risk

A ‐ Adequate
Klugman 2003

Methods

Randomized controlled, double‐blind

Participants

South African infants

Interventions

9‐valent PCVCRM vs control (Placebo)

Outcomes

Pneumococcal invasive Disease and X‐ray confirmed pneumonia

Notes

Validity appraisal B

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment?

Low risk

A ‐ Adequate
O'Brien 2003a

Methods

Cluster randomized controlled trial

Participants

American Indian infants

Interventions

7‐valent PCVCRM vs control (Meningococcal conjugate vaccine)

Outcomes

Pneumococcal invasive disease

Notes

Validity appraisal A; a hand searched source of this same study is listed in the Additional References section as O'Brien 2001a. The study was presented in ESPID 2001.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment?

Low risk

A ‐ Adequate

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Study

Reason for exclusion

Aaberge 1998

Subjects comprised of mice

Acharya 1987

Non PCV study

Adam 2001

Review in foreign language

Adamkiewicz 2003

Subjects comprised of children with sickle cell disease

Addiego 1980

PPV study

Agostoni 1988

Non PCV study

Ahman 1996

Outcome was immunogenicity

Ahman 1998a

Outcome was effect of maternal antibodies to infant response to PCV

Ahman 1998b

Outcome was immunogenicity and induction of immunologic memory

Ahman 1999

Outcome was optimal dose for antibody response

Ahman 2000

Outcome was immunogenicity against acute otitis media

Akikusa 2001

PPV study

al‐Hawsawi 2001

Non PCV study

Alanis 1992

Non PCV study

Albert 1980

Non PCV study

Allen 2003

Non RCT

Allenet 1997

Non PCV study

Alvarez 2000

Non PCV study

Ammann 1977

PPV study

Anderson 1996

Non RCT

Anderson 1998

Non RCT

Anderson 2003

Subjects comprised of 2‐year old children

Andrews 2003

Non RCT

Anonymous 1998a

Non RCT (Editorial)

Anonymous 1998b

Non RCT

Anonymous 1999a

Non RCT

Anonymous 1999b

Review

Anonymous 1999c

Non RCT

Anonymous 1999d

Non RCT

Anonymous 2000a

Non RCT

Anonymous 2000b

Non RCT

Anonymous 2000c

Non RCT

Anonymous 2001a

Non RCT (news in brief)

Anonymous 2001b

Non RCT (Board meeting report)

Anonymous 2002

Review

Anonymous 2003

Review

Antilla 1998a

Outcome was functional cross‐reactivity

Antilla 1998b

Outcome was avidity for serotypes 6B and 23F

Antilla 1998c

Outcome was avidity

Antilla 1999a

Review

Antilla 1999b

Outcome was differences in the avidity of antibodies

Arguedas 2001

Outcome was immunogenicity

Arkwright 2000

Non RCT

Arthur 1996

Non PCV study

Auranen 2002

Outcome was nasopharyngeal carriage

Austrian 1975

Non RCT (Lecture)

Austrian 2000

Review

Babiker 1986

Subjects were 2‐5 years old children with sickle‐cell disease

Bacle 1997

PPV study

Baker 2003

Review

Ball 1994

Non PCV study

Balmes 1991

Non PCV study

Barnett 1999

Outcome was immune response

Baucher 2000

Review

Beatson 1985

Non PCV study

Berg 2003

Non PCV study

Berger 1988

Non PCV study

Berk 1984

Non RCT (survey)

Beumer 1989

Non PCV study

Biltoft 2002

Outcome was antibody response

Bitnun 1998

Non PCV study

Bjornson 1996

PPV study

Black 2000b

Non RCT (cost‐effectiveness study)

Black 2000c

Review

Black 2000d

Subjects included children older than 2 years old (extended analysis)

Black 2001a

Review

Black 2001b

Non RCT (post‐licensure evaluation)

Black 2002b

Review

Block 2002

Non RCT

Blum 2000

Non RCT

Bogaert 2002

Subjects were children 1‐6 years of age

Boivin 1995

Non PCV study

Box 2003

Non PCV study

Bradbury 1993

Non PCV study

Brandileone 2003

Non RCT

Breukels 1999

Subjects were otitis‐prone children

Breukels 2002

Subjects comprised of Wistar rats

Brickfield 1986

Non PCV study

Briles 2000a

Subjects were mice

Briles 2000b

Review

Broome 1980

Non RCT

Broome 1981

PPV study

Brouwer 2003

Outcome was on quality of life with recurrent otitis media

Bruyn 1991

Review

Butler 1996

Non RCT

Butler 1997

Review

Butler 1999

Review

Capeding 2000

Non RCT

Carroll 1977

Non PCV study

Cartwright 2002

Review

Chi 1999

Non PCV study

Chiang 2001

Non RCT

Chintu 1983

PPV study

Choo 1999

Outcome measures were immunogenicity and mucosal antibody response

Choo 2000a

Outcome measures were immunogenicity and reactogenicity

Choo 2000b

Outcome was primary and booster salivary antibody response

Choo 2001

Review

Christensen 1985

PPV study

Clancy 1990

Non PCV study

Clini 1990

Non PCV study

CSG 1992

Non RCT (Update on Guidelines in French)

Czerniawska‐Mysik 92

Non PCV study

D'Alessandro 2002

Non RCT (cost‐effectiveness study in Italian language)

Dabelstein 2000

Review

Dagan 1997a

Outcome measures were safety and immunogenicity

Dagan 1998a

Non RCT

Dagan 2000a

Non RCT

Dagan 2001

Subjects comprised of 12 to 35 months old

Dagan 2002a

Review

Dagan 2002b

Subjects comprised of toddlers

Dagan 2003

Subjects comprised of 12 to 35 months old

Dagan 2004

Outcome measures were safety and immunogenicity

Dahl 2001

Non RCT

Daley 2002

Outcome was effectiveness of letter/telephone recall for immunization with PCV7

Daly 2003

Subjects were pregnant women

Dark 1991

Non PCV study

Darkes 2002

Review

Daum 1997

Outcome was immunogenicity

Daum 1998

Review

Dautzenberg 1992

Non PCV study

Davis 2003

Non‐RCT (survey on factors influencing physicians' administration of PCV)

Davis 2004

Non RCT (Commentary)

De Cock 1988

Non PCV study

Dere 1992a

Non PCV study

Dere 1992b

Non PCV study

DeStefano 2003

Non PCV study

Dieye 2002

PPV study

Diez‐Domingo 2002

Non RCT

Djuric 1989

Non PCV study

Doit 2002

Review

Douglas 1983

PPV study

Douglas 1984a

PPV study

Douglas 1984b

PPV study

Douglas 1986a

PPV study

Douglas 1986b

PPV study

Dunlay 1987

Non PCV study

Edwards 2001

Review

Eick 2002

Outcome measures were safety and immunogenicity

Ejstrud 2000

Non RCT

Englund 2000

Review

Eskola 1990

Outcome measures were reactogenicity and immunogenicity

Eskola 1994

Review

Eskola 1998a

Review

Eskola 1998b

Review

Eskola 1999a

Review

Eskola 1999b

Outcome was mucosal antibody response

Eskola 1999c

Non RCT

Eskola 2000a

Review

Eskola 2000b

Review

Esposito 2002

Non RCT

Esposito 2003a

Non RCT

Esposito 2003b

Non RCT (Commentary and author reply)

Esposito 2003c

Non RCT (Multiple letters)

Ess 2003

Non RCT

Evans 2002

Non PCV study

Fagan 2001

Non RCT

Falletta 1995

Non PCV study

Farquhar 2002

Non PCV study

Farr 1995

Non RCT

Fattom 1990

Subjects were adults

Feavers 1998

Subjects comprised of rabbits

Fedson 1999a

Review

Fedson 1999b

Review

Fedson 2000

Review

Fenoll 2002

Non RCT

Finkelstein 2003

Non RCT

Finn 2000

Outcome was induction of memory responses in PCV primed infants

Finn 2001

Review

Finn 2002

Subjects were children 2‐4 years old

Fireman 2001

Outcome was effectiveness against AOM by age and season

Fireman 2003

Outcome was efficacy against otitis media

Flamaing 2002

Non RCT

Flo 1998

Review

Fong 1995

Non PCV study

Franks 1984

Non PCV study

Fraser 2000a

Review

Fraser 2000b

Subjects comprised of 12‐35 months old toddlers

French 2003

Review

Fuchshuber 1996

PPV study

Gaillat 1993

Non PCV study

Gaillat 2001

Review

Gatchalian 2001

Outcome measures were immunogenicity and reactogenicity

Gennery 1998

PPV study

Gentry 1987

Non PCV study

Gibb 1995

PPV study

Giebink 1985

Review

Giebink 1997

Review

Giebink 1999

Review

Giebink 2000

Review

Giebink 2002

Subjects comprised of pregnant women

Girbino 1990

Non PCV study

Givon‐Lavi 2002

Non RCT

Givon‐Lavi 2003

Outcome was herd immunity

Gleadhill 1986

Non PCV study

Goldblatt 2000

Review

Gonzales 1999

Non PCV study

Gonzales 2000

Non PCV study

Greenberg 2001

Review

Griffin 1992

Non PCV study

Gris 1996

Non PCV study

Guinan 1994

Subjects were bone marrow transplant patients age 2 to 45 years old

Hajek 1998

Subjects comprised of chinchillas

Hales 1979

PPV study

Hammarström 1998

Subjects comprised of bone marrow transplant recipients

Hattotuwa 1997

Review

Hausdorff 1998

Non RCT

Hausdorff 2002

Non RCT

Haveman 2002

Review

Hedlund 2003

Non RCT

Heikkinen 2000

Non PCV study

Henry 1995a

Non PCV study

Henry 1995b

Non PCV study

Herva 1980

PPV study

Hessel 1998

Review

Hodson 2003

Non PCV study

Hoekstra 1994

Non PCV study

Hoffman 2003

Non RCT

Hord 2002

Non RCT

Hortel 2002

Non RCT

Hotez 2001

Non RCT (critical appraisal)

Huchon 1996

Non PCV study

Huebner 2002

Outcome was immunogenicity

Hueston 1991

Non PCV study

Hueston 1994

Non PCV study

Hueston 2000

Review

Isah 1996

Non PCV study

Iwai 1988

Non PCV study

Jaccard‐Ruedin 2003

Non RCT

Jaffar 1999

Review

Jaffar 2003

Non RCT

Jakobsen 2002

Subjects were mice

Jakobsen 2003a

Non RCT

Jakobsen 2003b

Subjects were mice and human infants

Janoff 1992

Non RCT

Jette 2001

Non RCT

Jodar 2003

Non RCT

John 1984

Non PCV study

Joloba 2001

Non RCT

Jones 1993

Review

Jonsdotirr 2000

Outcome was immunogenicity

Jonsdottir 2002

Subjects were mice

Jousimies 2002

Non RCT

Kamal 2003

Non RCT

Kamboj 2003

Outcome was immunogenicity

Kaplan 2002

Non RCT

Karma 1982

Outcome was recurrent otitis media

Karma 1985

PPV study

Karma 1995

Review

Karma 2002

Review

Kauffman 2001

Review

Kayhty 1995

Outcome was immunogenicity

Kayhty 1996

Review

Kayhty 2001

Review

Kayhty 2002

Outcome was functional activity of antibodies

Keller 2000

PPV study

Keyserling 1999

Review

Kiani 1988

Review

Kiani 1990

Non PCV study

Kibar 1997

PPV study

Kilic 2002

PPV study

Kilpi 2001

Outcome was nasopharyngeal carriage

Kilpi 2002

Outcome was otitis media

King 1996a

Outcome was immunogenicity

King 1996b

Non RCT (Commentary)

King 1997

Non RCT

King 1998

Outcome was vaccine type‐specific antibody response

Kinnersley 1993

Non RCT

Klein 1983

PPV study

Klein 1989

Non RCT (Critical appraisal)

Klein 1994

Non RCT

Klein 1995

Non PCV study

Klein 1999a

Non RCT

Klein 1999b

Review

Klein 2000a

Review

Klein 2000b

Review

Klein 2002

Review

Konradsen 1991

Non RCT

Korkeila 2000

Outcome was salivary anti‐capsular antibody

Kroon 2000

Subjects were adults

Kyaw 2000

Non RCT

Kyaw 2002a

Review

Kyaw 2002b

Review

Laferriére 2000

Non RCT

LaForce 1989

Review

Lagos 2002

Outcome was immunogenicity

Lakshman 2001

Subjects comprised of children 2 to 4 years old

Lakshman 2003

Non RCT

Landau 1992

Non PCV study

Landis 1995

Non PCV study

Latessa 2000

Non RCT

Laurichesse 2001

Non RCT

Lawrence 1983

PPV study

Le 2000

Review

Leach 1996

Non RCT

Leach 1998

Non RCT

Ledwith 2001

Review

Lee 1995

Non PCV study

Lee 1997

Review

Lee 1998

Subjects were mice

Lee 2001

Non RCT

Lee 2002a

Review

Lee 2002b

Outcome measures were function and durability of antibody response

Lee 2002c

Subjects were mice

Lee 2003

Non RCT

Lees 2000

Non PCV study

Lehmann 1986

PPV study

Lehmann 1991

PPV study

Lehmann 2000

Review

Lerou 2001

Non RCT

Li 2001

Non RCT

Liebeler 1998

Subjects were adult women

Lieu 2000

Review

Lieu 2002

Non RCT

Lin 2003

Non RCT

Lindholm 2002a

Outcome measures were avidity and functional activity of antibodies for PS

Lindholm 2002b

Outcome was functional activity of antibodies for Pnc types 6B and 19F polysaccharides

Lipnick 1985

PPV study

Lucero 2002

Outcome was immunogenicity

Løvik 1998

Subjects were mice

Macfarlane 2002

Non PCV study

Madhi 1999

Review

Madore 2000

Review

Makela 1980

Non PCV study

Makela 1981

Non PCV study

Makela 1983

Non RCT (commentary)

Makela 2002

Review

Malinoski 2001

Review

Manis 2002

Non RCT (critical appraisal)

Manzur 2002

Non PCV study

Marchant 1999

Review

Martin 1996

Non RCT

Matthys 2000

Non PCV study

Matthys 2003

Non PCV study

Mawas 1998

Subjects comprised of mice

Mbelle 1999

Outcome was nasopharyngeal carriage

McCormick 2003

Non RCT

McGhie 1986

Non PCV study

McIntyre 2000

Review

Meyerhoff 2000

Review

Michon 1998

Subjects comprised of mice

Miernyk 1998

Non RCT

Miernyk 2000

Outcome was immunogenicity

Millar 2002

Subjects comprised of unvaccinated children

Miller 2000

Review

Mills 1996

Review

Misbah 1997

PPV study

Molrine 1996

Non PCV study (Hib vaccine study)

Molrine 1999

PPV study

Molrine 2003

Non RCT

Moon 2000

Outcome was immunity to cross‐reactive serotypes

Moore 2001

Non RCT

Moore 2003

PPV study

Moraga 2001

Review (Spanish)

Moran 1983

Non PCV study

Motohiro 1992a

Non PCV study

Motohiro 1992b

Non PCV study

Moulton 2002

Outcome was efficacy of the vaccine in terms of herd immunity

Mulholland 1998

Review

Mulholland 1999

Non RCT

Mulholland 2000a

Review

Mulholland 2000b

Review

Munoz 2001

PPV study

Murphy 1976

Non PCV study

Nachman 2003

Outcome is safety and immunogenicity in HIV‐infected infants

Nahm 2000

Non RCT

Nieminen 1998a

Subjects comprised of toddlers

Nieminen 1998b

Subjects comprised of adults

Nieminen 1999

Outcome is immunogenicity and subjects were toddlers

Nieminen 2000

Subjects were toddlers and adults

Niinou 1995

Non PCV study

Nkouwap 1999

Non RCT

Nohynek 1998

Outcome was herd immunity

Noone 1985

Non PCV study

Normark 2001

Non RCT

Nowak‐Wegrzyn 2000

Outcome was serum opsonic activity

Nurkka 2000

Outcome was salivary antibodies induced by the Pnc vaccine

Nurkka 2001

Outcome measures were serum and salivary anti‐capsular antibodies

Nurkka 2002a

Outcome was antibody response

Nurkka 2002b

Subjects were children age 4‐5 years

O'Brien 1996

Non RCT

O'Brien 2000

Non RCT

O'Brien 2002a

Outcome was reduction in carriage of vaccine serotype strains

O'Brien 2002b

Outcome was nasopharyngeal carriage

O'Brien 2002c

Review

O'Brien 2003b

Review

O'Brien 2003c

Review

O'Dempsey 1996

PPV study

O'Donoghue 2002

Non PCV study

Obaro 1997

Non RCT

Obaro 1998

Review

Obaro 2000a

Review

Obaro 2000b

Outcome was nasopharyngeal carriage

Obaro 2002a

Review

Obaro 2002b

Outcome was safety and immunogenicity

Okoko 2001

Non RCT

Olander 2001

Non RCT

Orcel 1993

Non PCV study (French)

Orcel 1994

Non PCV study

Orfila 2000

Non PCV study

Ortqvist 2001

Review

Oshima 1986

Non PCV study

Overturf 1982

Non RCT

Overturf 1999

Review

Overturf 2000

Non RCT (Technical report)

Pai 2002

Review

Palmu 2001a

Outcome was efficacy against AOM

Palmu 2001b

Non PCV study

Palmu 2002

Outcome was efficacy against acute otitis media

Palmu 2004

Non RCT

Pappas 2003

Non PCV study

Paragi 2003

Non RCT

Parkkali 1999

PPV study

Parry 2002

Non PCV study

Patriarca 1982

Non PCV study

Pawlowski 1998

Non RCT

Peetermans 1998

Review

Pekkanen 1983

Non PCV study

Pelton 2000

Review

Pelton 2002

Review

Pelton 2003

Review

Peters 1994

PPV study

Peters 2000

Review

Peterson 1988

Non PCV study

Pichichero 1997

Subjects were toddlers

Pichichero 1998

Subjects comprised of weanling mice and 2 year old children

Pineda 2002

Non RCT

Plikaytis 2000

Non RCT

Plotkin 2000

Non RCT in foreign language

Plumb 1998

Subjects were rabbits

Poland 1999

Review

Poland 2001

Review

Ponvert 2001

PPV study

Potera 1999

Review

Pozzi 1993

Non PCV study

Principi 2002

Review (Italian)

Puopolo 1997

Non PCV study

Puumalainen 2000

Non RCT (open trial)

Puumalainen 2003a

Non RCT

Puumalainen 2003b

Non RCT

Quiambao 2003

PPV study

Raby 1996

PPV study

Ramachandra 2003

Non RCT

Rao 2000

Non PCV study

Rappuoli 2001

Review

Ray 2001

Outcome was safety in low birth weight and preterm infants

Ray 2002

Non RCT (cost‐effectiveness study)

Redfield 2000

Non RCT

Reid 2002

Non RCT (post‐vaccination surveillance)

Reinert 1999

Review

Reinert 2003

Outcome measures were safety and immunogenicity

Reis 2002

Review

Reis 2003

Non PCV study

Rennels 1998

Outcome measures were safety and immunogenicity

Rennels 2001

Non PCV study

Riddington 2002

Non PCV study

Rigau‐Perez 1983

Non PCV study

Riley 1978

Non RCT (Update and Recommendations)

Riley 1981

Non PCV study

Riley 1986

Non PCV study

Riley 1991

Review

Roa 1995

Non PCV study

Robbins 1983

PPV study

Robbins 1998

Review

Robbins 2002

Non RCT

Robke 2002

Non PCV study

Rocha 1999

Non PCV study

Rodriguez 1998

Outcome was immunogenicity

Rosen 1983

PPV study with AOM and other URTIs as endpoint

Rosen 1984a

PPV study with OM as endpoint

Rosen 1984b

PPV study with herd immunity as endpoint

Rubin 2000

Review

Rudolph 2002

Non RCT

Rusen 1997

Non RCT

Russell 2003

Non RCT

Sacristan 1997

Non PCV study

Saeland 1998

Subjects comprised of infants and mice

Saeland 2001

Subjects comprised of mice

Safran 1990

Non PCV study

Safwat 1999

Non PCV study

Sanal 1999

Non RCT

Sanders 1994

Non RCT

Santosham 1993

Non PCV study

Santosham 2001

PPV study

Sawae 1991

Non PCV study

Scherl 1987

Non PCV study

Schleupner 1988

Non PCV study

Schmitt 2001a

Non RCT (Board Meeting report)

Schmitt 2001b

Outcome measures were immunogenicity and safety

Schmitt 2003

Outcome measures were safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity

Schopflocher 2003

Non RCT

Schuller 1983

Non PCV study

Schwartz 1982

PPV study

Sell 1981

Non PCV study

Selman 2000

Review

Semple 2003

Review

Serjeant 1985

Non PCV study

Shah 2002

Non RCT

Shahid 1995

Subjects were mothers and infants

Shann 1998

Non RCT (commentary)

Shann 2001

Non RCT(Critical appraisal)

Sheikh 2002

PPV study

Shelly 1998

Subjects comprised of adults

Shelly 2001

Non PCV study

Shenderey 1985

Non PCV study

Shiba 1995a

Non PCV study

Shiba 1995b

Non PCV study

Shinefield 1999

Outcome was immunogenicity

Shinefield 2000

Review

Shinefield 2001a

Subjects comprised of premature and low birth weight infants

Shinefield 2001b

Review

Shinefield 2002a

Outcome was efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety in low birth weight and preterm infants

Shinefield 2002b

Non RCT

Shinefield 2002c

Non RCT

Shurin 1993

Non PCV study

Siber 1992

Non PCV study

Siber 1994

Review

Sigurdardottir 1997

Non RCT

Sigurdardottir 2000

Outcome measures were safety and immunogenicity

Sigurdardottir 2002a

Outcome was optimal formulation of a mixed carrier for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

Sigurdardottir 2002b

Outcome was nasopharyngeal carriage

Sikkema 2000

Non PCV study

Silk 1998

PPV study

Singleton 2002

Non RCT (post‐vaccination surveillance)

Slatter 2003

PPV study

Sleeman 2001

Review

Sloyer 1981

PPV study

Smego 2000

Non RCT study (Correspondence)

Smith 1990

Non RCT

Smucny 1998

Non PCV study

Soderstrom 1991

Non PCV study

Soepandi 1998

Non PCV study

Soininen 1999

Subjects were adults

Soininen 2000

Non RCT

Sorensen 1998

Non RCT

Soult‐Rubio 2001

Non RCT

Sox 2003

Non RCT

Sperling 1996

Non PCV study

Spoulou 2000

Outcome was kinetics of antibody concentrations and avidity

Sprabery 2001

Non RCT

Steele 1996

Non RCT

Steele 1998

Outcome measures were safety and immunogenicity

Steinhoff 1994a

Outcome was antibody response

Steinhoff 1994b

Outcome was immunogenicity

Straetemans 2003a

Review

Straetemans 2003b

Outcome was effectiveness against AOM

Strnad 1998

Subjects comprised of patients with mild allergic asthma

Strutton 2003

Non RCT

Subramaniam 2003

PPV study

Syrogiannopoulos 02

Non RCT

Tan 1993

Non RCT

Tan 2000

Review

Teele 1981

PPV study

Thomas 1996

Non PCV study

Thomas 2000

Review

Torzillo 2000

Review

Toyonaga 1995

Non PCV study

Trannoy 2000

Non PCV study

Turner 2003

Non PCV study

Ugpo 2002

Outcome was safety

Usen 1998

Non RCT

Vakevainen 2001

Non RCT

Valtonen 1986

Non PCV study

Van‐Kempen 2001

Non PCV study (Hib study)

Veenhoven 2000

Subjects comprised of children 1 to 6 years old

Veenhoven 2002a

Outcome was efficacy against acute otitis media

Veenhoven 2002b

Subjects comprised of children 1‐6 years of age

Veenhoven 2003a

Outcome was AOM

Veenhoven 2003b

Outcome was effectiveness against AOM in children 1 to 6 years old

Veenhoven 2003c

Outcome was effect on otitis media and nasopharyngeal carriage on children with recurrent otitis media

Venetz 1998

Non RCT

Vernacchio 1998

Subjects were children and young adults

Vernacchio 2000

Non RCT

Vernacchio 2002

Outcome was safety and adjuvant properties

Vidarsson 1998

Subjects comprised of adults and infants

Vigano 1998

Non PCV study

Vincken 1993

Non PCV study

Virolainen 2000

Non RCT

Visser 2003

Non RCT

von Kries 2000

Non RCT (a prospective surveillance study)

Wallace 1985

Non PCV study

Watson 2000

Review

Watt 2002

Subjects were adult family members of vaccinees

Weber 2003

Non RCT

Weightman 2003

Non RCT

Wettengel 1993

Non PCV study

Whitney 2002

Review

Wiesner 1993

Non PCV study

Wilimas 1993

Non PCV study

Williamson 1984

Non PCV study

Wischnack 1995

Non RCT (survey of parents concerning AOM prevention)

Wuorimaa 1998

Subjects comprised of adults

Wuorimaa 2000

Subjects comprised of adults and toddlers

Wuorimaa 2001a

Outcome measures were tolerability and immunogenicity

Wuorimaa 2001b

Subjects comprised of adults

Wuorimaa 2001c

Outcome was avidity

Wuorimaa 2001d

Outcome measures were tolerability and immunogenicity

Wuorimaa 2001e

Outcome was development of IgG avidity

Wuorimaa 2002a

Review

Wuorimaa 2002b

Subjects were toddlers who were vaccinated with PCV during infancy

Wuorimaa 2002c

Non RCT

Yaich 2000

Non RCT

Yeh 2003

Outcome was nasopharyngeal carriage

Yu 1999

Non RCT

Zangwill 2003

Outcome measures were immunogenicity and safety

Zielen 2000

Non RCT (Open trial)

Zimmerman 2001

Review

Zysk 2003

Subjects were adults

AOM = acute otitis media
CSG = Canadian Study Group
ESPID = European Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases
Hib = Haemophilus influenza type b
IgG = immunoglobulin G
PCV = Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
PPV = Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
OM = otitis media
RCT = randomized, controlled trial
URTIs = upper respiratory tract infections
Nachman 2003 has an abstract listed as Nachman 2001 in the Additional References presented earlier in a convention.
Veenhoven 2003c has an abstract listed as Veenhoven 2002c in the Additional References presented earlier in a convention.

Characteristics of ongoing studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Bohol PCV trial

Trial name or title

Effectiveness of 11‐Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumonia in children less than 6 months of age

Methods

Participants

Healthy
< 6 ‐month‐old children

Interventions

11‐valent Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to be given at 6,10 and 14 weeks of age

Outcomes

a) efficacy against community‐
acquired x‐ray proven pneumonia
b) efficacy against community‐ acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization
c) efficacy against community‐ acquired pneumonia not requiring hospitalization
d) efficacy against culture‐ proven vaccine type specific invasive pneumococcal disease
e) safety of an 11‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

Starting date

July 5, 2000

Contact information

Dr. Marilla Lucero
Tel. No. +632‐807‐2634
E‐mail: [email protected]

Notes
Gambia PCV trial

Trial name or title

Efficacy Trial of a 9‐valent pneumococcal
Conjugate Vaccine in healthy 2‐month‐old‐
children

Methods

Participants

Healthy
< 6 ‐month‐old children

Interventions

9‐valent S. pneumoniae conjugate vaccine at 2,3 and 4 months of age

Outcomes

a) radiological pneumonia
b) invasive pneumococcal disease
c) mortality due to pneumonia
b) invasive disease

Starting date

Contact information

Notes

Data and analyses

Open in table viewer
Comparison 1. Invasive Disease (All Types)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.34 [0.21, 0.54]
Analysis 1.1
Comparison 1 Invasive Disease (All Types), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (FIXED).

Comparison 1 Invasive Disease (All Types), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (FIXED).

2 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.32 [0.15, 0.69]
Analysis 1.2
Comparison 1 Invasive Disease (All Types), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (RANDOM).

Comparison 1 Invasive Disease (All Types), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (RANDOM).

Open in table viewer
Comparison 2. Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [0.06, 0.27]
Analysis 2.1
Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED).

Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED).

2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.12 [0.06, 0.27]
Analysis 2.2
Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM).

Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM).

3 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (FIXED) Show forest plot

3

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.14 [0.05, 0.39]
Analysis 2.3
Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 3 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (FIXED).

Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 3 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (FIXED).

4 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (RANDOM) Show forest plot

3

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.14 [0.05, 0.40]
Analysis 2.4
Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 4 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (RANDOM).

Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 4 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (RANDOM).

Open in table viewer
Comparison 3. Invasive Disease (Non‐Vaccine Type)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.40, 2.43]
Analysis 3.1
Comparison 3 Invasive Disease (Non‐Vaccine Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED).

Comparison 3 Invasive Disease (Non‐Vaccine Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED).

2 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.40, 2.43]
Analysis 3.2
Comparison 3 Invasive Disease (Non‐Vaccine Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM).

Comparison 3 Invasive Disease (Non‐Vaccine Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM).

Open in table viewer
Comparison 4. Invasive Disease (Vaccine‐related Type)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

3

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

1.09 [0.26, 4.69]
Analysis 4.1
Comparison 4 Invasive Disease (Vaccine‐related Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (FIXED).

Comparison 4 Invasive Disease (Vaccine‐related Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (FIXED).

2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

3

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

1.09 [0.26, 4.69]
Analysis 4.2
Comparison 4 Invasive Disease (Vaccine‐related Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (RANDOM).

Comparison 4 Invasive Disease (Vaccine‐related Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (RANDOM).

Open in table viewer
Comparison 5. X‐ray confirmed pneumonia

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

2

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.78 [0.69, 0.89]
Analysis 5.1
Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 1 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (FIXED).

Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 1 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (FIXED).

2 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

2

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.78 [0.69, 0.89]
Analysis 5.2
Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 2 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (RANDOM).

Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 2 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (RANDOM).

3 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (FIXED) Show forest plot

2

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.65, 0.89]
Analysis 5.3
Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 3 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (FIXED).

Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 3 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (FIXED).

4 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (RANDOM) Show forest plot

2

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.65, 0.89]
Analysis 5.4
Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 4 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (RANDOM).

Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 4 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (RANDOM).
Open in table viewer
Comparison 6. Clinical pneumonia

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

1

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.86, 1.00]
Analysis 6.1
Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 1 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (FIXED).

Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 1 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (FIXED).

2 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

1

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.86, 1.00]
Analysis 6.2
Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 2 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (RANDOM).

Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 2 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (RANDOM).

3 Clinical pneumonia, PP (FIXED) Show forest plot

1

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.94 [0.86, 1.03]
Analysis 6.3
Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 3 Clinical pneumonia, PP (FIXED).

Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 3 Clinical pneumonia, PP (FIXED).

4 Clinical pneumonia, PP (RANDOM) Show forest plot

1

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.94 [0.86, 1.03]
Analysis 6.4
Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 4 Clinical pneumonia, PP (RANDOM).

Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 4 Clinical pneumonia, PP (RANDOM).

Comparison 1 Invasive Disease (All Types), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (FIXED).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Invasive Disease (All Types), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (FIXED).

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Comparison 1 Invasive Disease (All Types), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (RANDOM).
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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Invasive Disease (All Types), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (RANDOM).

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Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED).

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Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM).

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Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 3 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (FIXED).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 3 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (FIXED).

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Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 4 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (RANDOM).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type), Outcome 4 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (RANDOM).

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Comparison 3 Invasive Disease (Non‐Vaccine Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Invasive Disease (Non‐Vaccine Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED).

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Comparison 3 Invasive Disease (Non‐Vaccine Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Invasive Disease (Non‐Vaccine Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM).

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Comparison 4 Invasive Disease (Vaccine‐related Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (FIXED).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Invasive Disease (Vaccine‐related Type), Outcome 1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (FIXED).

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Comparison 4 Invasive Disease (Vaccine‐related Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (RANDOM).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Invasive Disease (Vaccine‐related Type), Outcome 2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (RANDOM).

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Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 1 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (FIXED).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 1 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (FIXED).

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Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 2 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (RANDOM).
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Analysis 5.2

Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 2 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (RANDOM).

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Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 3 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (FIXED).
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Analysis 5.3

Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 3 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (FIXED).

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Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 4 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (RANDOM).
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Analysis 5.4

Comparison 5 X‐ray confirmed pneumonia, Outcome 4 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (RANDOM).

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Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 1 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (FIXED).
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Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 1 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (FIXED).

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Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 2 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (RANDOM).
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Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 2 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (RANDOM).

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Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 3 Clinical pneumonia, PP (FIXED).
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Analysis 6.3

Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 3 Clinical pneumonia, PP (FIXED).

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Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 4 Clinical pneumonia, PP (RANDOM).
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Analysis 6.4

Comparison 6 Clinical pneumonia, Outcome 4 Clinical pneumonia, PP (RANDOM).

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Table 1. Quality scale for meta‐analytic review

Subtle bias

Frank bias

Selection Bias [A] [B] [C]

Were there attempts at allocation concealment?

Were the groups being compared balanced in terms of known determinants of outcome?

If not A, check direction of BIAS

Example: Use of opaque envelopes, allocation by a 3rd party.

Note: Magnitude of any difference is more important than the p‐value.

[ ] Overestimate[ ] Underestimate[ ] Hard to determine

Comments:_______________________[ ]Y [ ] N [ ]NS

Comments:___________________[ ]Y [ ] N [ ]NS

Performance Bias [A] [B] [C]

Was the physician caring for the patient blinded regarding treatment?

Were the two groups treated equally in terms of other medication received, frequency of follow‐up and general quality of care?

If not A, check direction of BIAS[ ]

Note: If an identical placebo was used, the answer is probably (but not always) yes.

Note: In some studies, treated patients are seen more often than the controls, or receive different medications.

Overestimate[ ] Underestimate[ ] Hard to determine

Comments:_______________________[ ]Y [ ] N [ ]NS

Comments:___________________[ ]Y [ ] N [ ]NS

Exclusion Bias [A] [B] [C]

Was an intention‐to‐treat analysis conducted?

Are the drop‐out rates comparable?

If not A, check direction of BIAS

Note: Withdrawals are patients who failed to comply with treatment. If outcomes are known for these patients, and they are analyzed as if they complied, this is an ITT analysis.

Note: Drop‐out are patients for whom outcome is uncertain. The denominator in the analysis will be less than the total number of patients randomized.

[ ] Overestimate[ ] Underestimate[ ] Hard to determine

Comments:________________________[ ]Y [ ] N [ ]NS

Comments:___________________[ ]Y [ ] N [ ]NS

Detection Bias [A] [B] [C]

Were the persons making an outcome assessment blinded regarding treatment?

Are the outcome detection methods used similar in both groups?

If not A, check direction of BIAS

Note: The outcome assessor maybe a patient, his physician, or a 3rd party. If an identical placebo was used, the answer is probably (but not always) yes.

Note: In some studies, the criteria used for outcome measurement differ between groups being compared.

[ ] Overestimate[ ] Underestimate[ ] Hard to determine

Comments:_________________________[ ]Y [ ] N [ ]NS

Comments:____________________[ ]Y [ ] N [ ]NS

Note: Please include comments to explain any "N" or "Y" rating, citing the page, column and paragraph number.

RAW SCORES:A=YYB=NY;N‐NS;NS‐NS;NS‐Y;Y‐NSC=YN;NN;NS‐N
TOTAL SCORE: LOWEST SCORE IN ANY ROW.

REVIEWER: ______________________________

DATE:___________________________________

OVER‐ALL SCORE:_________
Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Quality scale for meta‐analytic review
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Comparison 1. Invasive Disease (All Types)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.34 [0.21, 0.54]

2 Invasive Disease, All Serotypes ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.32 [0.15, 0.69]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Invasive Disease (All Types)
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 2. Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [0.06, 0.27]

2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.12 [0.06, 0.27]

3 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (FIXED) Show forest plot

3

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.14 [0.05, 0.39]

4 Invasive Disease, Vaccine Serotype PP (RANDOM) Show forest plot

3

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.14 [0.05, 0.40]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Invasive Disease (Vaccine Type)
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Comparison 3. Invasive Disease (Non‐Vaccine Type)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.40, 2.43]

2 Invasive Disease, Non Vaccine Serotype ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

5

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.40, 2.43]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Invasive Disease (Non‐Vaccine Type)
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Comparison 4. Invasive Disease (Vaccine‐related Type)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

3

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

1.09 [0.26, 4.69]

2 Invasive Disease, Vaccine‐related Serotype ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

3

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

1.09 [0.26, 4.69]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 4. Invasive Disease (Vaccine‐related Type)
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Comparison 5. X‐ray confirmed pneumonia

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

2

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.78 [0.69, 0.89]

2 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

2

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.78 [0.69, 0.89]

3 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (FIXED) Show forest plot

2

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.65, 0.89]

4 X‐ray confirmed Pneumonia PP (RANDOM) Show forest plot

2

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.65, 0.89]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 5. X‐ray confirmed pneumonia
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Comparison 6. Clinical pneumonia

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (FIXED) Show forest plot

1

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.86, 1.00]

2 Clinical pneumonia, ITT (RANDOM) Show forest plot

1

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.86, 1.00]

3 Clinical pneumonia, PP (FIXED) Show forest plot

1

Relative Risk (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.94 [0.86, 1.03]

4 Clinical pneumonia, PP (RANDOM) Show forest plot

1

Relative Risk (Random, 95% CI)

0.94 [0.86, 1.03]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 6. Clinical pneumonia
Ir a la tabla de la revisión