1 Continued illicit drug use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

1.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

1.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Continued alcohol use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

2.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

2.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care) Show forest plot

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.2 Intervention after delivery only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

11.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

156

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.92 [‐0.56, 8.41]

11.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.80 [‐11.36, 7.76]

12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

12.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

156

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.22 [‐0.01, 6.44]

12.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.70 [‐17.75, 19.15]

13 Behavioural problems Show forest plot

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score Show forest plot

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Involvement with child protective services Show forest plot

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.2 Intervention after delivery only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.2 Intervention after delivery only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

21 HOME score Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.2 Intervention after delivery only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

22 No use of postpartum contraception Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

23 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

1

108

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.42 [‐0.82, 9.65]

23.4 Infants of mothers with no ongoing drug use (intervention after birth only)

1

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

13.0 [3.39, 22.61]

23.5 Infants of mothers with ongoing drug use (intervention after birth only)

1

72

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [‐5.44, 7.04]

1 Continued illicit drug use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

1.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Intervention > 6 months

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

2 Continued alcohol use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

2.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Intervention > 6 months

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.22 [0.10, 0.48]

3.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

108

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.63, 1.12]

4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care) Show forest plot

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

11.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.2 Intervention > 6 months

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

12.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.2 Intervention > 6 months

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

13 Behavioural problems Show forest plot

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score Show forest plot

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

15 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.18 [0.02, 1.47]

15.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.61, 1.77]

16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Involvement with child protective services Show forest plot

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

21 HOME score Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

22 No use of postpartum contraception Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

1 Continued illicit drug use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

1.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

131

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.79, 1.85]

1.2 Intervention < weekly

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.61, 1.05]

2 Continued alcohol use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

2.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

131

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.75, 1.35]

2.2 Intervention < weekly

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.26 [0.74, 2.13]

3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.1 Intervention at least weekly

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 Intervention < weekly

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.2 Intervention < weekly

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care) Show forest plot

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

11.1 Intervention at least weekly

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

11.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

12.1 Intervention at least weekly

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

12.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Behavioural problems Show forest plot

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.2 Intervention < weekly

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score Show forest plot

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.2 Intervention < weekly

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

15 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.2 Intervention < weekly

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.2 Intervention < weekly

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.2 Intervention < weekly

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

18 Involvement with child protective services Show forest plot

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21 HOME score Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22 No use of postpartum contraception Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.2 Intervention < weekly

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

1 Continued illicit drug use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

1.1 Intervention by nurse

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.61, 1.05]

1.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

131

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.79, 1.85]

1.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Continued alcohol use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

2.1 Intervention by nurse

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.26 [0.74, 2.13]

2.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

131

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.75, 1.35]

2.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.22 [0.10, 0.48]

3.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

108

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.63, 1.12]

3.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.1 Intervention by nurse

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.1 Intervention by nurse

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care) Show forest plot

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

11.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.80 [‐11.36, 7.76]

11.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

2

156

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.92 [‐0.56, 8.41]

11.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

12.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.70 [‐17.75, 19.15]

12.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

2

156

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.22 [‐0.01, 6.44]

12.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Behavioural problems Show forest plot

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.1 Intervention by nurse

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score Show forest plot

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.1 Intervention by nurse

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.1 Intervention by nurse

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.1 Intervention by nurse

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.1 Intervention by nurse

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.3 ntervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Involvement with child protective services Show forest plot

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21 HOME score Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22 No use of postpartum contraception Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.1 Intervention by nurse

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Continued illicit drug use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

2 Continued alcohol use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

1

108

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.63, 1.12]

4 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care) Show forest plot

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

5 Cognitive development at latest time measured (Bayley MDI) Show forest plot

2

151

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.13 [‐1.46, 7.72]

6 Psychomotor development at latest time measured (Bayley PDI) Show forest plot

2

151

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.14 [0.79, 7.50]

7 Behavioural problems Show forest plot

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

8 Child Behaviour Checklist total score Show forest plot

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

9 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.61, 1.77]

10 Involvement with child protective services Show forest plot

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

11 Child abuse potential inventory (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.73 [‐1.35, ‐0.11]

12 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

13 HOME score Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

1 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.22 [0.10, 0.48]

2 Failure to remain in drug treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 At 4 weeks

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

2.2 At 90 days

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

3 Failed to maintain feeding regime Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

3.1 Not breastfeeding at 6 months

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

4 Incomplete vaccination schedule Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

4.1 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

5 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.18 [0.02, 1.47]

6 Child abuse or neglect Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

6.1 Non‐accidental injury

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

7 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

8 No use of postpartum contraception Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]