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Planned elective repeat caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with a previous caesarean birth

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Referencias

References to studies awaiting assessment

Chung 2008 {published data only}

Chung T, Law LW, Pang MW, Lau TK. VBAC versus caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial on psychological outcomes. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2008;115(s1):80.

Crowther 2006 {published data only}

Crowther C, Dodd J, Haslam R, Hiller J. BAC ‐ Birth after caesarean: planned vaginal birth or planned elective repeat caesarean for women at term with a single previous caesarean section. Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand (www.psanz.org.au) (accessed 4 October 2006)2006.

Crowther 2011 {published data only}

Crowther CA, Dodd JM, Hiller JE, Haslam RR, Robinson JS. Planned repeat elective caesarean section after previous caesarean section compared with planned vaginal birth is associated with improved health outcomes for women and their infants. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2011;47(Suppl 1):36.

Dodd 2007 {published data only}

Dodd JM, Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Haslam RR, Robinson JS. Birth after caesarean study‐‐planned vaginal birth or planned elective repeat caesarean for women at term with a single previous caesarean birth: protocol for a patient preference study and randomised trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2007;7:17.

Law 2010 {published data only}

Law LW, Pang MW, Chung TK, Lao TT, Lee DT, Leung TY, et al. Randomised trial of assigned mode of delivery after a previous cesarean section‐‐impact on maternal psychological dynamics. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2010;23(10):1106‐13.

Additional references

Abitbol 1993

Abitbol MM, Castillo I, Taylor UB, Rochelson BL, Shmoys S, Monheit AG. Vaginal birth after cesarean section: the patient's point of view. American Family Physician 1993;47(1):129‐34.

ACOG 1999

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin: vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery. Clinical management guidelines. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1999;66(2):197‐204.

AIHW 2003

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia's mothers and babies 2000. Perinatal Statistics Series Number 12. Canberra, 2003.

Appleton 2000

Appleton B, Targett C, Rasmussen M, Readman E, Sale F, Permezel M. Vaginal birth after caesarean section: an Australian multicentre study. Australian New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2000;40(1):87‐91.

Beall 1984

Beall M, Eglinton GS, Clark SL, Phelan JP. Vaginal delivery after cesarean section in women with unknown types of uterine scar. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1984;29:31‐5.

Belizan 1999

Belizan J, Althabe F, Barros F, Alexander S. Rates and implication of cesarean sections in Latin America: ecological study. BMJ 1999;319:1397‐402.

Boulvain 1997

Boulvain M, Fraser WD, Brisson‐Carroll G, Faron G, Wollast E. Trial of labour after caesarean section in sub‐Saharan Africa: a meta‐analysis. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997;104:1385‐90.

Clarke 2000

Clarke M, Oxman AD, editors. Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook 4.1 [updated June 2000]. In: Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]. Version 4.1. Oxford, England: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2000.

Clarke 2000a

Clarke M, Oxman AD, editors. Assessment of study quality. Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook 4.1 [updated June 2000]; section 6. In: Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]. Version 4.1. Oxford, England: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2000.

Curtin 2000

Curtin SC, Kozak LJ, Gregory KD. U.S Cesarean and VBAC rates stalled in the mid‐1990s. Birth 2000;27(1):54‐7.

de Muylder 1988

de Muylder X. Vaginal delivery after caesarean section: is it safe in a developing country?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1988;28:99‐102.

Dodd 2004

Dodd JM, Crowther CA. Vaginal birth after caesarean versus elective repeat caesarean for women with a single prior caesarean birth: a systematic review of the literature. Australian New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology2004 (in press).

Duff 1988

Duff P, Southmayd K, Read JA. Outcome of trial of labor in patients with single previous low transverse cesarean section for dystocia. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1988;71:380‐4.

Eden 2004

Eden KB, Hashima JN, Osterwell P, Nygren P, Guise JM. Childbirth preferences adter cesarean birth: a review of the evidence. Birth 2004;31(1):49.

Eglinton 1984

Eglinton GS, Phelan JP, Yeh S, Diaz FP, Wallace TM, Paul RH. Outcome of a trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1984;29:3‐8.

Egwuatu 1990

Egwuatu V, Ezeh IO. Vaginal delivery in Nigerian women after a previous cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1990;32:1‐6.

Eriksen 1989

Eriksen NL, Buttino L. Vaginal birth after cesarean: a comparison of maternal and neonatal morbidity to elective repeat cesarean section. American Journal of Perinatology 1989;6:375‐9.

Finley 1986

Finley BE, Gibbs CE. Emergent cesarean delivery in patients undergoing a trial of labor with a transverse lower‐segment scar. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1986;155:936‐9.

Flamm 1984

Flamm BL, Dunnett C, Fischermann E, Quilligan EJ. Vaginal delivery following cesarean section: use of oxytocin augmentation and epidural anaesthesia with internal tocodynamic and internal fetal monitoring. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1984;148:759‐763.

Flamm 1987

Flamm BL, Goings JR, Fuelbirth NJ, Fischermann E, Jones C, Hersh E. Oxytocin during labor after previous cesarean section: results of a multicenter study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1987;70:709‐12.

Flamm 1988

Flamm BL, Lim OW, Jones C, Neman LA, Mantis JK. Vaginal birth after cesarean section: results of a multicenter study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1988;158(5):1079‐84.

Flamm 1994

Flamm BL, Goings JR, Liu Y, Wolde‐Tsadik G. Elective repeat cesarean delivery versus trial of labor: a prospective multicenter study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1994;83(6):927‐32.

Flamm 1997

Flamm BL. Once a cesarean, always a controversy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1997;90(2):312‐5.

Graham 1984

Graham AR. Trial labor following previous cesarean section. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1984;149:35‐45.

Granja 1991

Granja A, Gomes E, Bugalho A, Machungo F, Carlomagno G. Management of labour following caesarean section in a developing country. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology 1991;18:47‐50.

Granovsky 1994

Granovsky‐Grisaru S, Shaya M, Diamant YZ. The management of labor in women with more than one uterine scar: is a repeat cesarean section really the only "safe" option?. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1994;22:13‐7.

Guise 2003

Guise JM, McDonagh M, Hashima J, Kraemer DF, Eden KB, Berlin M, et al. Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 71. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality2003.

Hadley 1986

Hadley CB, Mennuti MT, Gabbe SG. An evaluation of the relative risks of a trial of labor versus elective repeat cesarean section. American Journal of Perinatology 1986;3:107‐14.

Hamilton 2003

Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Sutton PD. Birth: Preliminary data for 2002. National Vital Statistics Report 2003;51(11):4‐5.

Hangsleben 1989

Hangsleben KL, Taylor MA, Lynn NM. VBAC program in a nurse‐midwifery service. Journal of Nurse‐Midwifery 1989;34:179‐84.

Harrison 1985

Harrison KA. Pregnancy outcome following previous caesarean section, previous vesicovaginal fistula and previous surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1985;92(Suppl 5):72‐80.

Hemminki 1996

Hemminki E, Merilainen J. Long‐term effects of cesarean sections: ectopic pregnancies and placental problems. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996;174(5):1569‐74.

Hibbard 2001

Hibbard JU, Ismail MA, Wang Y, Te C, Karrison T, Ismail MA. Failed vaginal birth after a cesarean section: how risky is it?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;184:1375‐83.

Hook 1997

Hook B, Kiwi R, Amini SB, Fanaroff A, Hack M. Neonatal morbidity after elective repeat cesarean section and trial of labor. Pediatrics 1997;100(3 Part 1):348‐53.

Horenstein 1985

Horenstein JM, Phelan JP. Previous cesarean section: the risks and benefits of oxytocin usage in a trial of labor. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1985;151:564‐9.

Horenstien 1984

Horenstein JM, Eglinton GS, Tahilramaney MP, Boucher M, Phelan JP. Oxytocin use during a trial of labor in patients with a previous cesarean section. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1984;29:26‐30.

Iglesias 1991

Iglesias S, Burn R, Saunders LD. Reducing the cesarean section rate in a rural community hospital. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1991;145(11):1459‐64.

Jarrell 1985

Jarrell MA, Ashmead GG, Mann LI. Vaginal delivery after cesarean section: a five year study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1985;65:628‐32.

Lydon‐Rochelle 2001

Lydon‐Rochelle M, Holt VL, Easterling TR, Martin DP. Risk of uterine rupture during labor among women with a prior cesarean delivery. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345:3‐8.

Martin 1983

Martin JN, Harris BA, Huddleston JF. Vaginal delivery following previous cesarean birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1983;146:255‐63.

Mastrobattista 1999

Mastrobattista JM. Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 1999;26(2):295‐304.

McIlwaine 1995

McIlwaine G, Boulton‐Jones C, Cole S, Wilkinson C. Caesarean section in Scotland 1994: a National Audit. Scottish Programme for Clinical Effectiveness. Edinburgh,1995.

McMahon 1996

McMahon MJ, Luther ER, Bowes WA, Olshan AF. Comparison of a trial of labor with an elective second cesarean section. New England Journal of Medicine 1996;335(10):689‐95.

McMahon 1998

McMahon MJ. Vaginal birth after cesarean. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;41(2):369‐81.

Meier 1982

Meier PR, Porreco RP. Trial of labor following cesarean section: a two year experience. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 144;6:671‐8.

Mock 1991

Mock CN, Visser L, Elkins TE, Wilson JB. Vaginal delivery after previous cesarean section in a rural West African hospital. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1991;36:187‐93.

Mootabar 1984

Mootabar H, Dwyer JF, Surer F, Dillon TF. Vaginal delivery following previous cesarean section in 1983. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1984;22:155‐60.

Morrison 1995

Morrison JJ, Rennie JM, Milton PJ. Neonatal respiratory morbidity and mode of delivery at term: influence of timing of elective caesarean section. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1995;102(2):101‐6.

Mozurkewich 2000

Mozurkewich EL, Hutton EK. Elective repeat cesarean delivery versus trial of labor: a meta‐analysis of the literature from 1989 to 1999. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;183:1187‐97.

NICE 2004

National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health, Commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Caesarean section. London: RCOG Press, 2004.

Novas 1989

Novas J, Myers SA, Gleicher N. Obstetric outcome of patients with more than one previous cesarean section. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1989;160:364‐7.

Nyirjesy 1992

Nyirjesy P, Nyirjesy KM. Vaginal birth after cesarean section in rural Zaire. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1992;37:457‐60.

Obara 1998

Obara H, Minakami H, Koike T, Takamizawa S, Matsubara S, Sato I. Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: results in 310 pregnancies. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 1998;24:129‐34.

Ojo 1989

Ojo V, Okwerekwu FO. Vaginal delivery in first pregnancy following a primary cesarean section. Asia‐Oceania Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1989;15:121‐6.

Okpere 1982

Okpere EE, Oronsaye AU, Imoedemhe DAG. Pregnancy and delivery after caesarean section: a review of 494 cases. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1982;3:45‐48.

Ollendorf 1988

Ollendorf DA, Goldberg JM, Minogue JP, Socol ML. Vaginal birth after cesarean section: is success determined by maximum cervical dilatation during the prior labor?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1988;159:636‐9.

Paterson 1991

Paterson CM, Saunders NJ. Mode of delivery after one caesarean section: audit of current practice in a health region. BMJ 1991;303:818‐21.

Paul 1985

Paul RH, Phelan JP, Yeh SY. Trial of labor in the patient with a prior cesarean birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1985;151(3):297‐304.

Phelan 1984

Phelan JP, Eglinton JS, Horenstein JM, Clark SL, Yeh S. Previous cesarean birth: trial of labor in women with macrosomic infants. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1984;29:36‐40.

Phelan 1987

Phelan JP, Clark SL, Diaz F, Paul RH. Vaginal birth after cesarean. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1987;157:1510‐5.

Phelan 1989

Phelan JP, Ahn MO, Diaz F, Brar HS, Rodriquez MH. Twice a cesarean, always a cesarean?. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1989;73:161‐5.

Picaud 1990

Picaud A, Nlome‐Nze AR, Ogowet N, Engongah T, Ella‐Ekogha R. [L'accouchement des uterus cicatriciels. A propos de 606 cas pour 62 193 accouchements]. Revue Francaise de Gynecologie et d Obstetrique 1990;85:387‐92.

Pruett 1988

Pruett KM, Kirshon B, Cotton DB, Poindexter AN. Is vaginal birth after two or more cesarean sections safe?. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1988;72:163‐5.

Pruett 1988a

Pruett KM, Kirshon B, Cotton DB. Unknown uterine scar and trial of labor. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1988;159:807‐10.

Rageth 1999

Rageth JC, Juzi C, Grossenbacher H. Delivery after previous cesarean: a risk evaluation. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1999;93:332‐7.

Raynor 1993

Raynor BD. The experience with vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in a small rural community practice. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;168:60‐2.

RCOG 2001

RCOG Clinical Effectiveness Support Unit. The Sentinel National Caesarean Section Audit Report. RCOG Press2001.

Rosen 1990

Rosen MG, Dickinson JC. Vaginal birth after cesarean: a meta‐analysis of indicators for success. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1990;76(5 Pt 1):865‐9.

Rosen 1991

Rosen MG, Dickinson JC, Westhoff CL. Vaginal birth after cesarean: a meta‐analysis of morbidity and mortality. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1991;77(3):465‐70.

Roumen 1990

Roumen FJ, Janssen AA, Vrouenraets FP. The course of delivery after previous cesarean section. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1990;34:15‐20.

Sachs 1999

Sachs BP, Kobelin C, Castro MA, Frigoletto F. The risks of lowering the cesarean‐delivery rate. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;340(1):54‐7.

Sarno 1989

Sarno AP, Phelan JP, Ahn MO, Strong TH. Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: trial of labor in women with breech presentation. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1989;34:831‐3.

Sliver 1987

Sliver RK, Gibbs RS. Predictors of vaginal delivery in patients with a previous cesarean section who require oxytocin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1987;156:57‐60.

Smith 2002

Smith GCS, Pell JP, Cameron AD, Dobbie R. Risk of perinatal death associated with labor after previous cesarean delivery in uncomplicated term pregnancies. JAMA 2002;287(20):2684‐90.

Stone 2000

Stone C, Halliday J, Lumley J, Brennecke S. Vaginal births after caesarean (VBAC): a population study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2000;14(4):340‐8.

Stovall 1987

Stovall TG, Shaver DC, Solomon K, Anderson GD. Trial of labor in previous cesarean section patients, excluding classical cesarean sections. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1987;70(5):713‐7.

Swaim 1998

Swaim LS, Holste CS, Waller DK. Umbilical cord blood pH after prior cesarean delivery. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1998;92:390‐3.

Tahilramaney 1984

Tahilramaney MP, Boucher M, Eglinton GS, Beall M, Phelan JP. Previous cesarean section and trial of labor: factors related to uterine dehiscence. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1984;29:17‐21.

Troyer 1992

Troyer L, Parisi VM. Obstetric parameters affecting success in a trial of labor: designation of a scoring system. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1992;167:1099‐104.

Tshilombo 1991

Tshilombo KM, Mputu L, Nguma M, Wolomby M, Tozin R, Yanga K. Delivery of pregnant women in Zaire who have previously had cesareans: an analysis of 145 cases [Accouchement chez la gestante zairoise anterieurement cesarisee: analyse de 145 cas]. Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 1991;20:568‐74.

van der Wijden 1993

van der Wijden C. Trial of labor in Lesotho. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1993;41:183‐4.

van Roosmalen 1991

van Roosmalen J. Vaginal birth after cesarean section in rural Tanzania. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1991;34:211‐5.

Veridiano 1989

Veridiano NP, Thorner NS, Ducey J. Vaginal delivery after cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1989;29:307‐11.

Wadhawan 1983

Wadhawan S, Narone JN. Outcome of labor following previous cesarean section. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1983;21:7‐10.

Walton 1978

Walton SM. The antenatal and intrapartum management of patients with previous caesarean section scars. East African Medical Journal 1978;55:1‐8.

Whiteside 1983

Whiteside DC, Mahan CS, Cook JC. Factors associated with successful vaginal delivery after cesarean section. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1983;28:785‐8.

Yeh 1984

Yeh S, Huang X, Phelan JP. Postterm pregnancy after previous cesarean section. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1984;29:41‐4.

Yetman 1989

Yetman TJ, Nolan TE. Vaginal birth after cesarean section: a reappraisal of risk. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1989;161:1119‐23.
Table 1. Characteristics of the available meta‐analyses of non‐randomised studies

Meta‐analyis

Setting

Number of studies

Number participants

Rosen 1991

Studies from USA; published 1982‐1989

31

11417

Boulvain 1997

Studies conducted in Sub‐Saharan Africa; published after 1970

17

4500

Mozurkewich 2000

Studies conducted in "high income" countries; published 1989‐1999

15

47682

Guise 2003

Studies conducted in "high income" countries; published after 1980

48

634,929

Dodd 2004

Truly prospective studies where clear that all women would have been eligible to attempt vaginal birth after caesarean section

2

449

Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Characteristics of the available meta‐analyses of non‐randomised studies
Table 2. Clinical outcomes from reported meta‐analyses

Outcome

Rosen

Boulvain

Mozurkewich

Guise

Dodd

Febrile morbidity

TOL ‐ 0.096 ERC ‐ 0.173

Figures not separated

TOL ‐ 0.043 ERC ‐ 0.055

TOL ‐ 0.086‐0.097 ERC ‐ 0.066‐0.068

Figures not reported

Uterine dehiscence or rupture

TOL ‐ 0.018 ERC ‐ 0.019

Figures not separated

TOL ‐ 0.0039 ERC ‐ 0.0016

TOL ‐ 0.0027 ERC ‐ not reported

TOL ‐ 0.012 ERC ‐ 0.0

Low Apgar score

TOL ‐ 0.024 ERC ‐ 0.016

Figures not separated

TOL ‐ 0.022 ERC ‐ 0.009

Figures not reported

TOL ‐ 0.042 ERC ‐ 0.008

Perinatal death

TOL ‐ 0.018 ERC ‐ 0.01

Figures not separated

TOL ‐ 0.0058 ERC ‐ 0.0034

TOL ‐ 0.0013‐0.009 ERC ‐ 0.0001‐0.005

TOL ‐ 0.0077 ERC ‐ 0.0

Maternal death

TOL ‐ 0.0028 ERC ‐ 0.00024 ERC ‐ 0.00024

Figures not separated

TOL ‐ 0.00011 ERC ‐ 0.0

Figures not reported

TOL ‐ 0.0 ERC ‐ 0.0

Figuras y tablas -
Table 2. Clinical outcomes from reported meta‐analyses
Table 3. Original articles included in meta‐analyses

Meta‐analysis

Included studies

Rosen 1991

Flamm 1984; Eglinton 1984; Whiteside 1983; Duff 1988; Martin 1983; Mootabar 1984; Jarrell 1985; Phelan 1987; Hadley 1986; Eriksen 1989; Ollendorf 1988; Phelan 1989; Phelan 1984; Yeh 1984; Meier 1982; Sliver 1987; Flamm 1987; Horenstein 1985; Pruett 1988; Paul 1985; Beall 1984; Horenstein 1984; Stovall 1987; Tahilramaney 1984; Flamm 1988; Pruett 1988a; Veridiano 1989; Graham 1984; Novas 1989; Finley 1986; Yetman 1989; Sarno 1989; Hangsleben 1989

Boulvain 1997

Harrison 1985; Mock 1991; Nyirjesy 1992; Picaud 1990; van der Wijden 1993; van Roosmalen 1991; Wadhawan 1983; Walton 1978; Egwuatu 1990; Ojo 1989; Tshilombo 1991; De Muylder 1988; Granja 1991; Okpere 1982

Mozurkewich 2000

Eriksen 1989; Phelan 1989; Roumen 1990; Iglesias 1991; Paterson 1991; Troyer 1992; Raynor 1993; Abitbol 1993; Flamm 1994; Granovsky‐Grisaru 1994; McMahon 1996; Hook 1997; Obara 1998; Swaim 1998; Rageth 1999

Guise 2003

Meir 1982; Martin 1983; Paul 1985; Phelan 1987; Stovall 1987; Duff 1988;Flamm 1988; Flamm 1994; McMahon 1996; Smith 2002

Dodd 2004

Iglesias 1991; Abitbol 1993

Figuras y tablas -
Table 3. Original articles included in meta‐analyses