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Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia

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Referencias

Arvanitis 1997 {published data only}

Arvanitis LA, Miller BG. (ICI 204,636): An atypical antipsychotic: Results from a multiple fixed dose, placebo‐controlled study. Proceedings of XXth Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum. June 23‐27th; Melbourne, Australia. 1996.
Arvanitis LA, Miller BG. Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic ‐ results from a multiple fixed dose, placebo‐controlled study. Proceedings of 149th Annual Meeting American Psychiatric Association. May 4‐9th. 1996.
Arvanitis LA, Miller BG, Kowalcyk BB. Efficacy of 'Seroquel' (Quetiapine Fumarate) in affective symptoms of schizophrenia). Proceedings of 36th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. December 8‐12th; Waikoloa, Hawai, USA. 1997.
Arvanitis LA, Miller BG, Seroquel Trial 13 Study Group. Multiple fixed doses of "Seroquel" (Quetiapine) in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: A comparison with haloperidol and placebo. Biological Psychiatry 1997;42:233‐46.
Borison RL, Arvanitis LA, Miller BG. A comparison of five fixed doese of 'Seroquel' (ICI 204,636) with haloperidol and placebo in patients with schizophrenia. Proceedings of 8th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia. March 16‐22nd; Crans Montana, Switzerland. 1996.
Borison RL, Arvantis LA, Miller BG. A multiple fixed‐dose, placebo‐controlled trial with 'Seroquel' ‐ An atypical antipsychotic. Biological Psychiatry 1996;39:333.
Cantillon M. [Quetiapine fumarate reduces aggression]. Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Geriatric Psychiatry; San Diego, California, USA. 1997.
Cantillon M, Arvanitis LA, Miller BG, Kowalcyk. 'Seroquel' (Quetiapine Fumarate) reduces hositility and aggression in patients with acute schizophrenia. Proceedings of 36th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. December 8‐12th; Waikoloa, Hawai, USA. 1997.
Cantillon M, Goldstein JM. Efficacy of Quetiapine fumarate in affective symptoms of schizophrenia. Proceedings of American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. May 30th‐June 4th; Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 1998.
Hellewell JSE, Cameron‐Hands D, Cantillon M. Seroquel: Evidence for efficacy in the treatment of hostility and aggression. 9th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia. February 7‐13th; Davos, Switzerland. 1998.
Hong W, Arvanitis L. Reduction of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia by (ICI 204,636): Results from phase II and III clinical trials. Proceedings of 9th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress. September 21‐25th; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1996.
Hong WW, Arvanitis L. The atypical profile of (ICI 204,636) is supported by the lack of sustained elevation of plasma prolactin in schizophrenic patients. Proceedings of the 9th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress. September 21‐25th; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1996.
Hong WW, Arvanitis LA, Miller BG. (ICI 204,636) does not differ from placebo in the incidence of EPS or effect on plasma prolactin. Proceedings of the XXth Collegium Internationale Neuro‐psychopharmacologicum. June 23‐27th; Melbourne, Australia. 1996.
Hong WW, Arvanitis LA, Miller BG. Quetiapine does not differ from placebo in the incidence of extrapyramidal syndrome of effect on plasma prolactin. Proceedings of the 149th Annual Meeting American Psychiatric Association. May 4‐9th. 1996.

Beasley 1996 {unpublished data only}

Beasley C, Tollefson GD, Beuzen JN, Dellva MA, Sanger TM, Paul S. Acute and long‐term results of the North American double‐blind olanzapine trial. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. October 6‐9th; Vancouver BC, Canada. 1996.
Beasley CM, Tollefson G, Tran P, Satterlee W, Sanger T, Hamilton S, Olanzapine HGAD study group. Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol; Acute phase results of the North American double‐blind olanzapine trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996;14:111‐23.
Beasley CM, Tollefson GD, Tran PV. Efficacy of Olanzapine: An overview of pivotal clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1997;58:7‐12.
Crawford AMK, Beasley CM, Tollefson GD. The acute and long‐term effect of olanzapine compared with placebo and haloperidol on serum prolactin concentrations. Schizophrenia research 1997;26:41‐54.
Hamilton SH, Revicki DA, Genduso LA, Beasley CM. Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol: Quality of life and efficacy results of the North American double‐blind trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998;18:41‐9.
Perry PJ, Lund BC, Sanger T, Beasley C. Olanzapine plasma concentrations and clinical response: Acute phase results of the North American Olanzapine trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2001;21:14‐20.
Revicki D, Genduso L. Effect of Olanzapine on deficit syndrome symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Proceedings of 8th ECNP (European College of Neuropsychopharmacology) Congress; September 30th ‐ October 4th; Venice, Italy. 1997.
Sanger T, Tollefson GD. A controlled study on the course of primary and secondary negative symptoms. Proceedings of 150th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. San Diego, USA. 1997.
Satterlee W, Beasley C, Sanger T, Tran P, Tollefson G. Olanzapine, a new atypical antipsychotic. Proceedings of 5th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research. April 6‐12th; Wormsprings, USA. 1996.
Tollefson G. Update on new atypical antipsychotics. Proceedings of 8th ENCP (European College of Neuropsychopharmacology) Congress. September 30th ‐ October 4th; Venice, Italy. 1995.
Tollefson G, Beasley C, Tran P, Sanger T. Olanzapine: An exciting atypical antipsychotic. The clinical experience. Proceedings of 8th ENCP (European College of Neuropsychopharmacology) Congress. September 30th ‐ October 4th; Venice, Italy. 1995.
Tollefson G, Sanger T, Beasley C. The course of primary and secondary negative symptoms in a placebo‐and comparator‐controlled trial of the typical antipsychotic olanzapine. Proceedings of 9th ECNP (European College of Neuropsychopharmacology) Congress. September 21‐25th; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1996.
Tollefson GD. Olanzapine: A novel antipsychotic with a broad spectrum profile. Proceedings of XIXth Collegium Internationale Neuro‐psychopharmacologicum Congress. June 27th ‐ July 1st; Washington DC, USA. 1994.
Tollefson GD. The value of atypical antipsychotic medications. Proceedings of 150th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. San Diego, USA. 1997.
Tollefson GD, Beasley CM, Tran PV, Sanger T. [The next generation of antipsychotics]. Proceedings of 148th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. May 20‐5th; Miami, USA. 1995.
Tollefson GD, Beasley CM, Tran PV, Sanger T. Olanzapine: A novel antipsychotic with a broad spectrum. Proceedings of 49th Annual Convention and Scientific Program of the Society of Biological Psychiatry. May 18‐22nd; Philadelphia, USA. 1994.
Tollefson GD, Sanger T, Beasley CM. The course of primary and secondary negative symptoms in a controlled trial with olanzapine. Proceedings of 149th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. May 4‐9th. 1996.
Tollefson GD, Sanger TM. Negative symptoms: A path analytic approach to a double‐blind, placebo and haloperidol controlled clinical trial with olanzapine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997;154:466‐74.
Tollefson GD, Sanger TM, Beasley CM. The course of primary and secondary negative symptoms in a controlled trial with olanzapine. Proceedings of XXth Collegium Internationale Neuro‐psychopharmacologicum. June 23‐27th; Melbourne, Australia. 1996.
Tollefson GD, Sanger TM, Beasley CM, Tran PV. A double‐blind, controlled comparison of the novel antipsychotic olanzapine versus haloperidol or placebo on anxious and depressive symptoms accompanying schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1998;43:803‐10.
Tollefson GD, Sanger TM, Beasley CM, Tran PV. Is there a relationship between EPSE and efficacy: faction or fiction. Proceedings of Campaign on Schizophrenia. March 10‐12th; Florence, Italy. 1995.
Tran P, Beasley C, Tollefson G, Beuzen J, Dellva M, Sanger T, Paul S. Acute and long‐term results of the North American double‐blind Olanzapine trial. Proceedings of 8th ECNP (European College of Neuropsychopharmacology) Congress. September 30th ‐ October 4th; Venice, Italy. 1995.
Tran P, Beasley C, Tollefson G, Dellva M, Hamilton S, Van Ostrand R, Paul S. Acute and long term results of the North American double‐blind olanzapine trial. Proceedings of 20th Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum Congress. June 23‐27th; Melbourne, Australia. 1996.
Tran P, Dellva M, Rampey V, Tollefson G, Beasley C. Long‐term continuation therapy with the novel antipsychotic olanzapine: A review of the clinical experience. Proceedings of 9th ECNP (European College of Neuropsychopharmacology) Congress. September 21‐25th; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1996.
Tran PV, Beasley CM, Tollefson GD, Sanger T, Satterlee WG. Clinical efficacy and safety of olanzapine, a new atypical antipsychotic agent. Proceedings of XIXth Collegium Internationale Neuro‐psychopharmacologicum Congress. June 27th ‐ July 1st; Washington DC, USA. 1994.
Wood AJ, Beasley CM, Tollefson GD, Tran PV. [Efficacy of olanzapine in the post ive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia]. Proceedings of 7th Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. October 16‐21st; Jerusalem, Israel. 1994.

Bechelli 1983 {published data only}

Bechelli LPC, Ruffino‐Netto A, Hetem G. A double‐blind controlled trial of pipotiazine, haloperidol and placebo in recently hospitalised acute schizophrenic patients. Brazilian Journal of Biological Research 1983;16:305‐11.

Borison 1989 {published data only}

Borison RL, Sinah D, Haverstock S, McLarnon MC, Diamond B. Efficacy and safety of tiospirone vs haloperidol and thioridazine in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1989;25:190‐3.

Borison 1992a {published data only}

Borison R, Pathiraga A, Diamond B, Meibach R. Risperidone and Schizophrenia. Proceedings of 5th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry. June 9‐14th; Florence, Italy. 1991.
Borison RL, Diamond BI, Augusta GA. Serotonin modulation of dopaminergic‐medicated extrapyramidal side effects. Proceedings of 43rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology. April 21‐27th; Boston, USA. 1991.
Borison RL, Diamond BI, Pathiraja A, Meibach RC. Clinical profile of risperidone in chronic schizophrenia. Proceedings of 17th Congress of Collegium Internationale Neuro‐psychopharmacologicum. 1993.
Borison RL, Pathiraja AP, Diamond B, Meibach RC. Risperidone: Clinical safety and efficacy in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1992;28:213‐8.

Chouinard 1993 {published data only}

Chouinard G. Effects of risperidone in tardive dyskinesia: An analysis of the Canadian multicentre risperidone study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1995;15:S36‐44.
Chouinard G, Albright P. Economic and health state utility determinations for schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone or haloperidol. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997;17:298‐307.
Chouinard G, Arnott W. The effect of risperidone on extrapyramidal symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients. Proceedings 47th Annual Convention and Scientific Program of the Society of Biological Psychiatry. April 29th ‐ May 3rd; Washington DC, USA. 1992.
Chouinard G, Jones B, Remington G, Bloom D, Addington D, MacEwan GW, Labelle A, Beauclair L, Arnott W. A Canadian Multicentre placebo‐controlled study of fixed doses of risperidone and haloperidol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1993;13:25‐40.
Chouinard G, Vainer JL, Beauclair L. Dose regimens of neuroleptics in negative symptoms. Proceedings of 19th Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Congress. June 27th ‐ July 1st; Washington DC, USA. 1994.
Chouindard G, Arnott W. Antidyskinetic effect of risperidone in chronic schizophrenic patients. Proceedings of 18th Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Congress. June 28th ‐ July 2nd; Nice, France. 1992.

Durost 1964 {published data only}

Durost H, Lee H, Arthurs D. An early evaluation of Haloperidol. The Butyrophenones in Psychiatry. Edited by HE Lehmann and TA Ban. Channel Press Inc, 1964:70‐3.

Garry 1962 {published data only}

Garry JW, Leonard TJ. Haloperidol: A controlled trial in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1962;108:105‐7.

Howard 1974 {published data only}

Howard J. Haloperidol for chronically hospitalised psychotics: A double‐blind comparison with thiothixene and placebo; a follow‐up open evaluation. Diseases of the Nervous System 1974;35:458‐63.

Jann 1997 {published data only}

Jann MW, Crabtree BL, Pitts WM, Francis Lam YW, Carter JG. Plasma alpha‐one acid glycoprotein and haloperidol concentrations in schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 1997;36:32‐6.

Kane 2002 {published data only}

Anutosh S, Ali MW, Ingenito G, Carson WH. Controlled study of aripiprazole and haloperidol in schizophrenia. 11th Association of European Psychiatrists Congress. May 4‐8, Stockholm, Sweden. 2002.
Carson WH, Kane JM, Ali M, Dunbar GC, Ingenito G. Efficacy of aripiprazole in psychotic disorders: comparison with haloperidol and placebo. 13th Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology [CD‐ROM]: Conifer Excerpta Medica Medical Communications BV. P2075. 2000.
Daniel D, Stock E, Wilber C, Marcus R, Carson Jr WH, Manos G, Iwamoto T. Intramuscular Aripiprazole in acutely agitated psychotic patients. 157th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. May 1‐6; New York, USA. 2004.
Kane JM, Carson WH, Saha AR, McQuade RD, Ingenito GG, Zimbroff DL, Ali MW. Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole and Haloperidol versus placebo in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002;63:763‐71.
Kane JM, Ingenito G, Ali M. Efficacy of aripiprazole in psychoitc disorders: comparison with haloperidol and placebo. 153rd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. May 13‐8; Chicago, USA. 2000.
Kane JM, Ingenito G, Ali M. Efficacy of aripiprazole in psychotic disorders: comparison with haloperidol and placebo. 155th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. May 18‐23; Philadelphia, PA, USA. 2002.
Kane JM, Ingenito G, Ali M. Efficacy of aripiprazole in psychotic disorders: comparison with haloperidol and placebo. Abstracts of the XII CINP Congress, Brussels, Belgium, July 9‐13. 2000.

Klieser 1989 {published data only}

Klieser E, Lehmann E. Experimental examination of trazodone. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1989;12:S18‐24.

Marder 1994 {published data only}

Marder SR, Meibach RC. Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994;151:825‐35.

Nishikawa 1982 {published data only}

Nishikawa T, Tsuda A, Tanaka M, Koga I, Uchida Y. Prophylactic effect of neuroleptics in symptom‐free schizophrenics. Psychopharmacology 1982;77:301‐4.

Nishikawa 1984 {published data only}

Nishikawa T, Tsuda A, Tanaka M, Hoaki Y, Koga I, Uchida Y. Prophylactic effect of neuroleptics in symptom‐free schizophrenics: A comparative dose‐response study of haloperidol and propericiazine. Psychopharmacology 1984;82:153‐6.

Reschke 1974 {published data only}

Reschke RW. Parenteral haloperidol for rapid control of severe, disruptive symptoms of acute schizophrenia. Diseases of the Nervous System 1974;35:112‐5.

Selman 1976 {published data only}

Selman FB, McClure RF, Helwig H. Loxapine succinate: A double‐blind comparison with haloperidol and placebo in acute schizophrenics. Current Therapeutic Research 1976;19:645‐52.
Selman FB, McClure RF, Helwig H. Loxapine succinate: essai comparatif en double aveugle avec l'haloperidol et un placebo dans les psychoses aigues. Psychololgie Medicale 1979;11:1533‐40.

Serafetinides 1972 {published data only}

Sefafetinides EA, Willis D, Clark ML. Haloperidol, Clopenthixol and Chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenia: II The electroencephalographic effects of chemically unrelated antipsychotics. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1972;155:366‐9.
Serafentinides EA. Consistency and similarity of drug EEG responses in chronic schizophrenic patients. International Pharmacopsychiatry 1973;8:214‐6.
Serafetinides EA. Voltage laterality in the EEG of psychiatric patients. Diseases of the Nervous System 1973;34:190‐1.
Serafetinides EA, Clark ML. Psychological effects of single dose antipsychotic medication. Biological Psychiatry 1973;7:263‐7.
Serafetinides EA, Collins S, Clark ML. Haloperidol, Clopenthixol and Chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenia: Chemically unrelated antipsychotics as therapeutic alternatives. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1972;154:31‐42.

Simpson 1967 {published data only}

Simpson GM, Angus JWS, Edwards JG. A controlled study of haloperidol in chronic schizophrenia. Current Therapeutic Research 1967;9:407‐12.

Spencer 1992 {published data only}

Spencer E, Alpert M, Pouget E. Scales for the assessment of neuroleptic response in schizophrenic children: Specific measures derived from the CPRS. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1994;30:199‐202.
Spencer EK, Alpert M, Pouget ER. [Two sensitive and specific scales derived from the CPRS for assessing haloperidol response in hospitalised schizophrenic children]. Proceedings of 33rd Annual Meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit. June 1‐4th; Boca Raton, USA. 1993.
Spencer EK, Kafantaris V, Padron‐Gayol MV, Rosenberg CR, Campbell M. Haloperidol in schizophrenic children: Early findings from a study in progress. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1992;28:183‐6.

Vichaiya 1971 {published data only}

Vichaiya V. Clinical trial of haloperidol in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Association of Thailand 1971;16(1):31‐43.

References to studies excluded from this review

Ir a:

Alpert 1995 {published data only}

Alpert M, Pouget ER, Sison C, Yahia M, Allan E. Clinical and Acoustic Measures of the Negative Syndrome. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1995;31:312‐26.

Alphs 1993 {published data only}

Alphs LD. [Response of negative symptom subtypes to remoxipride]. Proceedings of 146th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. May 22‐27th; San Francisco, USA. 1993.

Arvanitis 2002 {published data only}

Arvanitis L, Bauer D, Rein W. Results of the metatrial project: efficacy and tolerability of four novel compounds in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (Abstracts of the 23rd Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum) 2002;5:S188.
Rein W, Arvanitis L. Antipsychotic effect of four different compounds ‐ results of the metatrial. Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;13:S95.

Augustin 1996 {published data only}

Augustin BG, Jann MW, Crabtree BL, Pitts WM, Carter JG. Plasma alpha‐one acid glycoprotein (AAG) and haloperidol (H) concentrations in schizophrenic patients. Proceedings of XXth Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum. June 23‐27th; Melbourne, Australia. 1996.

Azima 1960 {published data only}

Azima H, Durost H, Arthurs D. The effect of R‐1625 (Haloperidol) in mental syndromes: A multiblind study. American Journal of Psychiatry 1960;117:546‐7.

Ban 1969 {published data only}

Ban TA. Treatment of acute and chronic psychoses with haloperidol: review of clinical results. Current Therapeutic Research 1969;11(5):284‐8.

Bateman 1979 {published data only}

Bateman DN, Dutta DK, McCelland HA, Rawlins MD. Metoclopramide and haloperidol in tardive dyskinesia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1979;135:505‐8.

Ben‐dor 1998 {published data only}

Ben‐dor A, Gelkoph M. Vitamin E: An alternative to anticholinergic drugs?. Proceedings of 9th Congress of the Association of European Psychiatrists. September 20‐24th; Copenhagen, Denmark. 1998.

Beuzen 1996 {published data only}

Beuzen JN, Taylor N, Wesnes K, Wood A. Olanzapine ‐ cognitive and motor effects in healthy elderly. Proceedings of Xth World Congress of Psychiatry. August 23‐28th; Madrid, Spain. 1996.

Blum 1969 {published data only}

Blum RA, Livingston PB, Shader RI. Changes in cognition, attention and language in acute schizophrenia. Diseases of the Nervous System 1969;30:31‐6.

Brandrup 1961 {published data only}

Brandrup E, Kristjansen P. A controlled clinical test of a new psycholeptic drug (Haloperidol). British Journal of Psychiatry 1961;107:778‐82.

Browne 1988 {published data only}

Browne FWA, Cooper SJ, Wilson R, King DJ. Serum haloperidol levels and clinical response in chronic, treatment resistant schizophrenic patients. Journal of Psychopharmacology 1988;2:94‐103.

Buchsbaum 1992 {published data only}

Buchsbaum MS, Potkin SG, Siegel Jr BV, Lohr J, Katz M, Gottschalk LA, Gulasekaram B, Marshll JF, Lottenberg S, Teng CY, Plon L, Bunney WF. Striatal metabolic rate and clinical response to neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992;49:966‐74.

Caroli 1975 {published data only}

Caroli F, Littre‐Poirier MF, Ginestet D, Deniker P. Essai d'interruption des antiparkinsoniens dans les traitements neruoleptiques au long cours. L'Encephale 1975;1:69‐74.

Cho‐Boon 1989 {published data only}

Cho‐Boon S, Ying‐Chiao L, Jeng‐Ping H. [Haloperidol for schizophrenic inpatients with dosage regimens]. Proceedings of 8th World Congress of Psychiatry. October 12‐19th; Athens, Greece. 1989.

Contreas 1988 {published data only}

Contreas SA, Maas JW, Seleshi E, Bowden CL. Urine and plasma levels of dopamine metabolites in response to apomorphine and neuroleptics in schizophrenics. Biological Psychiatry 1988;24:815‐8.

Craft 1965 {published data only}

Craft M. A trial of haloperidol in schizophrenia. Clinical Trials Journal 1965;3:140‐2.

Crow 1986 {published data only}

Crow TJ, MacMillan JF, Johnson AL, Johnstone EC. II. A randomised controlled trial of prophylactic neuroleptic treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry 1986;148:120‐7.

Deberdt 1971 {published data only}

Deberdt R, Luyssaert W. Le traitement de psychoses dellrantes chroniques par la pipothiazine (19.366 RP) et l'ester palmitique de pipothiazine (19.55 RP). Proceedings of Vth World Congress of Psychiatry. November 28th ‐ December 4th; Cuidad de Mexico, Mexico. 1971.

Diamond 1991 {published data only}

Diamond BI, O'Neal E, Wang J, Borison RL. [Plasma homovanillic acid in schizophrenia]. Proceedings of 5th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry. June 9‐14th; Florence, Italy. 1991.
Diamond BI, O'Neal E, Wang J, Borison RL. [Plasma homovanillic acid and drug response in schizophrenia]. Proceedings of III International Congress on Schizophrenia Research. April 21‐25th; Tucson, USA. 1991.

Gelders 1986 {published data only}

Gelders Y, Ceulemans D, Hoppenbrouwers ML, Reyntjens A, Mesotten F. [Ritanserin, a selective serotonin antagonist in chronic schizophrenia]. Proceedings of IVth World Congress of Biological Psychiatry. September 8‐13th; Philadelphia, USA. 1985.
Gelders Y, Vanden Bussche G, Reytjens A, Janssen P. Serotonin S2 receptor blockers in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1986;9:325‐7.

Glovinsky 1992 {published data only}

Glovinsky D, Kirch DG, Wyatt RJ. Early antipsychotic response to resumption of neuroleptics in drug‐free chronic schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry 1992;31:968‐70.

Huygens 1973 {published data only}

Huygens H, Vereecken JLTM, Tanghe A. Dexetimide (R 16 470) in the control of neuroleptic‐induced extrapyramidal side‐effects: Its prophylactic value and duration of action. Psychiatria Neurologia Neurochirurgia 1973;76:251‐9.

Itil 1981 {published data only}

Itil TM, Shapiro D, Schneider SJ, Francis IB. Computerized EEG as a predictor of drug response in treatment resistant schizophrenics. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1981;169:629‐37.

Jolley 1990 {published data only}

Jolley AG, Hirsch SR, Morrison E, McRink A, Wilson L. Trial of brief intermittent neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenic outpatients: clinical and social outcome at two years. BMJ 1990;301:837‐42.

Kasper 1996 {published data only}

Kapser S. Negative symptoms and Sertindole. 9th Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Sep21‐25; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1996.
Wehnert A, Stilwell C, Mack R, Sloth‐Nielsen M. Extrapyramidal symptoms and sertindole ‐ analysis of three double‐blind, haloperidol‐referenced, phase III clinical trials. 10th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress. Sep 13‐17; Vienna, Austria. 1997.

Ko 1989 {published data only}

Ko GN, Korpi ER, Kirch DG. Haloperidol and reduced haloperidol concentrations in plasma and red blood cells from chronic schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1989;9:186‐90.

Kramer 1989 {published data only}

Kramer MS, Vogel WH, DiJohnson C, Dewey DA, Sheves P, Cavicchia S, Little P, Schmidt R, Kimes I. Antidepressants in 'depressed' schizophrenic inpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1989;46:922‐7.
Kramer MS, Voger WH, DiJohnson C, Sheves P, Cavicchia S, Litle P. Antidepressants in depressed schizophrenics. Proceedings of 141st American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. May 7‐12th; Quebec, Canada. 1998.

Kurland 1981 {published data only}

Kurland AA, Nagaraju A. Viloxazine and the depressed schizophrenic ‐ Methodological issues. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1981;21:37‐41.

Labarca 1993 {published data only}

Labarca R, Silva H, Jerez S, Ruiz, A, Forray MI, Gysling K, Andres ME, Bustos G, Castillo Y, Hono J. Differential effects of haloperidol on negative symptoms in drug naive schizophrenic patients: effects on plasma homovanillic acid. Schizophrenia Research 1993;9:29‐34.

Lee 1968 {published data only}

Lee H. Use of haloperidol in a "hard‐core" chronic schizophrenic population. Psychosomatics 1968;9:267‐71.

Lehmann 1967 {published data only}

Lehmann HE, Ban TA, Lee H. The effectiveness of combined phenothiazine and butyrophenone treatment in chronic schizophrenic patients. Current Therapeutic Research 1967;9:36‐7.

Lemmer 1993 {published data only}

Lemmer W, Klieser E, Klimke A. Experimental comparison of the efficacy of the dopamine autoreceptor agonist pramipexole versus haloperidol and placebo in acute schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry 1993;26:102.

Lindborg 2003 {published data only}

Lindborg SR, Beasley CM, Alaka K, Taylor CC. Effects of intramuscular olanzapine vs haloperidol and placebo on QTc intervals in acutely agitated patients. Psychiatry Research 2003;119:113‐23.

Magelund 1979 {published data only}

Magelund G, Gerlach J, Casey DE. Neuroleptic‐potentiating effect of alpha‐methyl‐p‐tyrosine compared with haloperidol and placebo in a double‐blind cross‐over trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandivica 1979;60:185‐9.

Malaspina 1997 {published data only}

Malaspina D, Johnson J, Bruder G, Gorman J, Kaufmann C, Amador X, Goetz R. [Brain laterality and haloperidol response in schizophrenia]. Proceedings of 52nd Annual Convention and Scientific Program of the Society of Biological Psychiatry. May 14‐18th; San Diego, USA. 1997.

Nagaraja 1977 {published data only}

Nagaraja J. Clinical use of haloperidol (Serenace) in child psychiatry. Child Psychiatry Quarterly 1977;10:14‐20.

Necomer 1992 {published data only}

Newcomer JW, Riney SJ, Vinogradov S, Csernansky JG. Plasma prolactin and homovanillic acid as markers for psychopathology and abnormal movements after neuroleptic dose decrease. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1992;28:101‐7.

Nguyen 1984 {published data only}

Nguyen J, Tamminga C, Alphs L, Stolk J, Heinrichs D, Carpenter WT. Acute and steady state kinetics of haloperidol in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1984;24:339.

Nth America 1997 {published data only}

Anderson C, True J, Ereshefsky L, Miller A. [Risperidone. Clinical efficacy: role of the metabolite 9‐hydroxy‐risperidone]. Proceedings of 33rd Annual Meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit. June 1‐4th; Boca Raton, USA. 1993.
Anderson CB, True J, Miller AL, Peters B, Velligan DI. [Risperidone dose, plasma levels and response]. Proceedings of 146th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. May 22‐27th; San Fransico, USA. 1993.
Lindenmayer JP. [Incidence of EPS with risperidone compared with haloperidol and placebo in patients with chronic schizophrenia]. Proceedings of 146th Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. May 22‐27th; San Fransico, USA. 1993.
Marder SR. [Risperidone: Clinical development: North American Results]. Proceedings of 18th Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum Congress; June 28th ‐ July 2nd; Nice, France. 1992.
Marder SR. [Risperidone: efficacy on positive and negative symptoms]. Proceedings of 1st International Risperidone Investigators Meeting; March 9‐10th; Paris, France. 1992.
Marder SR. [Risperidone: Efficacy]. Proceedings of a roundtable meeting: Update on Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonists in Psychiatry; January 7th; New Orleans, USA. 1994.
Marder SR. Risperidone: Clinical development: North American Results. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1992;15(1):S92‐3.
Marder SR, Chouinard G, Davis JM. [The clinical actions of risperidone]. Proceedings of 10th Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology; September 13‐17th; Vienna, Austria. 1997.
Marder SR, Chouinard G, Davis JM. [The clinical actions of risperidone]. Proceedings of 35th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; December 9‐13th; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1996.
Marder SR, Chouinard G, Davis JM. [The clinical actions of risperidone]. Proceedings of 6th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry; June 22‐27th; Nice, France. 1997.
Marder SR, Davis JM, Chouinard G. The effects of risperidone on the five dimensions of schizophrenia derived by factor analysis: combined results of the North American trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1997;58:538‐46.
McEvoy JP. Efficacy of risperidone on positive features of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994;55(5):S18‐21.
Meibach RC, Risperidone Study Group. [A fixed‐dose, parallel group study of risperidone vs haloperidol vs placebo]. Proceedings of 4th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research; April 17‐21st; Colorado Springs, USA. 1993.
Moller HJ. [Incidence of EPS under risperidone therapy]. Proceedings of 1st International Risperidone Investigators Meeting; March 9‐10th; Paris, France. 1992.
Schooler NR. [Negative symptoms, risperidone and dose]. Proceedings of 146th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting; May 22‐27th; San Fransico, USA. 1993.
Schooler NR. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia:assessment of the effect of risperidone. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994;55(5):S22‐8.
Simpson GM, Lindenmayer JP. Extrapyramidal Symptoms in patients treated with risperidone. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997;17:194‐201.

Okasha 1964 {published data only}

Okasha A, Tewfik GI. Haloperidol: A controlled clinical trial in chronic disturbed psychotic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1964;110:56‐60.

Ortega‐Soto 1994 {published data only}

Ortega‐Soto HA, Brunner E, Apiquian R, de la Torre P. [Therapeutic minimum dose of haloperidol (HLP) in schizophrenia]. Proceedings of XIXth Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Congress; June 27th ‐ July 1st; Washington DC, USA. 1994.

Ota 1973 {published data only}

Ota KY, Kurland AA. A double‐blind comparison of haloperidol oral concentrate, haloperidol solutabs and placebo in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1973;13:99‐110.

Pathiraja 1995 {published data only}

Pathiraja AP, Diamond BI, Borison RL, Meibach RC, Anand R. [Relationship between creatine phosphokinase, psychotic symptoms and novel antipsychotic drugs]. Proceedings of 5th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research; April 6‐12th; Wormsprings, USA. 1995.

Pool 1976 {published data only}

Pool D, Bloom W, Mielker DH, Roniger JJ, Gallant DM. A controlled evaluation of loxitane in seventy‐five adolescent schizophrenic patients. Current Therapeutic Research 1976;19:99‐104.

Potkin 1984 {published data only}

Potkin SG, Shen YC, Pardes H, Zhou DF, Phelps B, Shu L, Poland R. [Failure of insulin coma and presence of a therapeutic window for haloperidol in chinese schizophrenics]. Proceedings of 14th (CINP) Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Congress; June 19‐23rd; Florence, Italy. 1984.

Potkin 1995 {published data only}

Potkin S, Wu J, Anand R, Bear R, Carreon D, Hartman R, Keator D. Neuroimaging to evaluate atypical antipsychotic compounds: An FDG PET study of SDZ MAR 327. Proceedings of XXth Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum; June 23‐27th; Melbourne, Australia. 1996.
Potkin S, Wu J, Fallon F, Anand R, Hartman R, Bear R, Carreon D, Telford J, Plon L, Keator D. Functional Neuroimaging to evaluate atypical antipsychotic compounds: An FDG PET study of SDZ MAR 327. Proceedings of 8th ENCP (European College of Neuropsychopharmacology) Congress; September 30th ‐ October 4th; Venice, Italy. 1995.

Potkin 2000 {published data only}

Potkin SG, Basile VS, Badri F, Keator D, Wu JC, Alva G, Doo M, Bunney Jr WE, Kennedy JL. D1 receptor alleles predict PET metabolic correlates of clinical response to clozapine. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;3:S6.

Price 1985 {published data only}

Price W, Giannini AJ, Loiselle R. [Antischizophrenia effects of verapamil]. Proceedings of IVth World Congress of Biological Psychiatry; September 8‐13th; Philadelphia, USA. 1985.

Price 1987 {published data only}

Price WA. Antipsychotic effects of Verapamil in schizophrenia. Hillside Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1987;9:225‐30.

Rees 1965 {published data only}

Rees L, Davies B. A study of the value of haloperidol in the management and treatment of schizophrenic and manic patients. International Journal of Neuropsychiatry 1965;1(3):263‐6.

Roitman 1989 {published data only}

Rothman G, Levine J, Bermudas Y, Bel maker RH. An adenylate cyclase inhibitor in the treatment of excited psychosis. Human Psychopharmacology 1998;13:121‐5.

Ruskin 1991 {published data only}

Ruskin PE, Nyman G. Discontinuation of neuroleptic medication in older, outpatient schizophrenics: A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1991;179:212‐5.

Samuels 1961 {published data only}

Samuels S. A controlled study of haloperidol: the effects of small dosages. Clinical Notes 1961;118:253‐4.

Singh 1972 {published data only}

Singh MM, Discipo WJ. Changes in staff anxiety and attitudes during a double blind study of haloperidol in acute schizophrenics within a structured milieu. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1972;155(4):245‐56.

Soloff 1986 {published data only}

Soloff PH, George A, Swami NR, Schulz P, Ulrich RF, Perel JM. Progress in pharmacotherapy of borderline disorders: a double‐blind study of amitriptyline, haloperidol, and placebo. Pharmacotherapy 1986;43:691‐7.

Stankovska 2002 {published data only}

Stankovska GN. The effects of risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. XIIth World Congress of Psychiatry; Aug 24‐9; Yokohama, Japan. 2002.

Taverna 1972 {published data only}

Taverna P, Ghisoni T, Poggi E. Etude controlee de l'activite antipsychotique du dogmatil. Psychologie Medicale 1972;4:811‐8.

Teja 1975 {published data only}

Teja JS, Grey WH, Clum JM, Warren C. Tranquilzers or anti‐depressants for chronic schizophrenics: a long term study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1975;9:241‐7.

Van Lommel 1974 {published data only}

Van Lommel R, Baro F, Dom R. The influence of haloperidol and penfluridol on the learning capacity of the schizophrenic. Arzneimittelforschung 1974;24:1072‐4.

Volavka 1992 {published data only}

Czobor P, Volavka J. Dimensions of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: An examination of stability during haloperidol treatment. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1996;37:201‐15.
Czobor P, Volavka J. Positive and negative symptoms: Is their change related?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1996;22:577‐90.
Volavka J, Cooper T, Czobor P, Bitter I, Meisner M, Laska E, Gastanga P, Krakowski M, Chan JC, Crowner M, et al. Haloperidol blood levels and clinical effects. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992;49:354‐61.

Zimbroff 1997 {published data only}

Baker R, Mack R, Morris D, Sebree T, Kashkin K. The efficacy and safety of three doses of sertindole versus three doses of haloperidol in schizophrenic patients. Proceedings of 9th ENCP (European College of Neuropsychopharmacology) Congress; September 21‐25th; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1996.
Bera RB, Potkin SG. [Brain imaging to determine the effects of sertindole in schizophrenic patients]. Proceedings of 4th International Conference Schizophrenia: Breaking down the Barriers; October 6‐9th; Vancouver BC, Canada. 1996.
Daniel D, Targum S, Zimbroff D, Mack R, Zborowski J, Morris D, Sebree T, Wallin B. Efficacy, safety, and dose response of three doses of sertindole and three doses of haldol in schizophrenic patients. Proceedings of 34th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; December 11‐15th; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1995.
Glick ID, Ramirez L, McCarthy BG, Kohlbeck P. [Extrapyramidal symptom profile of sertindole]. Proceedings of 53rd Annual Convention and Scientific Program of the Society of Biological Psychiatry; May 27‐31st; Toronto, Canada. 1998.
Larson GK, Mack RJ, Zborowski J, Morris DD, Sebree TB, Wallin BA. Three doses each of sertindole and haloperidol in schizophrenics. Proceedings of Xth World Congress of Psychiatry; August 23‐28th; Madrid, Spain. 1996.
Mack R, Zborowski J, Morris D, Sebree T, Wallin B. [Efficacy, safety and dose response of three doses of sertindole and three doses of haldol in schizophrenic patients]. Proceedings of 34th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; December 11‐15th; San Juan, Puerto ‐Rico. 1995.
Potkin SG, Zborowski J, Joseph N, Wu C, Mack RJ, Sebree TB, Wallin BA. [Brain Imaging to determine the effects of sertindole in schizophrenic patients]. Proceedings of 149th Annual Meeting American Psychiatric Association; May 4‐9th. 1996.
Schulz SC, Mack R, Zborowski J, Morris D, Sebree T, Wallin B. [Efficacy, safety and dose response of three doses of sertindole and three doses of haldol in schizophrenic patients]. Proceedings of 8th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia, Crans Montana; March 16‐22nd; Switzerland. 1996.
Tamminga C, Mack RJ, Zborowski JG, Morris D, Sebree B. Efficacy and safety of three doses of sertindole and haldol in schizophrenic patients. Proceedings of XXth Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum; June 23‐27th; Melbourne, Australia. 1996.
Tamminga CA, Mack RA, Granneman GR, Silber CJ, Kashkin KB. Sertindole in the treatment of psychosis in schizophrenia: efficacy and safety. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997;12:S29‐35.
Targum S, Zborowski J, Schmitz HM, Sebree T, Wallin B. [Efficacy and safety of sertindole in two double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials of schizophrenic patients]. Proceedings of 8th ENCP (European College of Neuropsychopharmacology) Congress; September 30th ‐ October 4th; Venice, Italy. 1995.
Zimbroff D, Mack RJ, Zborowski JG, Morris DD. The efficacy and safety of three doses of sertindole versus three doses of haloperidol in schizophrenic patients. Proceeding of 149th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting; May 4‐9th. 1996.
Zimbroff DL, Kane JM, Tamminga CA, Daniel DG, Mack RJ, Wozniak PJ, Sebree TB, Wallin BA, Kashkin KB, Sertindole Study Group. Controlled, dose‐response study of sertindole and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997;154(6):782‐91.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Ir a:

Akhondzadeh 2005 {published data only}

Akhondzadeh S, Safarcherati A, Amini H. Beneficial antipsychotic effects of allopurinol as add‐on therapy for schizophrenia: a DOUBLE BLIND, RANDOMized and PLACEBO controlled trial. Progress in Neuro‐Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2005;29(2):253‐9. [MEDLINE: 15694232]

Allison 2007 {published data only}

Allison D, Loebel A, Lombardo I, Siu C. Effect of regression to the mean on drug‐induced weight change. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2007;33(2):418.

Andrezina 2006a {published data only}

Andrezina R, Marcus RN, Oren DA, Manos G, Stock E, Carson WH, et al. Intramuscular aripiprazole or haloperidol and transition to oral therapy in patients with agitation associated with schizophrenia: sub‐analysis of a DOUBLE‐BLIND study. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2006;22(11):2209‐19. [MEDLINE: 17076982]

Ascher‐Svanum 2005 {published data only}

Ascher‐Svanum H, Stensland MD, Kinon BJ, Tollefson GD. Weight gain as a prognostic indicator of therapeutic improvement during acute treatment of schizophrenia with PLACEBO or active antipsychotic. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2005;19(6 Suppl):110‐7. [MEDLINE: 16280344]

AstraZeneca 2001 {published data only}

AstraZeneca. A multicentre, DOUBLE‐BLIND, RANDOMised trial to compare the effects of quetiapine and haloperidol treatment strategies on treatment outcomes (5077IL/0050 ESTO ). http://www.clinicalstudyresults.org/2001.

Barbee 1992 {published data only}

Barbee JG, Mancuso DM, Freed CR, Todorov AA. "Alprazolam as a neuroleptic adjunct in the emergency treatment of schizophrenia": correction. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992;149(8):1129.

Battaglia 2005 {published data only}

Battaglia J, Houston JP, Ahl J, Meyers AL, Kaiser CJ. A post hoc analysis of transitioning to oral treatment with olanzapine or haloperidol after 24‐hour intramuscular treatment in acutely agitated adult patients with schizophrenia. Clinical Therapeutics 2005;27(10):1612‐8. [MEDLINE: 16330297]

Baymiller 2002 {published data only}

Baymiller SP, Ball P, Mcmahon RP, Buchanan RW. Weight and blood pressure change during clozapine treatment. Clinical Neuropharmacology 2002;25(4):202‐6. [MEDLINE: 12151907]

Bech 2010 {published data only}

Bech P, Tanghoj P, Andreasson KT, Overo K. Sertindole and haloperidol revisited; the psychometric triangle. Schizophrenia Research 2010;117(2‐3):259.

Bersudsky 2006 {published data only}

Bersudsky Y. Phenytoin: an anti‐bipolar anticonvulsant?. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2006;9(4):479‐84.

Bogeum 2008 {published data only}

Bogeum KK, Shim J‐C, Lee S‐K. The effect of cyp2d6/3a5 genotypes on plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and haloperidol. Proceedings of the 161st Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2008 May 3‐8; Washington DC, USA. 2008.

Bristol‐Myers 2004 {published data only}

Bristol‐Myers S. A RANDOMized, DOUBLE‐BLIND comparison of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole intramuscular formula, haloperidol, or PLACEBO in the treatment of acutely agitated patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. http://www.clinicalstudyresults.org/2004.

Cai 2009 {published data only}

Cai H. Bezoar xiexin tang for schizophrenia. Stanley Foundation Research Programs2009.

Cao 2006 {published data only}

Cao K‐S, Yao J, Li L‐H. Safety and efficacy of ziprasidone and haloperidol in patients with schizophrenia [齐哌西酮与氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症的疗效和安全性比较]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies [中国新药与临床杂志] 2006;25(6):431‐4.

Chou 1998 {published data only}

Chou JC, Douyon R, Czobor P, Volavka J, Cooper TB. Change in plasma prolactin and clinical response to haloperidol in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Research 1998;81(1):51‐5. [MEDLINE: 1999045115]

Czobor 1992 {published data only}

Czobor P, Volavka J. Level of haloperidol in plasma is related to electroencephalographic findings in patients who improve. Psychiatry Research 1992;42(2):129‐44. [MEDLINE: 92335471]

Daniel 2004 b {published data only}

Kungel M, Daniel D, Stock E, Wilber R, Marcus R, Carson W, et al. Efficacy and safety of intramuscular aripiprazole in acutely agitated patients with psychosis. Proceedings of the Thematic Conference of the World Psychiatric Association on "Treatments in Psychiatry: An Update"; 2004 Nov 10‐13; Florence, Italy. 2004.
Kungel M, Daniel D, Stock E, Wilber R, Marcus R, Carson W, et al. Efficacy and safety of intramuscular aripiprazole in acutely agitated patients with psychosis. Proceedings of the Thematic Conference of the World Psychiatric Association on "Treatments in Psychiatry: An Update"; 2004 Nov 10‐13; Florence, Italy. 2004.
Modell S, Daniel D, Stock E, Wilber R, Marcus R, Carson W, et al. Intramuscular aripiprazole treatment for acute agitation in patients with psychosis. Proceedings of the 24th Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Congress; 2004 June 20–24; Paris, France2004.
Tran‐Johnson TK, Sack DA, Marcus RN, Auby P, McQuade RD, Oren DA. Efficacy and safety of intramuscular aripiprazole in patients with acute agitation: a RANDOMized, DOUBLE‐BLIND, PLACEBO‐controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2007;68(1):111‐9. [MEDLINE: 17284138]
Yocca F, Daniel D, Stock E, Oren D, Marcus R, Carson W, et al. Efficacy and safety of intramuscular aripiprazole treatment for acute agitation in patients with psychosis. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuro‐Psychopharmacology; 2004 Dec 12‐16; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2004.

Daniel 2007 {published data only}

Daniel DG, Currier GW, Zimbroff DL, Allen MH, Oren D, Manos G, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral aripiprazole compared with haloperidol in patients transitioning from acute treatment with intramuscular formulations. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2007;13(3):170‐7. [MEDLINE: 17522560]

Dillenschneider 2005a {published data only}

Dillenschneider A, Oren D, Marcus R, Kostic D, McQuade R, Iwamoto T, et al. Intramuscular aripiprazole in acute schizophrenia: a pivotal phase III study. Proceedings of the 18th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress; 2005 Oct 22‐26; Amsterdam, Netherlands2005.

Eklund 1990 {published data only}

Eklund K. Low dose of haloperidol decanoate is effective against relapses in schizophrenia patients. A DOUBLE‐BLIND PLACEBO controlled study. Proceedings of the 17th Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Congress; 1990 Sep 10‐14; Kyoto, Japan. 1990:287.

Eli 2005 {published data only}

Eli LandC. A DOUBLE‐BLIND RANDOMized comparison of the efficacy and safety of short acting intramuscular olanzapine, short acting intramuscular haloperidol and intramuscular PLACEBO in patients with schizophrenia. http://www.clinicalstudyresults.org/2005.

Eli 2005a {published data only}

Eli LandC. A DOUBLE‐BLIND dose‐response study comparing short acting intramuscular olanzapine, short acting intramuscular haloperidol, and intramuscular PLACEBO in patients with schizophrenia. http://www.clinicalstudyresults.org/2005.

Garcia 2009 {published data only}

Garcia E, Robert M, Peris F, Nakamura H, Sato N, Terazawa Y. The efficacy and safety of blonanserin compared with haloperidol in acute‐phase schizophrenia: a RANDOMized, DOUBLE‐BLIND, PLACEBO‐controlled, multicentre study. CNS Drugs 2009;23(7):615‐25. [MEDLINE: 19552488]

GlaxoSmithKline 2005 {published data only}

GlaxoSmithKline. A RANDOMized, DOUBLE‐BLIND, PLACEBO‐controlled, crossover evaluation of the effects of GR68755C on plasma levels of haloperidol in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. http://www.clinicalstudyresults.org/2005.

Herrera 2005 {published data only}

Herrera M. DOUBLE‐BLIND study with risperidone vs haloperidol in schizophrenic patients with agitation and/or aggression. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress of Psychiatry; 2005 Sep 10‐15; Cairo, Egypt. 2005.

IRCT138809201457N6 {published data only}

IRCT138809201457N6. Celecoxib add‐on therapy compared to haloperidol alone in schizophrenia: A DOUBLE‐BLIND, RANDOMized, PLACEBO‐controlled clinical trial. http://www.irct.ir/2004.

IRCT138809201457N7 {published data only}

IRCT138809201457N7. Beneficial antipsychotic effects of ascorbic acid add‐on therapy compared to halloperidol alone in schizophrenia, (a RANDOMized, DOUBLE‐BLIND, PLACEBO‐controlled clinical trial). http://www.irct.ir/2003.

Jung 2007 {published data only}

Jung D, Shin J, Kelly DL, Seo Y, Liu K, Sohn J, et al. Drug interactions between aripiprazole and haloperidol: DOUBLE BLIND, PLACEBO controlled study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2007;33(2):434‐5.

Kane 2008 {published data only}

Kane J, Zhao J, Cohen M, Panagides J. Efficacy and safety of asenapine in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2008;98:14.

Kane 2010 {published data only}

Kane JM, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Panagides J. Efficacy and safety of asenapine in a PLACEBO‐ and haloperidol‐controlled trial in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2010;30(2):106‐15.

Kapur 2004 {published data only}

Kapur S. Linking the biology, phenomenology and pharmacology of psychosis ‐ a feasible project or just a delusion. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;14(Suppl 3):S155.

Kapur 2005 {published data only}

Kapur S, Arenovich T, Agid O, Zipursky R, Lindborg S, Jones B. Evidence for onset of antipsychotic effects within the first 24 hours of treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005;162(5):939‐46. [MEDLINE: 15863796]

Kim 2005 {published data only}

Kim Y, Shim JC, Suh YS, Lee BJ. A 12 week, double ‐ blind, PLACEBO controlled trial of donepezil adjunctive to haloperidol for the cognitive impairments in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005;31:490.
Kim YH, Lee BJ. A 12 week, DOUBLE‐BLIND, PLACEBO controlled trial of donepezil adjunctive to haloperidol for the cognitive impairments in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress of Psychiatry; 2005 Sep 10‐15; Cairo, Egypt. 2005.

Kujawa 2002 {published data only}

Archibald DG, Kostic D, Manos G, Stock EG, Jody DN, Tourkodimitris S, et al. Effects of long‐term aripiprazole therapy on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia; 2004 Feb 7‐13; Davos, Switzerland. 2004.
Crandall D, Pikalov A, Kostic D, Kaplita S, Berman R, McQuade R, et al. Is sedation needed for effective reduction of acute schizophrenia symptoms?. Proceedings of the 158th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2005 May 21‐26; Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 2005.
Kane JM, Swyzen W, Wu X, McQuade R, Gutierrez‐Esteinou R, Van Tran Q, et al. Long‐term symptomatic remission in schizophrenia patients treated with aripiprazole or haloperidol. Proceedings of the 159th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2006 May 20‐25; Toronto, Canada. 2006.
Kostic D, Marcus RN, Stock EG, Carson WH, Tourkodimitris S, Archibald DG. Maintenance of response in chronic schizophrenia: effects of aripiprazole and haloperidol on affective symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005;31:492.
Marder SR, Archibald DG, Manos G, Stock EG, Jody DN, Tourkodimitris S, et al. Long‐term effects of aripiprazole therapy on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Proceedings of the 24th Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Congress; 2004 June 20–24; Paris, France2004.
Stock EG, Archibald DG, Tourkodimitris S, Kujawa MJ, Marcus R, Carson WH. Long‐term effects of aripiprazole on affective symptoms of schizophrenia. Proceedings of the 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2003 May 17–22; San Francisco, California, USA2003.

Lee 2007 {published data only}

Lee B‐J, Lee J‐G, Kim Y‐H. A 12‐week, DOUBLE‐BLIND, PLACEBO‐controlled trial of donepezil as an adjunct to haloperidol for treating cognitive impairments in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2007;21(4):421‐7. [MEDLINE: 17092979]

Li 2007 {published data only}

Li C, Zhu S, Wang H, Chen H, Yu Y, Liu D, et al. Safety and efficacy of clonazepam, haloperidol and haloperidol combined with clonazepam in the [氯硝西泮、氟哌啶醇及其联合治疗对精神分裂症激越症状疗效的比较]. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry [上海精神医学] [上海精神醫學] 2007;19(3):150‐2.

Liang 1987 {published data only}

Liang S. Comparison of therapeutic effects between haloperidol and insulin coma for schizophrenia and the optimal blood level of haloperidol. Chinese Journalof Neurology and Psychiatry 1987;20(1):43‐8.

Maoz 2000 {published data only}

Maoz G, Stein D, Meged S, Kurzman L, Levine J, Valevski A, et al. The antiaggressive action of combined haloperidol‐propranolol treatment in schizophrenia. European Psychologist 2000;5(4):312‐25.

Marder 1991 {published data only}

Marder S. Risperidone versus haloperidol versus PLACEBO in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Clinical Research Report RIS‐INT‐31991.

Marder 1996 {published data only}

Marder SR, Chouinard G, Davis JM. The clinical actions of risperidone. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; 1996 Dec 9‐13; San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1996.

Marder 1997 {published data only}

Marder SR, Chouinard G, Davis JM. The clinical actions of risperidone. Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopahrmacology; 1997 Sep 13‐17, Vienna, Austria. 1997.

Marder 1997a {published data only}

Marder SR, Chouinard G, Davis JM. The clinical actions of risperidone. Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry; 1997 Jun 22‐27; Nice, France. 1997.

Marder 1997b {published data only}

Marder SR, Davis JM, Chouinard G. The effects of risperidone on the five dimensions of schizophrenia derived by factor analysis: combined results of the North American trials. Journal of Clinical Psychological Medicine [临床精神医学杂志] 1997;58(12):538‐46.

McQuade 2006 {published data only}

McQuade R, Auby P, Oren D, Marcus R, Kostic D, Iwamoto T, et al. Intramuscular aripiprazole in acute schizophrenia: a DOUBLE‐BLIND, PLACEBO‐controlled comparison with IM haloperidol. Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia Research; 2006 Feb 4‐10; Davos, Switzerland. 2006.

McQuade 2006a {published data only}

McQuade R, Auby P, Oren D, Marcus R, Kostic D, Iwamoto T, et al. Intramuscular aripiprazole in acute schizophrenia: A double‐blfnd, PLACEBO‐controlled comparison with IM haloperidol. Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia Research; 2006 Feb 4‐10; Davos, Switzerland. Davos, SWITZERLAND: Elsevier Science Bv, 2006:57‐8.

Meehan 2001 {published data only}

Meehan K, Alaka KJ, Birkett M, Breier A, David S, Ferchland I, et al. Short‐acting intramuscular olanzapine in acutely agitated schizophrenic patients: A RANDOMized DOUBLE BLIND trial vs. PLACEBO and halperidol. Psychosomatics 2001;42(2):197‐8.

Meltzer 2006 {published data only}

Meltzer HY. Testing multiple novel mechanisms for treating schizophrenia in a single trial. In: Cummings JL editor(s). Progress in Neurotherapeutics and Neuropsychopharmacology. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2006:115‐20.

Meltzer 2008 {published data only}

Meltzer H, Peters P, Elkis H, Ruschel S, Rosenthal M, Mills R. Co‐therapy with pimavanserin and risperidone 2 mg provides an improved clinical profile. Schizophrenia Research 2008;98:16.

Modell 2004 {published data only}

Modell S, Daniel D, Stock E, Wilber R, Marcus R, Carson W, et al. Intramuscular aripiprazole treatment for acute agitation in patients with psychosis. Proceedings of the 24th Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Congress; 2004 June 20–24; Paris, France2004.

Mossaheb 2006 {published data only}

Mossaheb N, Sacher J, Wiesegger G, Klein N, Spindelegger CJ, Asenbaum S, et al. Haloperidol in combination with clozapine in treatment‐refractory patients with schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2006;16(Suppl 4):S416.

NCT00018850 {published data only}

NCT00018850. 5HT3 antagonism and auditory gating in schizophrenia. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov2001.

NCT00044044 {published data only}

NCT00044044. A 6‐week, DOUBLE‐BLIND, RANDOMized, fixed‐dose, parallel‐group study of the efficacy and safety of three dose levels of SM‐13496 compared to PLACEBO and haloperidol in patients with schizophrenia who are experiencing an acute exacerbation of symptoms. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov2002.

NCT00156065 {published data only}

NCT00156065. A multicenter, DOUBLE‐BLIND, flexible dose, long‐term extension trial of the safety and maintenance of effect of asenapine using a haloperidol positive control in subjects who complete protocol 041023. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov2005.

NCT00189995 {published data only}

NCT00189995. Intramuscular clozapine in the management of aggression in schizophrenic patients. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov2005.

NCT00249132 {published data only}

NCT00249132. Risperidone versus haloperidol versus PLACEBO in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov2005.

NCT00947375 {published data only}

NCT00947375. Lamictal TM, haloperidol decanoate in schizophrenia. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov2009.

NCT01161277 {published data only}

NCT01161277. Effects of Aripiprazole and Haloperidol on Mesolimbic System Functioning (Arip_200901). http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT011612772010.

Octavio 2004 {published data only}

Octavio I, Stock EG, Archibald DG, Tourkodimitris S, Kujawa MJ, Marcus R, et al. Long‐term effects of aripiprazole on affective symptoms of schizophrenia. Proceedings of the 24th Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Congress; 2004 June 20–24; Paris, France2004.

Oren 2005 {published data only}

Andrezina R, Josiassen RC, Marcus RN, Oren DA, Manos G, Stock E, et al. Intramuscular aripiprazole for the treatment of acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a DOUBLE‐BLIND, PLACEBO‐controlled comparison with intramuscular haloperidol. Psychopharmacology 2006;188(3):281‐92. [MEDLINE: 16953381]
Citrome LL, Vester‐Blokland E, Archibald D, McQuade R, Kostic D, Pikalov A, et al. Benefits of a second dose of intramuscular (IM) aripiprazole to control agitation in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder. Proceedings of the 159th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2006 May 20‐25; Toronto, Canada. 2006.
Dillenschneider A, Oren D, Marcus R, Kostic D, McQuade R, Iwamoto T, et al. Comparison of intramuscular aripiprazole and haloperidol with PLACEBO in acutely agitated schizophrenia patients. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;15(Suppl 3):S509.
Oren D, Marcus R, Kostic D, McQuade R, Iwamoto T, Archibald D. Efficacy and safety of intramuscular aripiprazole, haloperidol or PLACEBO in acutely agitated patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Proceedings of the 158th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2005 May 21‐26; Atlanta, Georgia, USA2005.
Oren D, Marcus R, Kostic D, McQuade R, Iwamoto T, Archibald D. Efficacy and safety of intramuscular aripiprazole, haloperidol or PLACEBO in acutely agitated patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005;31:499.
Yocca F, Marcus R, Oren D, Manos G, Carson W, Iwamoto T, et al. Intramuscular aripiprazole in acute schizophrenia: a pivotal phase III study. Proceedings of the 158th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2005 May 21‐26; Atlanta, Georgia, USA2005.

Oren 2007 {published data only}

Oren DA, Marcus RN, Manos G, Carson WH, McQuade D. Non‐inferiority of intramuscular aripiprazole versus intramuscular haloperidol for the treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2007;33(2):451.

Oren 2007a {published data only}

Oren DA, Manos G, Markovic O, McQuade RD. Intramuscular aripiprazole for the treatment of acute agitation associated with schizophrenia: Sub‐analysis of a DOUBLE‐BLIND, controlled, dose‐ranging study. European Psychiatry 2007;22:S124‐S.

Potkin 2008 {published data only}

Potkin SG, Litman RE, Torres R, Wolfgang CD. Efficacy of iloperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: initial phase 3 studies. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2008;28(2 Suppl 1):S4‐S11.

Romeo 2009 {published data only}

Romeo R, Knapp M, Tyrer P, Crawford M, Oliver‐Africano P. The treatment of challenging behaviour in intellectual disabilities: cost‐effectiveness analysis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2009;53:633‐43.

Shim 2007 {published data only}

Shim JC, Jae YM, Shin JG, Jung DW, Seo YS, Liu KH, et al. Drug interactions between aripiprazole and haloperidol: DOUBLE BLIND PLACEBO controlled study. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2007;17(Suppl 4):S438.

Veser 2006 {published data only}

Chou JC, Douyon R, Czobor P, Volavka J, Cooper TB. Change in plasma prolactin and clinical response to haloperidol in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Research 1998;81(1):51‐5. [MEDLINE: 1999045115]
Veser FH, Veser BD, McMullan JT, Zealberg J, Currier GW. Risperidone versus haloperidol, in combination with lorazepam, in the treatment of acute agitation and psychosis: a pilot, RANDOMized, DOUBLE‐BLIND, PLACEBO‐controlled trial. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2006;12(2):103‐8. [MEDLINE: 16728906]

Wilson 1994 {published data only}

Wilson WH. Open clozapine treatment following a controlled clinical trial of lithium augmentation of haloperidol for refractory schizophrenia. Lithium 1994;5(2):113‐4.

Zhan 2000 {published data only}

Zhan Y, Xu X, Guo Y. The relationship between the schizophrenia and the immune index [精神分裂症左施咪唑涂布剂治疗后免疫指标与精神症状的关系]. 中国民政医学杂志 2000;12(2):69‐71.

Zhang 2002 {published data only}

Zhang XY, Zhou DF, Zhang PY. Extract of ginkgo biloba added to haloperidol was effective for positive symptoms in refractory schizophrenia. Evidence‐Based Mental Health 2002;5(3):90.

Zhang 2006 {published data only}

Zhang Z‐J, Kang W‐H, Li Q, Wang X‐Y, Yao S‐M, Ma A‐Q. Beneficial effects of ondansetron as an adjunct to haloperidol for chronic, treatment‐resistant schizophrenia: a DOUBLE‐BLIND, RANDOMized, PLACEBO‐controlled study. Schizophrenia Research 2006;88(1‐3):102‐10. [MEDLINE: 16959472]

Zhang 2006a {published data only}

Zhang XY, Zhou DF, Cao LY, Wu GY. The effects of ginkgo biloba extract added to haloperidol on peripheral T cell subsets in drug‐free schizophrenia: a DOUBLE‐BLIND, PLACEBO‐controlled trial. Psychopharmacology 2006;188(1):12‐7. [MEDLINE: 16906395]

Zimbroff 1998 {published data only}

Zimbroff DL, Kane JM, Tamminga CA. "Sertindole versus haloperidol for schizophrenia": Dr. Zimbroff and colleagues reply. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998;155(9):1303‐4.

汪莉, 2009 {published data only}

汪莉, 张斌, 徐乐平, 施建安, 邵亚琴. A clinical study on aripiprzole in the treatment of female hyperprolactinemia by haloperidol [阿立哌唑治疗氟哌啶醇所致女性高催乳素血症的临床研究]. Chinese Journal of Health Psychology [中国健康心理学杂志] 2009;17(2):194‐5.

George 2000 {published data only}

A double‐blind randomised comparison of the efficacacy and safety of short acting intramuscular olanzapine, short acting intramuscular haloperidol and intramuscular placebo in patients with schizophrenia. Ongoing study2000.

Paykel 2000 {published data only}

Prophylaxis of puerperal psychosis. Ongoing study2000.

Altman 1996

Altman DG, Bland JM. Detecting skewness from summary information. BMJ 1996;313:1200.

Awad 1997

Awad GA, Voruganti LNP, Heslegrave RJ. Measuring quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. PharmacoEconomics 1997;11:32‐47.

Ayd 1972

Ayd FJ. Haloperidol: fifteen years of clinical experience. Diseases of the Nervous System 1972;33:459‐69.

Ayd 1978

Ayd FJ. Haloperidol: twenty years' clinical experience. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1978;39:807‐14.

Begg 1996

Begg C, Cho M, Eastwood S, Horton R, Moher D, Olkin I, Pitkin R, Rennie D, Schulz KF, Simel D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials: the CONSORT statement. JAMA 1996;276(8):637‐9.

Bland 1997

Bland JM. Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters. BMJ 1997;315:600.

Carpenter 1994

Carpenter WT, Buchanan RW. Schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330:681‐90.

Dally 1967

Dally P. Chemotherapy of Psychiatric Disorders. Logo Press Limited1967.

Divine 1992

Divine GW, Brown JT, Frazier LM. The unit of analysis error in studies about physicians' patient care behavior. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1992;7(6):623‐9.

Donner 2002

Donner A, Klar N. Issues in the meta‐analysis of cluster randomized trials. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21:2971‐80.

Gulliford 1999

Gulliford MC. Components of variance and intraclass correlations for the design of community‐based surveys and intervention studies: data from the Health Survey for England 1994. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;149:876‐83.

Higgins 2003

Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557‐60.

Higgins 2005

Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The Cochrane Collaboration. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2005, issue 4.2.5.

Jablensky 1992

Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, Day R, Bertelsen A. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten‐country study. Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement 1992;20:1‐97.

Marshall 2000

Marshall M, Lockwood A, Bradley C, Adams C, Joy C, Fenton M. Unpublished rating scales: a major source of bias in randomised controlled trials of treatments for schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000;176:249‐52.

Overall 1962

Overall JE, Gorham DR. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports 1962;10:799‐812.

Quraishi 1999

Quraishi S, David A. Depot haloperidol decanoate for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001361]

Settle 1983

Settle EC, Ayd FJ. Haloperidol: a quarter century of experience. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1983;44:440‐8.

Thornley 1998a

Thornley B, Adams C. Content and quality of 2000 controlled trials in schizophrenia over 50 years. BMJ 1998;317:1181‐4.

Thornley 1998b

Thornley B, Adams CE, Awad G. Chlorpromazine versus placebo for those with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000284.pub2]

Thornley 2001

Thornley B, Adams CE, Awad G. Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000284.pub2]

Ukoumunne 1999

Ukoumunne OC, Gulliford MC, Chinn S, Sterne JAC, Burney PGJ. Methods for evaluating area‐wide and organistation‐based intervention in health and health care: a systematic review. Health Technology Assessment 1999;3(5):1‐75.

Waddington 1997

Waddington JL, Scully PJ, O'Callaghan E. The new antipsychotics, and their potential for early intervention in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1997;28:207‐22.

Waraich 2001

Waraich P, Soares K, Marti J, Roque M. Haloperidol dose for exacerbation of schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001951]

Willner 1997

Willner P. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Current status, future prospects. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997;12:297‐308.

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Arvanitis 1997

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 6 weeks (preceded by a 7 day single blind placebo washout).
Location: multicentre.
Consent: written.

Participants

Diagnosis: (DSM‐III‐R) schizophrenia.
N = 361.
History: sub/chronic hospitalised, currently experiencing acute exacerbation of psychotic symptoms.
Sex: 76% M, 24% F.
Age: 18 ‐ 64 years (mean ˜ 37 years).
Exclusions: BPRS score <27, CGI score <4, history of seizures, other significant medical condition, participation in other drug trial within 30 days, use of depot antipsychotics within 1 dosing interval, pregnancy, placebo responders, non completion of dose escalation.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: fixed dose (FD) 12 mg/day, increased day 1‐14. N=52
2. Placebo. N=51.
3. Quetiapine: (FD) 75 mg/day, increased day 1‐14. N=53.
4. Quetiapine: (FD) 150 mg/day, increased day 1‐14. N=48.
5. Quetiapine: (FD) 300 mg/day, increased day 1‐14. N=52.
6. Quetiapine: (FD) 600 mg/day, increased day 1‐14. N=51.
7. Quetiapine: (FD) 750 mg/day, increased day 1‐14. N=54.
Chloral hydrate, lorazepam, benztropine mesylate as required.

Outcomes

Leaving the study early.

Unable to use ‐
Global effect: improved/not improved, CGI (>50% loss).
Dose response (>50% loss).
Time to response (>50% loss).
Mental state: BPRS, SANS (>50% loss).
Adverse events: AIMS, SAS, other various observed effects (>50% loss).

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Beasley 1996

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 6 weeks (preceded by a 4‐7 day single blind placebo washout).
Location: multicentre.
Consent: written.

Participants

Diagnosis: (DSM‐III‐R) schizophrenia.
N = 335.
History: currently suffering from acute exacerbation of symptoms.
Sex: 88% M, 12% F.
Age: 18 ‐ 65 years.
Exclusions: other serious physical or neurological disorder/condition, substance abuse within 3 months of study, abnormal lab results, placebo responders.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 10, 15 or 20 mg/day; initial dose 15 mg/day, adjusted accordingly thereafter. N=69.
2. Placebo. N=68.
3. Olanzapine: dose 2.5, 5 or 7.5 mg/day; initial dose 5 mg/day, adjusted accordingly thereafter. N=65.
4. Olanzapine: dose 7.5, 10 or 12.5 mg/day; initial dose 10 mg/day, adjusted accordingly thereafter. N=64.
5. Olanzapine: dose 12.5, 15 or 17.5 mg/day; initial dose 15 mg/day, adjusted accordingly thereafter. N=69.
Lorazepam, benztropine mesylate as required.

Outcomes

Leaving the study early.

Unable to use ‐
Global effect: CGI, PGI (>50% loss).
Hospitalisation: admission/discharge, days in hospital (>50% loss).
Dose response (>50% loss).
Mental state: BPRS, SANS (>50% loss).
Adverse events: SAS, AIMS, BAS, other observed effects (>50% loss).
Compliance (>50% loss).

Notes

data only taken from the initial 'acute phase' trial.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Bechelli 1983

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 21 days (preceded by 3 days stabilisation with chlorpromazine and haloperidol followed by 2 day washout).
Location: hospital.
Consent: not stated.

Participants

Diagnosis: (ICD‐9) schizophrenia.
N=90.
History: recently admitted to hospital, currently acute.
Sex: male.
Age: mean ˜ 29 years.
Exclusions: substance abuse, other clinically significant medical or neurological pathologies.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 5 ‐ 20 mg/day. N=30.
2. Placebo: N=31.
3. Pipotiazine: dose 10 ‐ 40 mg/day. N=29.
Biperiden and trihexyphenidyl as required on day 1 ‐ 3 only.

Outcomes

Adverse event: various observed effects.
Global effect: improved/not improved.
Leaving the study early.
Mental state: BPRS.

Notes

If, after entering the trial, participants showed improvement they could be discharged from hospital. If, however, they were readmitted due to relapse they could then re‐enter the study.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Borison 1989

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 6 weeks (preceded by a 7 day single blind placebo wash out).
Location: not stated.
Consent: written.

Participants

Diagnosis: (DSM‐III) schizophrenia.
N = 32.
History: not stated.
Sex: not stated.
Age: 18 ‐ 60 years.
Exclusions: unstable physical health.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 15 ‐ 75 mg/day. N=8.
2. Placebo. N=8.
3. Tiospirone: dose 45 ‐ 225 mg/day. N=8.
4. Thioridazine: dose 150 ‐ 750 mg/day. N=8.
Chloral hydrate as required.

Outcomes

Adverse events: various observed effects, use of antiparkinson medication.
Leaving the study early.

Unable to use ‐
Mental state: BPRS (no SD).

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Borison 1992a

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 7 weeks (preceded by a 7 day single blind placebo washout).
Location: multicentre, part of larger trial.
Consent: written.

Participants

Diagnosis: (DSM‐III‐R) schizophrenia.
N = 36.
History: chronic.
Sex: 97% M, 3% F.
Age: ˜ 31‐52 years.
Exclusions: substance abuse, other clinically significant medical or neurological pathologies, women of child bearing capacity.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 4‐10 mg/day, dose adjusted as required days 1‐18. N=12.
2. Placebo. N=12.
3. Risperidone: dose 2‐10 mg/day, dose adjusted as required days 1‐18. N=12.
Lorazepam, sodium amytal, chloral hydrate, benztropine or trihexyphenidyl as required.

Outcomes

Adverse events: various observed effects.
Leaving study early.
Mental state: no clinical improvement (<20% reduction in BPRS score).

Unable to use ‐
Adverse events: AIMS (no data), ESRS (no SD).
Global effect: CGI (no SD).
Mental state: BPRS, SANS (no SD).

Notes

participants already part of larger multicentre trial.
may be part of Nth American Trial.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Chouinard 1993

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 8 weeks (preceded by a 7 day single blind placebo washout).
Location: multicentre.
Consent: written.

Participants

Diagnosis: (DSM‐III‐R) schizophrenia.
N = 135.
History: chronic, hospitalised.
Sex: 71% M, 29% F.
Age: mean ˜ 37 years.
Exclusions: other clinically significant neurological or psychical disorder, substance abuse, pregnancy, placebo responders.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 20 mg/day, initial dose 2 mg/day increased in fixed increments day 2‐7. N=21.
2. Placebo. N=22.
3. Risperidone: dose 2 mg/day
4. Risperidone: dose 6 mg/day, initial dose 2 mg/day increased in fixed increments day 2‐4.
5. Risperidone: dose 10 mg/day, initial dose 2 mg/day, increased in fixed increments day 2‐5.
6. Risperidone: dose 16 mg/day, initial dose 2 mg/day, increased in fixed increments day 2‐7.
Chloral hydrate, benzodiazepine, biperiden or procyclidine as required.

Outcomes

Leaving the study early.

Unable to use ‐
Global effect: CGI (>50% loss).
Level of medication required (>50% loss).
Mental state: BPRS, GPS, PANSS (>50% loss).
Adverse events: ESRS, various observed effects (UKU), use of antiparkinson medication (>50% loss).
Cost of treatment (>50% loss).

Notes

Part of Nth American Trial.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Durost 1964

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Duration: 10 days ‐ 3 months (mean 3 weeks).
Location: hospital.
Consent: unknown.

Participants

Diagnosis: schizophrenia (40%), neurosis (60%).*
N = 84 (schizophrenia 34, neurosis 50).
History: unknown.
Sex: 60% M, 40% F.
Age: mean ˜ 39 years.
Exclusions: unknown.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 2‐25 mg/day, mean 6 mg/day. N=19.
2. Placebo. N=15.

Outcomes

Global effect: improved/not improved.
Leaving the study early.

Unable to use ‐
Adverse events: various observed effects (no data).

Notes

* use only data for those suffering from schizophrenia

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Garry 1962

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 12 weeks (preceded by a 2 week medication free period).
Location: not stated.
Consent: not stated.

Participants

Diagnosis: schizophrenia.
N = 52.
History: chronic, hospitalised.
Sex: 62% M, 38% F.
Age: mean ˜ 46 years.
Exclusions: not stated.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 0.75 ‐ 4.5 mg/day, increased day 1 ‐ 42. N=26.
2. Placebo. N=26.

Outcomes

Adverse events: various observed effects*
Global effect: improved/not improved.
Leaving the study early.

Notes

* Adverse effects reported for haloperidol group only, reviewers assumed that placebo group had no adverse effects.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Howard 1974

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: max 12 weeks (preceded by a 14 day placebo washout).
Location: hospital.
Consent: not stated.

Participants

Diagnosis: schizophrenia (80%).
N = 49.
History: treatment resistant, hospitalised.
Sex: female.
Age: 25 ‐ 65 years.
Exclusions: other serious physical or neurological disorder, pregnancy, severe hyposensitivity to haloperidol or thiothixene, placebo responders.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose < 200 mg/day. N=17.
2. Placebo. N=16.
3. Thiothixene: dose < 200 mg/day. N=16.

Outcomes

Global effect: improved/not improved.
Hospital discharge.
Leaving the study early.
Adverse events: various observed effects.

Unable to use ‐
Behaviour: NOSIE (no SD).
Mental state: BPRS (no mean, no SD), MSC (data given only for those remaining in hospital).

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Jann 1997

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: unsure.
Duration: 6 weeks.
Location: not stated.
Consent: written.

Participants

Diagnosis: (DSM‐III‐R) schizophrenia.
N = 36.
History: not stated.
Sex: not stated.
Age: ˜ 25 ‐ 43 years.
Exclusions: not stated.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose up to 75 mg/day, dose individually adjusted weekly. N=18.
2. Placebo. N=18.
Lorazepam or chloral hydrate as required.

Outcomes

Adverse events: various observed effects.
Leaving the study early.
Mental state: BPRS.

Unable to use ‐
Adverse events: AIMS (no data).

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Kane 2002

Methods

Allocation: random.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 4 weeks.
Location: hospital, multicentre.
Consent: given.

Participants

Diagnosis: (DSM‐IV) schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
N=414*.
History: acute relapse, hospitalised.
Age: 18 ‐ 65 years.
Sex: 70% M, 30% F.
Exclusions: other psychiatric disorder, history of violence or self‐harm.

Interventions

1. Aripiprazole: dose 15 mg/day. N=102.
2. Aripiprazole: dose 30 mg/day. N=102.
3. Haloperidol: dose 10 mg/day. N=104.
4. Placebo. N=106.
lozepam for anxiety or insomnia

Outcomes

Leaving the study early.
Adverse events: various observed effects.

Unable to use:
Global effect: CGI (no SD).
Mental state: BPRS, PANSS (no SD).

Notes

data taken from haloperidol and placebo groups only.
data provided for some outcomes have only 103 people in haloperidol group and 104 in placebo group.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Klieser 1989

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 3 weeks.
Location: hospital.
Consent: not stated.

Participants

Diagnosis: schizophrenia (63%), major depressive disorder (37%).
N = 120.
History: chronic, hospitalised.
Sex: 41% M, 59% F.
Age: mean ˜ 43 years.
Exclusions: not stated.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 20 mg/day. N=20*.
2. Placebo. N=16.
3. Trazodone: dose 400 mg/day. N=17.
4. Amitriptyline: dose 150 mg/day. N=22.
Biperiden as required.

Outcomes

Leaving the study early
Mental state: BPRS.

Notes

* number of people with schizophrenia.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Marder 1994

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 8 weeks (preceded by 1 week placebo wash out).
Location: multicentre.
Consent: given.

Participants

Diagnosis: (DSM‐III‐R) schizophrenia.
N = 388.
History: hospitalised, chronic.
Sex: 89% M, 11% F.
Age: mean ˜37 years.
Exclusions: physically unhealthy, schizoaffective disorder.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 20 mg/day. N=66.
2. Placebo: N=66.
3. Risperidone: dose 2 mg/day. N=63.
4. Risperidone: dose 6 mg/day. N=64.
5. Risperidone: dose 10 mg/day. N=65.
6. Risperidone: dose 16 mg/day. N=64.
Lorazepam or chloral hydrate as required.

Outcomes

Leaving the study early

Unable to use ‐
Global state: CGI (>50% loss).
Mental state: PANSS (>50% loss).
Adverse events: EPS, UKU scale (>50% loss).

Notes

Part of 'Nth America 1997'.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Nishikawa 1982

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 3 years*.
Location: not stated.
Consent: not stated.

Participants

Diagnosis: schizophrenia
N = 55.
History: outpatients, currently in remission, but have a history of several relapse episodes.
Sex: 67% M, 33% F.
Age: ˜ 25 ‐ 41 years.
Exclusions: history of taking medication irregularly.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 3 mg/day. N=10.
2. Placebo. N=10.
3. Chlorpromazine: dose 75 mg/day. N=10.
4. Diazepam: dose 15 mg/day. N=13.
5. Imipramine: dose 50 mg/day. N=12.
Nitrazepam or biperiden as required.

Outcomes

Relapse: number remaining in remission < 1 year.

Unable to use ‐
Leaving the study early (unclear when losses occured, no individual group data given).

Notes

*Initial 'cross‐over' design of trial was disregarded after participant/clinician reluctance to switch neuroleptics. Data taken from first arm only.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Nishikawa 1984

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 1 year.
Location: not stated.
Consent: not stated.

Participants

Diagnosis: (DSM III) schizophrenia.
N = 87.
History: in recovery stage of remission.
Sex: 61% M, 39% F.
Age: ˜ 28 ‐ 54 years.
Exclusions: not stated.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 1 mg/day. N=13.
2. Haloperidol: dose 3 mg/day. N=12.
3. Haloperidol: dose 6 mg/day. N=12.
4. Placebo. N=13.
5. Propericiazine: dose 10 mg/day. N=13.
6. Propericiazine: dose 30 mg/day. N=13.
6. Propericiazine: dose 60 mg/day. N=13.
Each drug combined with nitrazepam and biperiden.

Outcomes

Relapse: number remaining in remission < 1 year.
Leaving the study early.

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Reschke 1974

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: < 24 hrs.
Location: not stated.
Consent: not stated.

Participants

Diagnosis: psychiatric symptoms.
N = 50.
History: presenting at emergency clinic.
Sex: 4% M, 96% F.
Age: totals not stated.
Exclusions: substance abuse, epilepsy, personality disorder, psychoneurosis, chronic brain syndrome, pregnancy.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 1 mg/ml. N=8
2. Haloperidol: dose 2 mg/ml. N=11.
3. Haloperidol: dose 5 mg/ml. N=10.
4. Placebo. N=11.
5. Chlorpromazine: dose 25 mg/ml. N=10.

Outcomes

Adverse events: various observed effects.
Global effect: improved/not improved.
Leaving the study early.

Unable to use ‐
Mental state: BPRS (no SD).

Notes

Data only taken from intial double blind phase.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Selman 1976

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 12 weeks (preceded by a 2 week medication free period).
Location: not stated.
Consent: not stated.

Participants

Diagnosis: schizophrenia.
N = 87.
History: acute, hospitalised.
Sex: 80% M, 20% F.
Age: mean ˜ 33 years.
Exclusions: other significant physical or neurological disorder, <16 or >60 years, females of child bearing age, epileptics, substance abuse.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 4‐12 mg/day. N=29.
2. Loxapine: dose 50‐150 mg/day. N=29.
3. Placebo. N=29.
Chloral hydrate or paraldehyde as required.

Outcomes

Adverse effects: various observed effects.
Global effect: CGI improved/not improved.
Leaving the study early.

Unable to use ‐
Mental state: BPRS (no SD).
Behaviour: NOSIE (no SD).

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Serafetinides 1972

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration 3 months.
Location: not stated.
Consent: not stated

Participants

Diagnosis: schizophrenia.
N = 57.
History: chronic.
Sex: 42% M, 48% F .
Age: mean ˜ 42 years.
Exclusions: other physical or neurological disorder.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose up to 15 mg/day. N=14.
2. Placebo. N=14.
3. Clopenthixol: dose up to 250 mg/day. N=15.
4. Chlorpromazine: dose up to 1000 mg/day. N=14.

Outcomes

Adverse events: various observed effects.
Global effect: CGI improved/not improved.
Leaving the study early.

Unable to use ‐
Mental state: BPRS (no SD).
Behaviour: NOSIE, OBRS (no SD).
Cognitive response (no data given).

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Simpson 1967

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double.
Duration: 14 weeks.
Location: not stated.
Consent: not stated.

Participants

Diagnosis: schizophrenia.
N = 24.
History: chronic, hospitalised.
Sex: male.
Age: ˜ 37 years.
Exclusions: other significant physical or neurological disorder.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 6 mg/day. N=8.
2. Haloperidol: dose 30 mg/day. N=8.
3. Placebo. N=8.
Benztropine mesylate as required.

Outcomes

Adverse events: use of antiparkinson medication.
Global effect: improved/not improved.
Leaving the study early.

Unable to use ‐
Mental state: IMS, PRP (no SD).

Notes

Group numbers not stated in text, reviewers have assumed that they were divided into three sets of 8 (see table 1).

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Spencer 1992

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double, cross‐over.
Duration: 10 weeks (preceded by a 2 week single blind placebo washout).
Location: not stated.
Consent: not stated.

Participants

Diagnosis: (DSM‐III‐R) schizophrenia.
N = 12.
History: hospitalised.
Sex: 75% M, 25% F.
Age: ˜ 6 ‐ 12 years.
Exclusions: other significant physical or neurological disorder, receipt of psychoactive medication within 4 weeks of study.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 4 wks 0.5‐10 mg/day followed by 4 wks placebo. N=12.
2. Placebo: 4 wks followed by 4 wks 0.5‐10 mg/day haloperidol. N=12.

Outcomes

Global effect: improved/not improved.
Leaving the study early.

Unable to use ‐
Global effect: CGI (no SD).
Mental state: CPRS, BPRS‐C (no SD).
Adverse events: various observed effects (no data for placebo group).
Cognitive response: WISC‐R, WPPSI, DICA‐R (no data).

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Vichaiya 1971

Methods

Allocation: random assignment.
Blindness: double, cross‐over.
Duration: 12 weeks (preceded by 4 weeks drug free period).
Location: hospital.
Consent: unknown.

Participants

Diagnosis: schizophrenia.
N = 30.
History: hospitalised, chronic.
Sex: female.
Age: mean ˜ 40 years.
Exclusions: unknown.

Interventions

1. Haloperidol: dose 6 weeks 4.5 mg/day followed by 6 weeks placebo. N=30.
2. Placebo: 6 wks placebo followed by 6 wks 4.5 mg/day haloperidol. N=30.

Outcomes

Global effect: FFS, improved/not improved.

Unable to use ‐
Adverse events: various observed effects (no group data).
Leaving the study early (no group data).

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear

AIMS ‐ Assessment of Involuntary Movement Scale.
BAS ‐ Barnes Akathisa Scale.
BHGRS ‐ Bunney‐Hamburg Global Rating Scale.
BPRS ‐ Brief Pyschiatric Rating Scale.
BPRS‐C ‐ Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children.
CCS ‐ Clinical Change Scale.
CGI ‐ Clinical Global Impression.
CPRS ‐ Comprehensive Psychophathological Rating Scale.
CPRS ‐ Childrens Psychiatric Rating Scale.
DICA‐R ‐ Diagnostic Interview for Children & Adolescents (Revised).
DSM‐III‐R ‐ Diagnositic and statistical manual of mental disorders: 3rd edition ‐ revised.
EPS ‐ Extrapyramidal Sypmtoms.
ESRS ‐ Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale.
FC ‐ Feighners Criteria.
FFS ‐ Fergus Falls Scale.
GPS ‐ General Psychopathology Subscale.
ICD‐9 ‐ 9th International Classification of Diseases.
IMPS ‐ Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale.
KRS ‐ Krawiecka Rating Scale.
MSC ‐ Mental Status Checklist.
PGI ‐ Patient Global Impression.
PRP ‐ Psychotic Reaction Profile.
RDC ‐ Research Diagnostic Criteria.
SANS ‐ Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms.
SAS ‐ Simpson Angus Scale.
UKU ‐ side effect rating scale.
WBRS ‐ Ward Behaviour Rating Scale.
WISC‐R ‐ Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Revised).
WPPSI ‐ Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence.

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Study

Reason for exclusion

Alpert 1995

Allocation: unclear.

Alphs 1993

Allocation: unclear.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol versus remoxipride versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable ‐ conference proceedings.

Arvanitis 2002

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: SR compound, haloperidol or placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable, conference proceedings.

Augustin 1996

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable ‐ conference proceedings.

Azima 1960

Allocation: unclear.
Participants: only 34/84 were people with schizophrenia.

Ban 1969

Allocation: unclear.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol + phenothiazine medication versus trifluperidol + phenothiazine medication versus placebo, not haloperidol alone.

Bateman 1979

Allocation: random.
Participants: unclear if people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: supplementation of original neuroleptic with haloperidol or placebo.

Ben‐dor 1998

Allocation: random.
Participants: people hospitalised with chronic schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol + vitamin E versus haloperidol + placebo, no placebo only group.

Beuzen 1996

Allocation: random.
Participants: healthy elderly, not people with schizophrenia.

Blum 1969

Allocation: unclear.

Brandrup 1961

Allocation: random, crossover study .
Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia.
Intervention: haloperidol 8 mg/day versus placebo.
Outcomes: no usable data from period before first crossover.

Browne 1988

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia.
Intervention: haloperidol 10‐160 mg/day versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable, >50% loss during double‐blind phase, people relapsing could re‐enter study under single‐blind conditions.

Buchsbaum 1992

Allocation: unclear, no recording of random allocation.

Caroli 1975

Allocation: not random, ABA design.

Cho‐Boon 1989

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol 12‐18, 30‐45, 60‐90 mg/day versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable ‐ conference proceeding.

Contreas 1988

Allocation: not random, ABA design.

Craft 1965

Allocation: unclear.

Crow 1986

Allocation: random.
Participants: 120 people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol withdrawal versus continuation, not instigation of haloperidol treatment.

Deberdt 1971

Allocation: not random, ABA design.

Diamond 1991

Allocation: random.
Participants: men with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol 5‐75 mg/day versus tiospirone 75‐375 mg/day versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable ‐ conference proceedings.

Gelders 1986

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol 10 mg/day versus ritanserin 20/mg/day versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable, no group numbers given for CGI, no data given for BPRS or adverse effects.

Glovinsky 1992

Allocation: not random, ABA design.

Huygens 1973

Allocation: random.
Participants: 40 women with psychosis.
Interventions: dexetimide versus placebo, adjunct to haloperidol.

Itil 1981

Allocation: not random, ABA design.

Jolley 1990

Allocation: random.
Participants: people in remission from schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol withdrawal versus placebo, no instigation of haloperidol.

Kasper 1996

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Intervention: 4, 8 and 16 mg/day haloperidol versus 12, 20 and 24 mg/day sertindole or placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable, conference proceedings.

Ko 1989

Allocation: not random, ABA design.

Kramer 1989

Allocation: random.
Participants: 56 people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: amitriptyline versus desmethylimipramine versus placebo in addition to haloperidol and benztropine, haloperidol not randomised.

Kurland 1981

Allocation: random.
Participants: 28 people with schizophrenia and scoring >17 on HAM‐D.
Interventions: adjunctive viloxazine versus placebo, antipsychotics, such as haloperidol, continued as normal.

Labarca 1993

Allocation: not random, ABA design.

Lee 1968

Allocation: unclear.

Lehmann 1967

Allocation: random.
Participants: 30 people with chronic schizophrenia.
Interventions: continued on current phenothiazine medication, then randomised to adjunctive haloperidol (1.5 mg/day) versus trifluperidol (0.75 mg/day) versus placebo, not haloperidol alone.

Lemmer 1993

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with acute schizophrenia.
Interventions: pramipexole versus haloperidol or placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable, study stopped early.

Lindborg 2003

Allocation: not random, meta‐analysis.

Magelund 1979

Allocation: random, crossover.
Participants: 12 people hospitalised with schizophrenia.
Interventions: AMPT versus haloperidol, placebo given after each active treatment period, not randomised.

Malaspina 1997

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol decanoate 0.3 mg/kg versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable ‐ conference proceedings.

Nagaraja 1977

Allocation: not random.

Necomer 1992

Allocation: random.
Participants: 24 males with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol withdrawal versus placebo, not instigation of haloperidol.

Nguyen 1984

Allocation: unclear.
Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable ‐ conference proceedings.

Nth America 1997

Allocation: random.
Participants: 523 people with chronic schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol 20 mg/day versus placebo versus risperidone 2, 6, 10 or 16 mg/day.
Outcomes: combines data from several centres but all unique data from these reports of combined analyses is unusable due to >50% loss; data from publications of specific centres can be included (Chouinard 1993, Marder 1994).

Okasha 1964

Allocation: random.
Participants: 80 people hospitalised with chronic psychosis.
Interventions: haloperidol 4.5 mg/day versus placebo.
Outcomes: no usable data, leaving study early (no group data), behaviour (no total scale score).

Ortega‐Soto 1994

Allocation: random.
Participants: drug free people with acute schizophrenia.
Interventions: threshold dose of haloperidol + 20 mg haloperidol versus threshold dose of haloperidol + placebo, not haloperidol versus placebo.

Ota 1973

Allocation: unclear .
Participants: 54 people with chronic schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol withdrawal versus placebo, not instigation of haloperidol.

Pathiraja 1995

Allocation: random.
Participants: men with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol 5‐20 mg/day versus risperidone 2‐16 mg/day versus MAR 327 50‐400 mg/day versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable ‐ conference proceedings.

Pool 1976

Allocation: random but with non‐random additions.
Participants: 75 people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol versus loxapine versus placebo.
Outcomes: no usable data ‐ those who withdrew during the study were replaced with new patients and data for those randomised not reported separately.

Potkin 1984

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol + IC (insulin coma therapy) versus placebo + IC, not haloperidol alone.
Outcomes: all data unusable ‐ conference proceeding.

Potkin 1995

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol versus MAR 327 150‐300 mg/day versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable ‐ conference proceeding.

Potkin 2000

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol versus clozapine or placebo.
Outcomes: PET scan study, outcomes not relevant, data unusable.

Price 1985

Allocation: not random, ABA design.

Price 1987

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol 10‐4‐ mg/day versus verapamil 80 mg/day versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable.

Rees 1965

Allocation: random, cross‐over.
Participants: 14 people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable, none available before cross‐over.

Roitman 1989

Allocation: random.
Participants: 16 people with schizoaffective disorder.
Interventions: adjunctive demeclocycline (DMC) versus placebo, all received haloperidol.

Ruskin 1991

Allocation: random.
Participants: 35 people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol withdrawal versus placebo, not instigation of haloperidol.

Samuels 1961

Allocation: unclear.

Singh 1972

Allocation: not random, ABA design.

Soloff 1986

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with "Borderline disorders", not schizophrenia.

Stankovska 2002

Allocation: unclear if randomised.

Taverna 1972

Allocation: quasi‐randomised.

Teja 1975

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with chronic schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol 36 mg/week versus chlorpromazine >1800 mg/week versus trifluoperazine >90 mg/week versus thiothixene >90 mg/week versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable.

Van Lommel 1974

Allocation: random.
Participants: 19 psychotic males.
Interventions: haloperidol withdrawal versus placebo, not instigation of haloperidol.

Volavka 1992

Allocation: random.
Participants: 173 people with acutely exacerbated schizophrenia.
Interventions: dosage levels of haloperidol, no placebo group.

Zimbroff 1997

Allocation: random.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: haloperidol 4, 8, 16 mg/day versus sertindole 12, 20, 24 mg/day versus placebo.
Outcomes: all data unusable due to >50% loss, leaving study early (not given as individual group data).

ABA: Before and after trial.
EPS: Extrapyramidal Symptoms.
HAM‐D: Hamilton Depression Scale.

Characteristics of studies awaiting assessment [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Akhondzadeh 2005

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Allison 2007

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Andrezina 2006a

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Ascher‐Svanum 2005

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
AstraZeneca 2001

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Barbee 1992

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Battaglia 2005

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Baymiller 2002

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Bech 2010

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Bersudsky 2006

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Bogeum 2008

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Bristol‐Myers 2004

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Cai 2009

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Cao 2006

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Chou 1998

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Czobor 1992

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Daniel 2004 b

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes
Daniel 2007

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Dillenschneider 2005a

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Eklund 1990

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Eli 2005

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Eli 2005a

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Garcia 2009

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
GlaxoSmithKline 2005

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Herrera 2005

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
IRCT138809201457N6

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
IRCT138809201457N7

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Jung 2007

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Kane 2008

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Kane 2010

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Kapur 2004

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Kapur 2005

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Kim 2005

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Kujawa 2002

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes
Lee 2007

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Li 2007

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Liang 1987

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Maoz 2000

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Marder 1991

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Marder 1996

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Marder 1997

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Marder 1997a

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Marder 1997b

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
McQuade 2006

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
McQuade 2006a

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Meehan 2001

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Meltzer 2006

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Meltzer 2008

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Modell 2004

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Mossaheb 2006

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
NCT00018850

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
NCT00044044

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
NCT00156065

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
NCT00189995

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
NCT00249132

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
NCT00947375

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
NCT01161277

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Octavio 2004

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Oren 2005

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Oren 2007

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Oren 2007a

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Potkin 2008

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Romeo 2009

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Shim 2007

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Veser 2006

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Wilson 1994

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Zhan 2000

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Zhang 2002

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Zhang 2006

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Zhang 2006a

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
Zimbroff 1998

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.
汪莉, 2009

Methods

Participants

Interventions

Outcomes

Notes

To be assessed.

Characteristics of ongoing studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

George 2000

Trial name or title

A double‐blind randomised comparison of the efficacacy and safety of short acting intramuscular olanzapine, short acting intramuscular haloperidol and intramuscular placebo in patients with schizophrenia

Methods

Participants

people with schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder or schizoaffective disorder, aged over 18 years

Interventions

intramuscular and oral olanzapine versus haloperidol or placebo

Outcomes

efficacy and safety

Starting date

2000

Contact information

National Research Register

Notes
Paykel 2000

Trial name or title

Prophylaxis of puerperal psychosis

Methods

Participants

people who have already had peurperal psychosis and about to have another baby

Interventions

within 72hrs of delivery participants started on lithiun, haloperidol or placebo, followed by regular visits as outpatients every two weeks for two months

Outcomes

prevention of further attacks

Starting date

2000

Contact information

National Research Register

Notes

Data and analyses

Open in table viewer
Comparison 1. HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Global effect: 1. No marked global improvement Show forest plot

10

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only
Analysis 1.1
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Global effect: 1. No marked global improvement.

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Global effect: 1. No marked global improvement.

1.1 0‐6 weeks (clinician rated).

3

159

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.44 [0.31, 0.62]

1.2 >6‐24 weeks (clinician rated)

8

308

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.70 [0.59, 0.81]

1.3 >6‐24 weeks (nurse rated)

1

28

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.59 [0.37, 0.92]

2 Global effect: 2. Not discharged from hospital (>6‐24 weeks) Show forest plot

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.85 [0.47, 1.52]
Analysis 1.2
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 2 Global effect: 2. Not discharged from hospital (>6‐24 weeks).

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 2 Global effect: 2. Not discharged from hospital (>6‐24 weeks).

3 Global effect: 3. Relapse or not remaining in remission (<52 weeks) Show forest plot

2

70

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.70 [0.57, 0.87]
Analysis 1.3
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 3 Global effect: 3. Relapse or not remaining in remission (<52 weeks).

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 3 Global effect: 3. Relapse or not remaining in remission (<52 weeks).

4 Mental state: 1. No clinical improvement (<20% reduction in BPRS score, 0‐6 weeks) Show forest plot

1

24

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.54, 1.08]
Analysis 1.4
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. No clinical improvement (<20% reduction in BPRS score, 0‐6 weeks).

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. No clinical improvement (<20% reduction in BPRS score, 0‐6 weeks).

5 Mental state: 2. Average end point BPRS score by 6 weeks (high = poor) Show forest plot

2

72

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐11.89 [‐17.04, ‐6.74]
Analysis 1.5
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 5 Mental state: 2. Average end point BPRS score by 6 weeks (high = poor).

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 5 Mental state: 2. Average end point BPRS score by 6 weeks (high = poor).

6 Mental state: 3. Change in BPRS total score by 3 weeks (high = good, data likely to be skewed) Show forest plot

Other data

No numeric data
Analysis 1.6

Study

Haloperidol ‐ number

Haloperidol ‐ mean

Haloperidol ‐ SD

Placebo ‐ number

Placebo ‐ mean

Placebo ‐ SD

Klieser 1989

20

2.0

22.6

16

‐4.1

20.4

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 6 Mental state: 3. Change in BPRS total score by 3 weeks (high = good, data likely to be skewed).

7 Leaving the study early Show forest plot

20

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only
Analysis 1.7
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 7 Leaving the study early.

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 7 Leaving the study early.

7.1 0‐6 weeks

12

898

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.73, 0.95]

7.2 >6‐24 weeks

8

304

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.56 [0.30, 1.04]

7.3 < 52 weeks

1

50

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.58 [0.14, 46.83]

8 Adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic effects Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only
Analysis 1.8
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 8 Adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic effects.

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 8 Adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic effects.

8.1 blurred vision

2

240

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.42 [0.91, 12.91]

8.3 dry mouth

2

73

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.81 [0.71, 4.59]

9 Adverse events: 2. Cardiovascular effects Show forest plot

5

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only
Analysis 1.9
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 9 Adverse events: 2. Cardiovascular effects.

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 9 Adverse events: 2. Cardiovascular effects.

9.1 blood pressure ‐ dizziness / low BP

4

285

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.13 [0.43, 2.95]

9.2 blood pressure ‐ high BP

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.0 [0.14, 64.26]

10 Adverse events: 3a. Movement disorders ‐ acute Show forest plot

5

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only
Analysis 1.10
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 10 Adverse events: 3a. Movement disorders ‐ acute.

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 10 Adverse events: 3a. Movement disorders ‐ acute.

10.1 dystonia

3

109

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

8.52 [1.66, 43.85]

10.2 oculogyric crises

2

83

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.96 [0.10, 8.89]

11 Adverse events: 3b. Movement disorders ‐ non‐acute Show forest plot

10

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only
Analysis 1.11
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 11 Adverse events: 3b. Movement disorders ‐ non‐acute.

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 11 Adverse events: 3b. Movement disorders ‐ non‐acute.

11.1 akathisia

4

333

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.57 [1.39, 4.75]

11.2 needing antiparkinson medication

3

246

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.69 [1.53, 4.72]

11.3 parkinsonism (including EPS)

4

163

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

11.65 [2.88, 47.11]

11.4 rigidity

3

99

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

4.30 [0.94, 19.74]

11.5 tremor

4

323

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.49 [0.59, 10.49]

12 Adverse events: 3c. Movement disorders ‐ chronic Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only
Analysis 1.12
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 12 Adverse events: 3c. Movement disorders ‐ chronic.

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 12 Adverse events: 3c. Movement disorders ‐ chronic.

12.1 dyskinesia and tardive dyskinesia

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.83 [0.12, 64.89]

12.2 teeth grinding

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.53 [0.11, 57.83]

12.3 'thick' speech

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

5.89 [0.33, 105.81]

13 Adverse events: 4. Sleep related effects Show forest plot

7

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only
Analysis 1.13
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 13 Adverse events: 4. Sleep related effects.

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 13 Adverse events: 4. Sleep related effects.

13.1 insomnia

3

307

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.68 [0.79, 3.55]

13.2 sleepiness

6

364

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.43 [1.53, 7.73]

14 Adverse events: 5. Other adverse effects Show forest plot

7

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only
Analysis 1.14
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 14 Adverse events: 5. Other adverse effects.

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 14 Adverse events: 5. Other adverse effects.

14.1 confusion

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.53 [0.11, 57.83]

14.2 drooling

2

83

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.75 [0.30, 25.38]

14.3 facial edema

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.83 [0.12, 64.89]

14.4 headache

2

231

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.06 [0.66, 1.70]

14.5 infection

1

24

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

7.0 [0.40, 122.44]

14.6 nausea / vomiting

2

231

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.50, 1.66]

14.7 perspiration

2

93

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

4.73 [0.58, 38.89]

14.8 weight loss

1

27

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.36, 1.75]

14.9 weight gain

1

207

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

10.10 [1.32, 77.46]

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Global effect: 1. No marked global improvement.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Global effect: 1. No marked global improvement.

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 2 Global effect: 2. Not discharged from hospital (>6‐24 weeks).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 2 Global effect: 2. Not discharged from hospital (>6‐24 weeks).

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 3 Global effect: 3. Relapse or not remaining in remission (<52 weeks).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 3 Global effect: 3. Relapse or not remaining in remission (<52 weeks).

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. No clinical improvement (<20% reduction in BPRS score, 0‐6 weeks).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. No clinical improvement (<20% reduction in BPRS score, 0‐6 weeks).

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 5 Mental state: 2. Average end point BPRS score by 6 weeks (high = poor).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 5 Mental state: 2. Average end point BPRS score by 6 weeks (high = poor).

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Study

Haloperidol ‐ number

Haloperidol ‐ mean

Haloperidol ‐ SD

Placebo ‐ number

Placebo ‐ mean

Placebo ‐ SD

Klieser 1989

20

2.0

22.6

16

‐4.1

20.4

Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 6 Mental state: 3. Change in BPRS total score by 3 weeks (high = good, data likely to be skewed).

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 7 Leaving the study early.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 7 Leaving the study early.

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 8 Adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic effects.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 8 Adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic effects.

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 9 Adverse events: 2. Cardiovascular effects.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 9 Adverse events: 2. Cardiovascular effects.

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 10 Adverse events: 3a. Movement disorders ‐ acute.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 10 Adverse events: 3a. Movement disorders ‐ acute.

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 11 Adverse events: 3b. Movement disorders ‐ non‐acute.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 11 Adverse events: 3b. Movement disorders ‐ non‐acute.

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 12 Adverse events: 3c. Movement disorders ‐ chronic.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 12 Adverse events: 3c. Movement disorders ‐ chronic.

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 13 Adverse events: 4. Sleep related effects.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 13 Adverse events: 4. Sleep related effects.

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Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 14 Adverse events: 5. Other adverse effects.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO, Outcome 14 Adverse events: 5. Other adverse effects.

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Comparison 1. HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Global effect: 1. No marked global improvement Show forest plot

10

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 0‐6 weeks (clinician rated).

3

159

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.44 [0.31, 0.62]

1.2 >6‐24 weeks (clinician rated)

8

308

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.70 [0.59, 0.81]

1.3 >6‐24 weeks (nurse rated)

1

28

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.59 [0.37, 0.92]

2 Global effect: 2. Not discharged from hospital (>6‐24 weeks) Show forest plot

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.85 [0.47, 1.52]

3 Global effect: 3. Relapse or not remaining in remission (<52 weeks) Show forest plot

2

70

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.70 [0.57, 0.87]

4 Mental state: 1. No clinical improvement (<20% reduction in BPRS score, 0‐6 weeks) Show forest plot

1

24

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.54, 1.08]

5 Mental state: 2. Average end point BPRS score by 6 weeks (high = poor) Show forest plot

2

72

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐11.89 [‐17.04, ‐6.74]

6 Mental state: 3. Change in BPRS total score by 3 weeks (high = good, data likely to be skewed) Show forest plot

Other data

No numeric data

7 Leaving the study early Show forest plot

20

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 0‐6 weeks

12

898

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.73, 0.95]

7.2 >6‐24 weeks

8

304

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.56 [0.30, 1.04]

7.3 < 52 weeks

1

50

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.58 [0.14, 46.83]

8 Adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic effects Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

8.1 blurred vision

2

240

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.42 [0.91, 12.91]

8.3 dry mouth

2

73

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.81 [0.71, 4.59]

9 Adverse events: 2. Cardiovascular effects Show forest plot

5

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

9.1 blood pressure ‐ dizziness / low BP

4

285

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.13 [0.43, 2.95]

9.2 blood pressure ‐ high BP

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.0 [0.14, 64.26]

10 Adverse events: 3a. Movement disorders ‐ acute Show forest plot

5

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

10.1 dystonia

3

109

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

8.52 [1.66, 43.85]

10.2 oculogyric crises

2

83

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.96 [0.10, 8.89]

11 Adverse events: 3b. Movement disorders ‐ non‐acute Show forest plot

10

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

11.1 akathisia

4

333

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.57 [1.39, 4.75]

11.2 needing antiparkinson medication

3

246

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.69 [1.53, 4.72]

11.3 parkinsonism (including EPS)

4

163

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

11.65 [2.88, 47.11]

11.4 rigidity

3

99

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

4.30 [0.94, 19.74]

11.5 tremor

4

323

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.49 [0.59, 10.49]

12 Adverse events: 3c. Movement disorders ‐ chronic Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

12.1 dyskinesia and tardive dyskinesia

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.83 [0.12, 64.89]

12.2 teeth grinding

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.53 [0.11, 57.83]

12.3 'thick' speech

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

5.89 [0.33, 105.81]

13 Adverse events: 4. Sleep related effects Show forest plot

7

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

13.1 insomnia

3

307

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.68 [0.79, 3.55]

13.2 sleepiness

6

364

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.43 [1.53, 7.73]

14 Adverse events: 5. Other adverse effects Show forest plot

7

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

14.1 confusion

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.53 [0.11, 57.83]

14.2 drooling

2

83

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.75 [0.30, 25.38]

14.3 facial edema

1

33

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.83 [0.12, 64.89]

14.4 headache

2

231

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.06 [0.66, 1.70]

14.5 infection

1

24

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

7.0 [0.40, 122.44]

14.6 nausea / vomiting

2

231

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.50, 1.66]

14.7 perspiration

2

93

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

4.73 [0.58, 38.89]

14.8 weight loss

1

27

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.36, 1.75]

14.9 weight gain

1

207

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

10.10 [1.32, 77.46]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. HALOPERIDOL versus PLACEBO
Ir a la tabla de la revisión