Appendix 1. MEDLINE search strategy

Ovid MEDLINE(R) In‐Process & Other Non‐Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid MEDLINE(R)

1 exp Health Personnel/

2 (((health or medical or healthcare) adj (personnel or worker* or auxiliar* or staff or professional*)) or doctor* or physician* or GP or general practitioner? or family doctor or nurse* or midwi* or clinical officer* or pharmacist* or dentist* or ((birth or childbirth or labor or labour) adj (attendant? or assistant?))).ti,ab,kw.

3 ((lay or voluntary or volunteer? or untrained or unlicensed or nonprofessional? or non professional?) adj5 (worker? or visitor? or attendant? or aide or aides or support$ or person$ or helper? or carer? or caregiver? or care giver? or consultant? or assistant? or staff)).ti,ab,kw.

4 (paraprofessional? or paramedic or paramedics or paramedical worker? or paramedical personnel or allied health personnel or allied health worker? or support worker? or home health aide?).ti,ab,kw.

5 ((community or village? or lay) adj3 (health worker? or health care worker? or healthcare worker?)).ti,ab,kw.

6 (doula? or douladural? or barefoot doctor?).ti,ab,kw.

7 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6

8 Cell Phones/

9 Smartphone/

10 MP3‐Player/

11 Computers, Handheld/

12 ((cell* or mobile*) adj1 (phone* or telephone* or technolog* or device*)).ti,ab,kw.

13 (handheld or hand‐held).ti,ab,kw.

14 (smartphone* or smart‐phone* or cellphone* or mobiles).ti,ab,kw.

15 ((personal adj1 digital) or (PDA adj3 (device* or assistant*)) or MP3 player* or MP4 player*).ti,ab,kw.

16 (samsung or nokia).ti,ab,kw.

17 (windows adj3 (mobile* or phone*)).ti,ab,kw.

18 android.ti,ab,kw.

19 (ipad* or i‐pad* or ipod* or i‐pod* or iphone* or i‐phone*).ti,ab,kw.

20 (tablet* adj3 (device* or computer*)).ti,ab,kw.

21 Telemedicine/

22 Videoconferencing/ or Webcasts as topic/

23 Text Messaging/

24 Telenursing/

25 (mhealth or m‐health or "mobile health" or ehealth or e‐health or "electronic health").ti,ab,kw.

26 (telemedicine or tele‐medicine or telehealth or tele‐health or telecare or tele‐care or telenursing or tele‐nursing or telepsychiatry or tele‐psychiatry or telemonitor* or tele‐monitor* or teleconsult* or tele‐consult* or telecounsel* or tele‐counsel* or telecoach* or tele‐coach*).ti,ab,kw.

27 (videoconferenc* or video‐conferenc* or webcast* or web‐cast*).ti,ab,kw.

28 (((text* or short or voice or multimedia or multi‐media or electronic or instant) adj1 messag*) or instant messenger).ti,ab,kw.

29 (texting or texted or texter* or ((sms or mms) adj (service* or messag*)) or interactive voice response* or IVR or voice call* or callback* or voice over internet or VOIP).ti,ab,kw.

30 (Facebook or Twitter or Whatsapp* or Skyp* or YouTube or "You Tube" or Google Hangout*).ti,ab,kw.

31 Mobile Applications/

32 "mobile app*".ti,ab,kw.

33 Social Media/

34 (social adj (media or network*)).ti,ab,kw.

35 Reminder Systems/

36 (remind* adj3 (text* or system* or messag*)).ti,ab,kw.

37 Electronic Mail/

38 (electronic mail* or email* or e‐mail or webmail).ti,ab,kw.

39 Medical informatics/ or Medical informatics applications/

40 Nursing informatics/ or Public health informatics/

41 ((medical or clinical or health or healthcare or nurs*) adj3 informatics).ti,ab,kw.

42 Multimedia/

43 Hypermedia/

44 Blogging/

45 (multimedia or multi‐media or hypermedia or hyper‐media or blog* or vlog* or weblog* or web‐log*).ti,ab,kw.

46 Interactive Tutorial/

47 Computer‐Assisted Instruction/

48 ((interactive or computer‐assisted) adj1 (tutor* or technolog* or learn* or instruct* or software or communication)).ti,ab,kw.

49 or/8‐48

50 randomized controlled trial.pt.

51 controlled clinical trial.pt.

52 randomized.ab.

53 placebo.ab.

54 drug therapy.fs.

55 randomly.ab.

56 trial.ab.

57 groups.ab.

58 or/50‐57

59 exp animals/ not humans.sh.

60 58 not 59

61 7 and 49 and 60

62 limit 61 to yr="2000 ‐Current"