Programas de pausas en el trabajo para la prevención de los síntomas y trastornos musculoesqueléticos en trabajadores sanos
Appendices
Appendix 1. MEDLINE (PubMed) search strategy
#1 "rest"[MeSH]
#2 "rest period"[tw] OR "rest periods"[tw] OR "resting period"[tw] OR "resting periods"[tw] OR "work pause"[tw] OR "work pauses"[tw] OR "work interruption"[tw] OR "work interruptions"[tw] OR "work break"[tw] OR "work breaks"[tw] OR "work‐break*"[tw] OR "micro break"[tw] OR "micro breaks"[tw] OR "micro‐break*"[tw] OR microbreak*[tw] OR "rest break"[tw] OR "rest breaks"[tw] OR "rest‐break*"[tw] OR "break pattern"[tw] OR "break patterns"[tw] OR "break frequency"[tw] OR "break frequencies"[tw] OR "break duration"[tw] OR "short break"[tw] OR "short breaks"[tw] OR "coffee break"[tw] OR "coffee breaks"[tw] OR "lunch break"[tw] OR "lunch breaks"[tw] OR "break type"[tw] OR "break types"[tw] OR "active break"[tw] OR "active breaks"[tw] OR "passive break"[tw] OR "passive breaks"[tw] OR "cognitive break"[tw] OR "cognitive breaks"[tw] OR "frequent break"[tw] OR "frequent breaks"[tw] OR "regular break"[tw] OR "regular breaks"[tw] OR "taking break"[tw] OR "taking breaks"[tw] OR "break activity"[tw] OR "break activities"[tw] OR "break schedule"[tw] OR "break schedules"[tw] OR "scheduling break"[tw] OR "scheduling breaks"[tw] OR "scheduled break"[tw] OR "scheduled breaks"[tw] OR "employee break"[tw] OR "employee breaks"[tw]
#3 #1 OR #2
#4 workplace[MeSH] OR work[MeSH] OR "work schedule tolerance"[MeSH]
#5 work*[tw] OR occupation*[tw] OR job[tw] OR jobs[tw] OR employee*[tw]
#6 #4 OR #5
#7 "musculoskeletal diseases"[MeSH] OR "musculoskeletal pain"[MeSH] OR "occupational diseases"[MeSH] OR "occupational injuries"[MeSH] OR "occupational health"[MeSH] OR "cumulative trauma disorders"[MeSH] OR "carpal tunnel syndrome"[MeSH] OR "shoulder pain"[MeSH] OR "neck pain"[MeSH] OR "back pain"[MeSH] OR "leg injuries"[MeSH] OR "back injuries"[MeSH] OR "neck injuries"[MeSH] OR "arm injuries"[MeSH] OR "hand injuries"[MeSH] OR "upper extremity"[MeSH] OR "lower extremity"[MeSH] OR "muscle fatigue"[MeSH] OR posture[MeSH] OR movement[MeSH] OR fatigue[MeSH] OR "physical exertion"[MeSH]
#8 "occupational overuse"[tw] OR "tension neck"[tw] OR "cumulative trauma"[tw] OR musculoskeletal*[tw] OR skeletal*[tw] OR pain[tw] OR disorder*[tw] OR "carpal tunnel"[tw] OR discomfort[tw] OR well‐being[tw] OR wellbeing[tw] OR myalgia[tw] OR muscle*[tw] OR muscular*[tw] OR postur*[tw] OR position*[tw]
#9 (repetiti*[tw] OR monoton*[tw]) AND (strain[tw] OR stress[tw] OR motion[tw] OR movement[tw] OR workload*[tw] OR task[tw] OR tasks[tw]) AND (injur*[tw] OR disorder*[tw] OR disease*[tw] OR decreas*[tw] OR reduc*[tw])
#10 #7 OR #8 OR #9
#11 #3 AND #6 AND #10
#12 (animals[MeSH] OR animal*[tw]) NOT (humans[MeSH] OR human*[tw])
#13 #11 NOT #12
Appendix 2. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; Wiley Online Library) search strategy
#1 [mh rest]
#2 "rest period":ti,ab,kw OR "rest periods":ti,ab,kw OR "resting period":ti,ab,kw OR "resting periods":ti,ab,kw OR "work pause":ti,ab,kw OR "work pauses":ti,ab,kw OR "work interruption":ti,ab,kw OR "work interruptions":ti,ab,kw OR "work break":ti,ab,kw OR "work breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "work‐break*":ti,ab,kw OR "micro break":ti,ab,kw OR "micro breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "micro‐break*":ti,ab,kw OR microbreak*:ti,ab,kw OR "rest break":ti,ab,kw OR "rest‐break":ti,ab,kw OR "break pattern":ti,ab,kw OR "break patterns":ti,ab,kw OR "break frequency":ti,ab,kw OR "break frequencies":ti,ab,kw OR "break duration":ti,ab,kw OR "short break":ti,ab,kw OR "short breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "coffee break":ti,ab,kw OR "coffee breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "lunch break":ti,ab,kw OR "lunch breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "break type":ti,ab,kw OR "break types":ti,ab,kw OR "active break":ti,ab,kw OR "active breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "passive break":ti,ab,kw OR "passive breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "rest break":ti,ab,kw OR "rest breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "cognitive break":ti,ab,kw OR "cognitive breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "frequent break":ti,ab,kw OR "frequent breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "regular break":ti,ab,kw OR "regular breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "taking break":ti,ab,kw OR "taking breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "break activity":ti,ab,kw OR "break activities":ti,ab,kw OR "break schedule":ti,ab,kw OR "break schedules":ti,ab,kw OR "scheduling break":ti,ab,kw OR "scheduling breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "scheduled break":ti,ab,kw OR "scheduled breaks":ti,ab,kw OR "employee break":ti,ab,kw OR "employee breaks":ti,ab,kw
#3 #1 OR #2
#4 [mh workplace] OR [mh work] OR [mh "work schedule tolerance"]
#5 "work*":ti,ab,kw OR "occupation*":ti,ab,kw OR "job":ti,ab,kw OR "jobs":ti,ab,kw OR "employee*":ti,ab,kw
#6 #4 OR #5
#7 [mh "musculoskeletal diseases"] OR [mh "musculoskeletal pain"] OR [mh "occupational diseases"] OR [mh "occupational injuries"] OR [mh "occupational health"] OR [mh "cumulative trauma disorders"] OR [mh "carpal tunnel syndrome"] OR [mh "shoulder pain"] OR [mh "neck pain"] OR [mh "back pain"] OR [mh "leg injuries"] OR [mh "back injuries"] OR [mh "neck injuries"] OR [mh "arm injuries"] OR [mh "hand injuries"] OR [mh "upper extremity"] OR [mh "lower extremity"] OR [mh "muscle fatigue"] OR [mh posture] OR [mh movement] OR [mh fatigue] OR [mh "physical exertion"]
#8 "occupational overuse":ti,ab,kw OR "tension neck":ti,ab,kw OR "cumulative trauma":ti,ab,kw OR "musculoskeletal*":ti,ab,kw OR "skeletal*":ti,ab,kw OR "pain":ti,ab,kw OR "disorder*":ti,ab,kw OR "carpal tunnel":ti,ab,kw OR "discomfort":ti,ab,kw OR "well‐being":ti,ab,kw OR "wellbeing":ti,ab,kw OR "myalgia":ti,ab,kw OR "muscle*":ti,ab,kw OR "muscular*":ti,ab,kw OR "postur*":ti,ab,kw OR "position*":ti,ab,kw
#9 ("repetiti*":ti,ab,kw OR "monoton*":ti,ab,kw) AND ("strain":ti,ab,kw OR "stress":ti,ab,kw OR "motion":ti,ab,kw OR "movement":ti,ab,kw OR "workload*":ti,ab,kw OR "task":ti,ab,kw OR "tasks":ti,ab,kw) AND ("injur*":ti,ab,kw OR "disorder*":ti,ab,kw OR "disease*":ti,ab,kw OR "decreas*":ti,ab,kw OR "reduc*":ti,ab,kw)
#10 #7 OR #8 OR #9
#11 #3 AND #6 AND #10
#12 ([mh animals] OR "animal*":ti,ab,kw) NOT ([mh humans] OR "human*":ti,ab,kw)
#13 #11 NOT #12
#14 #13 “in Trials”
Appendix 3. Embase (embase.com; OVID) search strategy
#1 "rest":de
#2 "rest period":ti,ab OR "rest periods":ti,ab OR "resting period":ti,ab OR "resting periods":ti,ab OR "work pause":ti,ab OR "work pauses":ti,ab OR "work interruption":ti,ab OR "work interruptions":ti,ab OR "work break":ti,ab OR "work breaks":ti,ab OR "work break*":ti,ab OR "micro break":ti,ab OR "micro breaks":ti,ab OR "micro break*":ti,ab OR "microbreak*":ti,ab OR "rest break":ti,ab OR "rest breaks":ti,ab OR "rest break*":ti,ab OR "break pattern":ti,ab OR "break patterns":ti,ab OR "break frequency":ti,ab OR "break frequencies":ti,ab OR "break duration":ti,ab OR "short break":ti,ab OR "short breaks":ti,ab OR "coffee break":ti,ab OR "coffee breaks":ti,ab OR "lunch break":ti,ab OR "lunch breaks":ti,ab OR "break type":ti,ab OR "break types":ti,ab OR "active break":ti,ab OR "active breaks":ti,ab OR "passive break":ti,ab OR "passive breaks":ti,ab OR "cognitive break":ti,ab OR "cognitive breaks":ti,ab OR "frequent break":ti,ab OR "frequent breaks":ti,ab OR "regular break":ti,ab OR "regular breaks":ti,ab OR "taking break":ti,ab OR "taking breaks":ti,ab OR "break activity":ti,ab OR "break activities":ti,ab OR "break schedule":ti,ab OR "break schedules":ti,ab OR "scheduling break":ti,ab OR "scheduling breaks":ti,ab OR "scheduled break":ti,ab OR "scheduled breaks":ti,ab OR "employee break":ti,ab OR "employee breaks":ti,ab
#3 #1 OR #2
#4 "workplace":de OR "work":de OR "work schedule":de
#5 "work*":ti,ab OR "occupation*":ti,ab OR "job":ti,ab OR "jobs":ti,ab OR "employee*":ti,ab
#6 #4 OR #5
#7 "musculoskeletal disease":de OR "musculoskeletal pain":de OR "occupational disease":de OR "occupational health":de OR "cumulative trauma disorder":de OR "carpal tunnel syndrome":de OR "shoulder pain":de OR "neck pain":de OR "back pain":de OR "backache":de OR "leg injury":de OR "neck injury":de OR "arm injury":de OR "hand injury":de OR "arm":de OR "body posture":de OR "movement (physiology)":de OR "fatigue":de
#8 "occupational injur*":ti,ab OR "back injur*":ti,ab OR "lower extremit*":ti,ab OR "occupational overuse":ti,ab OR "tension neck":ti,ab OR "cumulative trauma":ti,ab OR "musculoskeletal*":ti,ab OR "skeletal*":ti,ab OR "pain":ti,ab OR "disorder*":ti,ab OR "carpal tunnel":ti,ab OR "discomfort":ti,ab OR "well‐being":ti,ab OR "wellbeing":ti,ab OR "myalgia":ti,ab OR "muscle*":ti,ab OR "muscular*":ti,ab OR "postur*":ti,ab OR "position*":ti,ab OR "physical exertion":ti,ab
#9 ("repetiti*":ti,ab OR "monoton*":ti,ab) AND ("strain":ti,ab OR "stress":ti,ab OR "motion":ti,ab OR "movement":ti,ab OR "workload*":ti,ab OR "task":ti,ab OR "tasks":ti,ab) AND ("injur*":ti,ab OR "disorder*":ti,ab OR "disease*":ti,ab OR "decreas*":ti,ab OR "reduc*":ti,ab)
#10 #7 OR #8 OR #9
#11 #3 AND #6 AND #10
#12 ("animal":de OR "animal*":ti,ab) NOT ("human":de OR "human*":ti,ab)
#13 #11 NOT #12
Appendix 4. CINAHL (EBSCO) search strategy
S1 TX rest NOT MW "bed rest"
S2 TX "rest period" OR TX "rest periods" OR TX "resting period" OR TX "resting periods" OR TX "work pause" OR TX "work pauses" OR TX "work interruption" OR TX "work interruptions" OR TX "work break" OR TX "work breaks" OR TX "work‐break*" OR TX "micro break" OR TX "micro breaks" OR TX "micro‐break*" OR TX microbreak* OR TX "rest break" OR TX "rest breaks" OR TX "rest‐break*" OR TX "break pattern" OR TX "break patterns" OR TX "break frequency" OR TX "break frequencies" OR TX "break duration" OR TX "short break" OR TX "short breaks" OR TX "coffee break" OR TX "coffee breaks" OR TX "lunch break" OR TX "lunch breaks" OR TX "break type" OR TX "break types" OR TX "active break" OR TX "active breaks" OR TX "passive break" OR TX "passive breaks" OR TX "cognitive break" OR TX "cognitive breaks" OR TX "frequent break" OR TX "frequent breaks" OR TX "regular break" OR TX "regular breaks" OR TX "taking break" OR TX "taking breaks" OR TX "break activity" OR TX "break activities" OR TX "break schedule" OR TX "break schedules" OR TX "scheduling break" OR TX "scheduling breaks" OR TX "scheduled break" OR TX "scheduled breaks" OR TX "employee break" OR TX "employee breaks"
S3 S1 OR S2
S4 SU "work environment" OR MW "work environment" OR SU work OR MW work
S5 TX work* OR TX occupation* OR TX job OR TX jobs OR TX employee*
S6 S4 OR S5
S7 SU "musculoskeletal diseases" OR SU "muscle pain" OR SU "occupational diseases" OR SU "occupational‐related injuries" OR SU "occupational health" OR SU "cumulative trauma disorders" OR SU "carpal tunnel syndrome" OR SU "shoulder pain" OR SU "neck pain" OR SU "back pain" OR SU "leg injuries" OR SU "back injuries" OR SU "neck injuries" OR SU "arm injuries" OR SU "hand injuries" OR SU "upper extremity" OR SU "lower extremity" OR SU "muscle fatigue" OR SU posture OR SU movement OR SU fatigue OR SU exertion
S8 TX "occupational overuse" OR TX "tension neck" OR TX "cumulative trauma" OR TX musculoskeletal* OR TX skeletal* OR TX pain OR TX disorder* OR TX "carpal tunnel" OR TX discomfort OR TX well‐being OR TX wellbeing OR TX myalgia OR TX muscle* OR TX muscular* OR TX postur* OR TX position*
S9 (TX repetiti* OR TX monoton*) AND (TX strain OR TX stress OR TX motion OR TX movement OR TX workload* OR TX task OR TX tasks) AND (TX injur* OR TX disorder* OR TX disease* OR TX decreas* OR TX reduc*)
S10 S7 OR S8 OR S9
S11 S3 AND S6 AND S10
S12 (SU animals OR TX animal*) NOT (SU human OR TX human*)
S13 S11 NOT S12
Appendix 5. PsycINFO (ProQuest; OVID) search strategy
S1 DE(“work scheduling”) OR DE(“workday shifts”) OR DE(“work rest cycles”)
S2 TI("rest period") OR TI("rest periods") OR TI("resting period") OR TI("resting periods") OR TI("work pause") OR TI("work pauses") OR TI("work interruption") OR TI("work interruptions") OR TI("work break") OR TI("work breaks") OR TI("work‐break*") OR TI("micro break") OR TI("micro breaks") OR TI("micro‐break*") OR TI(microbreak*) OR TI("rest break") OR TI("rest breaks") OR TI("rest‐break*") OR TI("break pattern") OR TI("break patterns") OR TI("break frequency") OR TI("break frequencies") OR TI("break duration") OR TI("short break") OR TI("short breaks") OR TI("coffee break") OR TI("coffee breaks") OR TI("lunch break") OR TI("lunch breaks") OR TI("break type") OR TI("break types") OR TI("active break") OR TI("active breaks") OR TI("passive break") OR TI("passive breaks") OR TI("cognitive break") OR TI("cognitive breaks") OR TI("frequent break") OR TI("frequent breaks") OR TI("regular break") OR TI("regular breaks") OR TI("taking break") OR TI("taking breaks") OR TI("break activity") OR TI("break activities") OR TI("break schedule") OR TI("break schedules") OR TI("scheduling break") OR TI("scheduling breaks") OR TI("scheduled break") OR TI("scheduled breaks") OR TI("employee break") OR TI("employee breaks")
S3 AB("rest period") OR AB("rest periods") OR AB("resting period") OR AB("resting periods") OR AB("work pause") OR AB("work pauses") OR AB("work interruption") OR AB("work interruptions") OR AB("work break") OR AB("work breaks") OR AB("work‐break*") OR AB("micro break") OR AB("micro breaks") OR AB("micro‐break*") OR AB(microbreak*) OR AB("rest break") OR AB("rest breaks") OR AB ("rest‐break*") OR AB("break pattern") OR AB("break patterns") OR AB("break frequency") OR AB("break frequencies") OR AB("break duration") OR AB("short break") OR AB("short breaks") OR AB("coffee break") OR AB("coffee breaks") OR AB("lunch break") OR AB("lunch breaks") OR AB("break type") OR AB("break types") OR AB("active break") OR AB("active breaks") OR AB("passive break") OR AB("passive breaks") OR AB("cognitive break") OR AB("cognitive breaks") OR AB("frequent break") OR AB("frequent breaks") OR AB("regular break") OR AB("regular breaks") OR AB("taking break") OR AB("taking breaks") OR AB("break activity") OR AB("break activities") OR AB("break schedule") OR AB("break schedules") OR AB("scheduling break") OR AB("scheduling breaks") OR AB("scheduled break") OR AB("scheduled breaks") OR AB("employee break") OR AB("employee breaks")
S4 KW("rest period") OR KW("rest periods") OR KW("resting period") OR KW("resting periods") OR KW("work pause") OR KW("work pauses") OR KW("work interruption") OR KW("work interruptions") OR KW("work break") OR KW("work breaks") OR KW("work‐break*") OR KW("micro break") OR KW("micro breaks") OR KW("micro‐break*") OR KW(microbreak*) OR KW("rest break") OR KW("rest breaks") OR KW("rest‐break*") OR KW("break pattern") OR KW("break patterns") OR KW("break frequency") OR KW ("break frequencies") OR KW("break duration") OR KW("short break") OR KW("short breaks") OR KW("coffee break") OR KW("coffee breaks") OR KW("lunch break") OR KW("lunch breaks") OR KW("break type") OR KW("break types") OR KW("active break") OR KW("active breaks") OR KW("passive break") OR KW("passive breaks") OR KW("cognitive break") OR KW("cognitive breaks") OR KW("frequent break") OR KW("frequent breaks") OR KW("regular break") OR KW("regular breaks") OR KW("taking break") OR KW("taking breaks") OR KW("break activity") OR KW("break activities") OR KW("break schedule") OR KW("break schedules") OR KW("scheduling break") OR KW("scheduling breaks") OR KW("scheduled break") OR KW("scheduled breaks") OR KW("employee break") OR KW("employee breaks")
S5 S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S4
S6 DE(“workplace intervention”) OR DE(“working conditions”)
S7 TI(work*) OR TI(occupation*) OR TI(job) OR TI(jobs) OR TI(employee*)
S8 AB(work*) OR AB(occupation*) OR AB(job) OR AB(jobs) OR AB(employee*)
S9 KW(work*) OR KW(occupation*) OR KW(job) OR KW(jobs) OR KW(employee*)
S10 S6 OR S7 OR S8 OR S9
S11 DE(“musculoskeletal disorders”) OR DE(“muscular disorders”) OR DE(“occupational health”) OR DE(“work related illnesses”) OR DE(“back pain”) OR DE(“posture”) OR DE(“musculoskeletal system”) OR DE(“fatigue”) OR DE(“occupational stress”)
S12 TI("occupational overuse") OR TI("tension neck") OR TI("cumulative trauma") OR TI(musculoskeletal*) OR TI(skeletal*) OR TI(pain) OR TI(disorder*) OR TI("carpal tunnel") OR TI(discomfort) OR TI(well‐being) OR TI(wellbeing) OR TI(myalgia) OR TI(muscle*) OR TI(muscular*) OR TI(postur*) OR TI(position*)
S13 AB ("occupational overuse") OR AB("tension neck") OR AB("cumulative trauma") OR AB(musculoskeletal*) OR AB(skeletal*) OR AB(pain) OR AB(disorder*) OR AB("carpal tunnel") OR AB(discomfort) OR AB(well‐being) OR AB(wellbeing) OR AB(myalgia) OR AB(muscle*) OR AB(muscular*) OR AB(postur*) OR AB(position*)
S14 KW("occupational overuse") OR KW("tension neck") OR KW("cumulative trauma") OR KW(musculoskeletal*) OR KW(skeletal*) OR KW(pain) OR KW(disorder*) OR KW("carpal tunnel") OR KW(discomfort) OR KW(well‐being) OR KW(wellbeing) OR KW(myalgia) OR KW(muscle*) OR KW(muscular*) OR KW(postur*) OR KW(position*)
S15 (TI(repetiti*) OR TI(monoton*) OR AB(repetiti*) OR AB(monoton*) OR KW(repetiti*) OR KW(monoton*)) AND (TI (strain) OR TI(stress) OR TI(motion) OR TI(movement) OR TI(workload*) OR TI(task) OR TI(tasks) OR AB(strain) OR AB(stress) OR AB(motion) OR AB(movement) OR AB(workload*) OR AB(task) OR AB(tasks) OR KW(strain) OR KW(stress) OR KW(motion) OR KW(movement) OR KW(workload*) OR KW(task) OR KW(tasks)) AND (TI (injur*) OR TI(disorder*) OR TI(disease*) OR TI(decreas*) OR TI(reduc*) OR AB(injur*) OR AB(disorder*) OR AB(disease*) OR AB(decreas*) OR AB(reduc*) OR KW(injur*) OR KW(disorder*) OR KW(disease*) OR KW(decreas*) OR KW(reduc*))
S16 S11 OR S12 OR S13 OR S14 OR S15
S17 S5 AND S10 AND S16
S18 (PO(animal) OR DE(animals) OR TI(animal*) OR AB(animal*) OR KW(animal*)) NOT (PO(human) OR DE(“human males”) OR DE(“human females”) OR TI(human*) OR AB(human*) OR KW(human*))
S19 S17 NOT S18
Appendix 6. SCOPUS (Elsevier) search strategy
#1 TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("rest period") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("rest periods") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("resting period") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("resting periods") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("work pause") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("work pauses") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("work interruption") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("work interruptions") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("work break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("work breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("work‐break*") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("micro break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("micro breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("micro‐break*") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(microbreak*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("rest break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("rest breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("rest‐break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("break pattern") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("break patterns") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("break frequency") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("break frequencies") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("break duration") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("short break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("short breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("coffee break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("coffee breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("lunch break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("lunch breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("break type") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("break types") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("active break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("active breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("passive break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("passive breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("cognitive break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("cognitive breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("frequent break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("frequent breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("regular break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("regular breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("taking break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("taking breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("break activity") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("break activities") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("break schedule") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("break schedules") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("scheduling break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("scheduling breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("scheduled break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("scheduled breaks") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("employee break") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("employee breaks")
#2 TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(work*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(occupation*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(job) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(jobs) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(employee*)
#3 TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("occupational overuse") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("tension neck") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("cumulative trauma") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(musculoskeletal*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(skeletal*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pain) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(disorder*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("carpal tunnel") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(discomfort) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(well‐being) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(wellbeing) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(myalgia) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(muscle*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(muscular*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(postur*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(position*)
#4 (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(repetiti*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(monoton*)) AND (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(strain) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(stress) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(motion) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(movement) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(workload*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(task) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(tasks)) AND (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(injur*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(disorder*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(disease*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(decreas*) OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(reduc*))
#5 #3 OR #4
#6 #1 AND #2 AND #5
#7 TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(animal*) AND NOT TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(human*)
#8 #6 AND NOT #7
Appendix 7. Web of Science (Thomson Reuters) search strategy
#1 TS="rest period" OR TS="rest periods" OR TS="resting period" OR TS="resting periods" OR TS="work pause" OR TS="work pauses" OR TS="work interruption" OR TS="work interruptions" OR TS="work break" OR TS="work breaks" OR TS="work‐break*" OR TS="micro break" OR TS="micro breaks" OR TS="micro‐break*" OR TS="microbreak*" OR TS="rest break" OR TS="rest breaks" OR TS="rest‐break*" OR TS="break pattern" OR TS="break patterns" OR TS="break frequency" OR TS="break duration" OR TS="short break" OR TS="short breaks" OR TS="coffee break" OR TS="coffee breaks" OR TS="break type" OR TS="break types" OR TS="active break" OR TS="active breaks" OR TS="passive break" OR TS="passive breaks" OR TS="cognitive break" OR TS="cognitive breaks" OR TS="frequent break" OR TS="frequent breaks" OR TS="regular break" OR TS="regular breaks" OR TS="taking break" OR TS="taking breaks" OR TS="break activity" OR TS="break activities" OR TS="break schedule" OR TS="break schedules" OR TS="scheduling break" OR TS="scheduling breaks" OR TS="scheduled break" OR TS="scheduled breaks" OR TS="employee break" OR TS="employee breaks"
#2 TS=work* OR TS=occupation* OR TS=job OR TS=jobs OR TS=employee*
#3 TS="occupational overuse" OR TS="tension neck" OR TS="cumulative trauma" OR TS=musculoskeletal* OR TS=skeletal* OR TS=pain OR TS=disorder* OR TS="carpal tunnel" OR TS=discomfort OR TS=well‐being OR TS=wellbeing OR TS=myalgia OR TS=muscle* OR TS=muscular* OR TS=postur* OR TS=position* OR TS="cumulative trauma disorder*" OR TS=injury OR TS=injuries OR TS=extremity OR TS=extremities OR TS="muscle fatigue" OR TS="physical exertion"
#4 (TS=repetiti* OR TS=monoton*) AND (TS=strain OR TS=stress OR TS=motion OR TS=movement OR TS=workload* OR TS=task OR TS=tasks) AND (TS=injur* OR TS=disorder* OR TS=disease* OR TS=decreas* OR TS=reduc*)
#5 #3 OR #4
#6 #1 AND #2 AND #5
#7 TS=animal* NOT TS=human*
#8 #6 NOT #7
Appendix 8. ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov) search strategy
#1 work OR occupation OR job OR employee
#2 "rest break” OR break OR pause
#3 #1 AND #2
Appendix 9. World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP; who.int/ictrp/en/) search strategy
#1 work OR occupation OR job OR employee
#2 "rest break” OR break OR pause
#3 #1 AND #2
Study flow diagram.
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Comparison 1 Additional work breaks versus no additional work breaks, Outcome 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (follow‐up 4 or 10 weeks).
Comparison 1 Additional work breaks versus no additional work breaks, Outcome 2 Productivity or work performance (follow‐up 4 or 10 weeks).
Comparison 2 Additional work breaks versus work breaks as needed, Outcome 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (follow‐up 4 weeks).
Comparison 2 Additional work breaks versus work breaks as needed, Outcome 2 Productivity or work performance (follow‐up 4 weeks).
Comparison 3 Additional higher frequency work breaks versus additional lower frequency work breaks, Outcome 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (follow‐up 4 weeks).
Comparison 3 Additional higher frequency work breaks versus additional lower frequency work breaks, Outcome 2 Productivity or work performance (follow‐up 4 weeks).
Comparison 4 Active work breaks versus passive work breaks, Outcome 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (follow‐up 5 weeks).
Comparison 5 Relaxation work breaks versus physical work breaks, Outcome 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (follow‐up 5 weeks).
Comparison 6 Additional work breaks versus no additional work breaks (sensitivity analysis), Outcome 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal outcomes (pain, discomfort or fatigue).
Comparison 6 Additional work breaks versus no additional work breaks (sensitivity analysis), Outcome 2 Productivity or work performance.
Comparison 7 Additional work breaks versus work breaks as needed (sensitivity analysis), Outcome 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue.
Comparison 8 Additional higher frequency work breaks versus additional lower frequency work breaks (sensitivity analysis), Outcome 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue.
| Additional work breaks compared to no additional work breaks for preventing musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders in workers | ||||||
| Patient or population: office workers | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect | № of participants | Certainty of the evidence | Comments | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| No additional work breaks | Additional work breaks | |||||
| Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue Method: 0‐100 mm VAS or 1‐5 NRS Follow‐up: 4 or 10 weeks | The mean participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (4 or 10 weeks) ranged across control groups from 1.38 ‐ 3.801 | The mean after shift/after intervention participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (4 or 10 weeks) 0.08 standard deviations lower (0.35 lower to 0.18 higher) | ‐ | 225 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | |
| Productivity or work performance Method: total number of documents entered per day, or keystrokes per hour, or WRFQ Follow‐up: 4 or 10 weeks | The mean productivity or work performance (4 or 10 weeks) ranged across control groups from ‐4.25 ‐ 209.092 | The mean after shift/after intervention productivity or work performance (4 or 10 weeks) was 0.07 standard deviations lower (0.33 lower to 0.19 higher) | ‐ | 225 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | |
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | ||||||
| NRS: Numeric Rating Scale. 1 Data include estimates based on Table 2 and Figure 2 in Galinsky 2000 and Figure 1 in Galinsky 2007. 2 Data include estimates based on Section 3.3 in Galinsky 2000 and Section Data Entry Performance > Rest break schedule in Galinsky 2007. 3 Downgraded one level because of a potential risk of bias. 4 Downgraded one level because the total number of participants was less than 300 (small sample size for a continuous variable). 5 Downgraded one level because of surrogate outcome that is not important in itself but assumed indirectly important for the intervention's evaluation. | ||||||
| Additional work breaks compared to work breaks as needed for preventing musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders in workers | ||||||
| Patient or population: office workers | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect | № of participants | Certainty of the evidence | Comments | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| Work breaks as needed | Additional work breaks | |||||
| Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue Method: 0‐100 mm VAS Follow‐up: 4 weeks | The mean participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (4 weeks) was 25.10 | The mean after intervention participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (4 weeks) in the intervention group was 1.80 higher (38.15 lower to 41.75 higher) | ‐ | 15 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | |
| Productivity or work performance Method: number of words typed per 3 hours Follow‐up: 4 weeks | The mean productivity or work performance (4 weeks) was ‐317.00 compared to no breaks | The mean after intervention productivity or work performance (4 weeks) in the intervention group was 542.50 higher (177.22 higher to 907.78 higher) | ‐ | 15 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | |
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | ||||||
| VAS: Visual Analogue Scale. 2 Downgraded two levels because the total number of participants was less than 50 (small sample size for a continuous variable) and because of low precision of the effect estimate (0.5 was included in the 95% CI of the SMD). 3 Downgraded one level because of surrogate outcome that was not important in itself but assumed indirectly important for the intervention's evaluation. | ||||||
| Additional higher frequency work breaks compared to additional lower frequency work breaks for preventing musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders in workers | ||||||
| Patient or population: office workers | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect | № of participants | Certainty of the evidence | Comments | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| Additional lower frequency work breaks | Additional higher frequency work breaks | |||||
| Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue Method: 0‐100 mm VAS Follow‐up: 4 weeks | The mean participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (4 weeks) was 21.08 | The mean after intervention participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (4 weeks) was 11.65 higher (41.07 lower to 64.37 higher) | ‐ | 10 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | |
| Productivity or work performance Method: number of words typed per 3 hours Follow‐up: 4 weeks | The mean productivity or work performance (4 weeks) was 267.00 compared to no breaks | The mean after intervention productivity or work performance (4 weeks) in the intervention group was 83.00 lower (305.27 lower to 139.27 higher) | ‐ | 10 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | |
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | ||||||
| VAS: Visual Analogue Scale. 2 Downgraded two levels because the total number of participants was less than 25 (small sample size for a continuous variable) and because of low precision of the effect estimate (0.5 was included in the 95% CI of the SMD). 3 Downgraded one level because of surrogate outcome that was not important in itself but assumed indirectly important for the intervention's evaluation. | ||||||
| Active work breaks compared to passive work breaks for preventing musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders in workers | ||||||
| Patient or population: office workers | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect | № of participants | Certainty of the evidence | Comments | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| Passive work breaks | Active work breaks | |||||
| Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue Method: 1‐7 NRS Follow‐up: 5 weeks | The mean participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (5 weeks) was 4.15 | The mean difference after intervention participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (5 weeks) in the intervention group was 0.17 lower (0.71 lower to 0.37 higher) | ‐ | 153 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | |
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | ||||||
| NRS: Numeric Rating Scale. 2 Downgraded one level because the total number of participants was less than 200 (small sample size for a continuous variable). | ||||||
| Relaxation work breaks compared to physical work breaks for preventing musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders in workers | ||||||
| Patient or population: office workers | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect | № of participants | Certainty of the evidence | Comments | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| Physical work breaks | Relaxation work breaks | |||||
| Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain ,discomfort or fatigue Method: 1‐7 NRS Follow‐up: 5 weeks | The mean participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (5 weeks) was 3.88 | The mean difference after intervention participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (5 weeks) in the intervention group was 0.20 higher (0.43 lower to 0.82 higher) | ‐ | 97 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | |
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | ||||||
| NRS: Numeric Rating Scale. 2 Downgraded one level because the total number of participants was less than 100 (small sample size for a continuous variable). | ||||||
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (follow‐up 4 or 10 weeks) Show forest plot | 3 | 225 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.08 [‐0.35, 0.18] |
| 2 Productivity or work performance (follow‐up 4 or 10 weeks) Show forest plot | 3 | 225 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.07 [‐0.33, 0.19] |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (follow‐up 4 weeks) Show forest plot | 1 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Totals not selected | |
| 2 Productivity or work performance (follow‐up 4 weeks) Show forest plot | 1 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Totals not selected | |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (follow‐up 4 weeks) Show forest plot | 1 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Totals not selected | |
| 2 Productivity or work performance (follow‐up 4 weeks) Show forest plot | 1 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Totals not selected | |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (follow‐up 5 weeks) Show forest plot | 1 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Totals not selected | |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue (follow‐up 5 weeks) Show forest plot | 1 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Totals not selected | |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal outcomes (pain, discomfort or fatigue) Show forest plot | 3 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Subtotals only | |
| 1.1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain (follow‐up 10 weeks) | 1 | 39 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.34 [‐0.97, 0.29] |
| 1.2 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (neck; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 2 | 186 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.01 [‐0.30, 0.27] |
| 1.3 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (back; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 2 | 186 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.05 [‐0.33, 0.24] |
| 1.4 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (right shoulder & upper arm; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 2 | 186 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.04 [‐0.32, 0.25] |
| 1.5 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (left shoulder & upper arm; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 2 | 186 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.03 [‐0.32, 0.25] |
| 1.6 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (right elbow; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | 84 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.03 [‐0.46, 0.40] |
| 1.7 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (left elbow; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | 84 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.02 [‐0.45, 0.41] |
| 1.8 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (right forearm, wrist & hand; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 2 | 186 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.03 [‐0.32, 0.26] |
| 1.9 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (left forearm, wrist & hand; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | 102 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.02 [‐0.41, 0.37] |
| 1.10 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (buttocks; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 2 | 186 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.04 [‐0.32, 0.25] |
| 1.11 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (legs, follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | 102 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.04 [‐0.43, 0.35] |
| 2 Productivity or work performance Show forest plot | 3 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Subtotals only | |
| 2.1 Productivity or work performance (WRFQ, follow‐up 10 weeks) | 1 | 39 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.39 [‐0.24, 1.03] |
| 2.2 Productivity or work performance (keystrokes per hour; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 2 | 186 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.01 [‐0.27, 0.30] |
| 2.3 Productivity or work performance (entered documents per day; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 2 | 186 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.01 [‐0.29, 0.28] |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue Show forest plot | 1 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Totals not selected | |
| 1.1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (neck; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
| 1.2 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (back; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
| 1.3 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (shoulder; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
| 1.4 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (forearm & wrist; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal pain, discomfort or fatigue Show forest plot | 1 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Totals not selected | |
| 1.1 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (neck; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
| 1.2 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (back; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
| 1.3 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (shoulder; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
| 1.4 Participant‐reported musculoskeletal discomfort (forearm & wrist; follow‐up 4 weeks) | 1 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
