Term

Explanation

Allele

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene at corresponding sites (loci) on homologous chromosomes

Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium

This states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences

HLA

Human leukocyte antigen: a group of protein molecules located on bone marrow and other cells that can provoke an immune response

Hypersensitivity

A state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance, such as a drug

Polymorphic

A variation in the DNA that is too common to be due merely to new mutation. A polymorphism must have a frequency of at least 1% in a population

Maculopapular rash

A rash with both macules (flat and coloured like a freckle) and papules (a small raised spot)

Drugs associated with skin injury

Class of drug

HLA allele

Population

Reference

Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)

Allopurinol

Antiuric acid

B*5801

Han Chinese

Hung 2005

‐

‐

‐

Thai

Tassaneeyakul 2009a

‐

‐

‐

Japanese

Kaniwa 2008

‐

‐

‐

Malay

Ding 2010

Carbamazepine

Antiepileptic

B*1502

Han Chinese

Cheung 2013; Chung 2004; Chong 2013; Hung 2006; Man 2007

‐

‐

‐

Thai

Kulkantrakorn 2012; Locharernkul 2008; Tassaneeyakul 2010; Tangamornsuksan 2013

‐

‐

‐

Malay

Ding 2010

‐

‐

‐

Indian

Mehta 2009

‐

‐

A*3101

White

Amstutz 2013; McCormack 2011;

‐

‐

A*3101

Japanese

Ozeki 2011

Phenytoin

Antiepileptic

B*1502

Han Chinese

Hung 2010; Man 2007

‐

‐

‐

Thai

Locharernkul 2008;

Oxicam

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID)

A2, B12

White

Roujeau 1987

Sulphamethoxazole

Antibiotic

A29, B12, DR7

White

Roujeau 1986

Hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS or DRESS)

Abacavir

Antiretroviral

B*5701

White

Hetherington 2002; Hughes 2004; Mallal 2002; Mallal 2008; Martin 2004

‐

‐

‐

African Americans

Hughes 2004a; Saag 2008

Aminopenicillins

Antibiotic

A2, Drw52

White

Romano 1998

Nevirapine

Antiretroviral

DRB1*01

White ‐ Australian

Martin 2005

‐

‐

DRB1*01

White ‐ French

Vitezica 2008

‐

‐

Cw8, B14

White ‐ Italian

Littera 2006

‐

‐

Cw8

Japanese

Gatanaga 2007

‐

‐

B*3505

Thai

Chantarangsu 2009

‐

‐

Cw4

Thai

Likanonsakul 2009

‐

‐

C*0404

Black African

Carr 2013

‐

‐

Cw*04

Chinese

Gao 2012

Aspirin

NSAIDS

DRB1*1302, DQB1*0609

‐

Kim 2005; Palikhe 2008

‐

NSAIDS

DR11

‐

Quiralte 1999

Iodine contrast media

‐

DR

White ‐ Spanish

Torres 2008

Paraphenylenediamine

Hair dye

DP

White ‐ German

Sieben 2002

Gold sodium thiomalate

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

DR5

White ‐ Spanish

Rodriguez‐Pérez 1994

Lamotrigine

Antiepileptic

B*5801, A*6801

White

Kazeem 2009

Trichloroethylene

Industrial solvent, dry cleaning

B*1301

Japanese

Li 2007; Watanabe 2010

Fixed drug eruptions

Co‐trimoxazole

Antibiotic

A30, B13, Cw6

White ‐ Turkish

Ozkaya‐Bayazit 2001

Feprazone

Analgesic

B22

‐

Pellicano 1997