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Study flow diagram.
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Figure 1

Study flow diagram.

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Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
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Figure 2

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
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Figure 3

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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Comparison 1 Intravesical bacterial interference, Outcome 1 Symptomatic UTI.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Intravesical bacterial interference, Outcome 1 Symptomatic UTI.

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Summary of findings for the main comparison. Intravesical bacterial interference versus placebo for preventing urinary tract infection in people with neuropathic bladder

Intravesical bacterial interference versus placebo for preventing urinary tract infection in people with neuropathic bladder

Patient or population: people with neuropathic bladder
Setting: outpatient
Intervention: intravesical bacterial interference
Comparison: placebo

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No. of participants (studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Risk with placebo

Risk with intravesical bacterial interference

Symptomatic UTI
Follow‐up: mean 12 months

613 per 1,000

196 per 1,000
(49 to 729)

RR 0.32
(0.08 to 1.19)

110 (3)

⊕⊝⊝⊝1
VERY LOW

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate quality: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low quality: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low quality: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect

1Risk of bias was assessed at high in most domains, with heterogeneity and small studies, suggesting that results overestimate intravesical bacterial interference versus placebo

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Summary of findings for the main comparison. Intravesical bacterial interference versus placebo for preventing urinary tract infection in people with neuropathic bladder
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Comparison 1. Intravesical bacterial interference

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Symptomatic UTI Show forest plot

3

110

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.32 [0.08, 1.19]
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Comparison 1. Intravesical bacterial interference
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