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Interventions for preventing ankle ligament injuries

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Appendices

Appendix 1. Search strategies

Cochrane CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials (Ovid)

1 Ankle Injuries/pp, pc, rh, th (Physiopathology, Prevention & Control, Rehabilitation, Therapy)
2 Ankle/ or Ankle Joint/ or Lateral Ligament, Ankle/
3 ankle*1.tw.
4 or/2‐3
5 Athletic Injuries/pp, pc, rh, th (Physiopathology, Prevention & Control, Rehabilitation, Therapy)
6 "Sprains and Strains"/pp, pc, rh, th (Physiopathology, Prevention & Control, Rehabilitation, Therapy)
7 or/5‐6
8 and/4,7
9 (ankle*1 adj3 (sprain* or strain* or injur* or rupture* or tear or torn or trauma* or stabili#ation or support* or inversion)).tw.
10 or/1,8‐9

MEDLINE (Ovid)

1 Ankle Injuries/pp, pc, rh, th (Physiopathology, Prevention & Control, Rehabilitation, Therapy)
2 Ankle/ or Ankle Joint/ or Lateral Ligament, Ankle/
3 ankle*1.tw.
4 or/2‐3
5 Athletic Injuries/pp, pc, rh, th (Physiopathology, Prevention & Control, Rehabilitation, Therapy)
6 "Sprains and Strains"/pp, pc, rh, th (Physiopathology, Prevention & Control, Rehabilitation, Therapy)
7 or/5‐6
8 and/4,7
9 (ankle*1 adj3 (sprain* or strain* or injur* or rupture* or tear or torn or trauma* or stabilisation or support* or inversion)).tw.
10 or/1,8‐9
11 Randomized controlled trial.pt.
12 Controlled clinical trial.pt.
13 randomized.ab.
14 placebo.ab.
15 Clinical Trials as Topic/
16 randomly.ab.
17 trial.ti.
18  11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17
19 exp Animals/ not Humans/
20 18 not 19
21 and/10,20

EMBASE (Ovid)

1 ankle sprain/pc, rh, th (Prevention, Rehabilitation, Therapy)
2 ankle injury/pc, rh, th (Prevention, Rehabilitation, Therapy)
3 or/1‐2
4 ANKLE/ or ANKLE LATERAL LIGAMENT/
5 ankle*1.tw.
6 or/4‐5
7 sport injury/
8 and/5,7
9 (ankle*1 adj3 (sprain* or strain* or injur* or rupture* or tear or torn or trauma* or stabili#ation or support* or inversion)).tw.
10 or/3,8‐9
11 Clinical trial/
12 Randomized controlled trial/
13 Randomization/
14 Single blind procedure/
15 Double blind procedure/
16 Crossover procedure/
17 Placebo/
18 randomi?ed controlled trial$.tw.
19 rct.tw.
20 random allocation.tw.
21 randomly allocated.tw.
22 allocated randomly.tw.
23 (allocated adj2 random).tw.
24 single blind$.tw.
25 double blind$.tw.
26  ((treble or triple) adj blind$).tw.
27 placebo$.tw.
28 Prospective study/
29 or/11‐28
30 Case study/
31 case report.tw.
32 Abstract report/ or Letter/
33 or/30‐32
34 29 not 33
35 limit 34 to human
36 10 and 35

SPORTDiscus (Ebsco)

S1   DE "ANKLE" 
S2 DE "ANKLE ‐‐ Wounds & injuries"  
S3 S1 or S2  
S4 DE "SPRAINS"  
S5 DE "WOUNDS & injuries"   
S6 S4 and S5 
S7 S3 and S6 
S8 TI ( (ankle* N3 sprain) OR (ankle* N3 strain*) OR (ankle* N3 injur*) OR (ankle* N3 rupture*) OR (ankle* N3 tear) OR (ankle* N3 torn) OR (ankle* N3 trauma*) OR (ankle* N3 stabili?ation) OR (ankle* N3 support*) OR (ankle* N3 inversion) ) or AB ( (ankle* N3 sprain) OR (ankle* N3 strain*) OR (ankle* N3 injur*) OR (ankle* N3 rupture*) OR (ankle* N3 tear) OR (ankle* N3 torn) OR (ankle* N3 trauma*) OR (ankle* N3 stabili?ation) OR (ankle* N3 support*) OR (ankle* N3 inversion) )   
S9 S7 or S8   
S10 DE "PREVENTION"            
S11 TI ( prevent* or protect* or risk* ) or AB ( prevent* or protect* or risk* ) 
S12 S10 or S11 
S13 S9 and S12  
S14 TX ((clinic$ or controlled or comparative or placebo or prospective or randomised or randomized) and (trial or study))   
S15 TX (random* and (allocat* or allot* or assign* or basis* or divid* or order*))  
S16 TX ((singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) and (blind* or mask*))   
S17 TX (cross?over or (cross over))  
S18 TX randomi?ed control* trial* 
S19 TX ((allocat* or allot* or assign* or divid*) and (condition* or experiment* or intervention* or treatment* or therap* or control* or
group*))  
S20 TX placebo*   
S21   S20 or S19 or S18 or S17 or S16 or S15 or S14  
S22 S13 and S21 

CINAHL (Ebsco)

S1 (MH "Ankle Sprain/PP/PC/RH/TH") 
S2 (MH "Ankle Injuries/PP/PC/RH/TH") 
S3    S1 or S2 
S4 (MH "Ankle") OR (MH "Ankle Joint") OR (MH "Lateral Ligament, Ankle") 
S5 TI ankle* or AB ankle* 
S6 S4 or S5 
S7 (MH "Athletic Injuries/PP/PC/TH/RH") OR (MH "Wounds and Injuries/PC/RH/TH/PP") 
S8 S6 and S7 
S9 TI ( (ankle* N3 sprain) OR (ankle* N3 strain*) OR (ankle* N3 injur*) OR (ankle* N3 rupture*) OR (ankle* N3 tear) OR (ankle* N3 torn) OR (ankle* N3 trauma*) OR (ankle* N3 stabili?ation) OR (ankle* N3 support*) OR (ankle* N3 inversion) ) or AB ( (ankle* N3 sprain) OR (ankle* N3 strain*) OR (ankle* N3 injur*) OR (ankle* N3 rupture*) OR (ankle* N3 tear) OR (ankle* N3 torn) OR (ankle* N3 trauma*) OR (ankle* N3 stabili?ation) OR (ankle* N3 support*) OR (ankle* N3 inversion) ) 
S10 S3 or S8 or S9 
S11 TI ( prevent* or protect* or risk* ) or AB ( prevent* or protect* or risk* ) 
S12 (MH "Clinical Trials+") 
S13 (MH "Comparative Studies") 
S14 (MH "Prospective Studies+") 
S15 (MH "Crossover Design") 
S16 (MH "Double‐Blind Studies") or (MH "Single‐Blind Studies") or (MH "Triple‐Blind Studies") 
S17 (MH "Placebos") 
S18 (MH "Random Assignment") 
S19 PT Clinical Trial 
S20 TI ( (clinical or controlled or comparative or placebo or prospective or randomised or randomized) and (trial or study) ) or AB ((clinical or controlled or comparative or placebo or prospective or randomised or randomized) and (trial or study) ) 
S21 TI ( random* and (allocat* or allot* or assign* or basis* or divid* or order*) ) or AB ( random* and (allocat* or allot* or assign* or basis* or divid* or order*) ) 
S22 TI (singl* N1 blind*) or TI (doubl* N1 blind*) or TI (trebl* N1 blind*) or TI (tripl* N1 blind*) or TI (singl* N1 mask*) or TI (doubl* N1 mask*) or TI (trebl* N1 mask*) or TI (tripl* N1 mask*) or AB (singl* N1 blind*) or AB (doubl* N1 blind*) or AB (trebl* N1 blind*) or AB (tripl* N1 blind*) or AB (singl* N1 mask*) or AB (doubl* N1 mask*) or AB (trebl* N1 mask*) or AB (tripl* N1 mask*) 
S23 TI ( crossover or cross‐over or "cross over" ) or AB ( crossover or cross‐over or "cross over" ) 
S24 S12 or S13 or S14 or S15 or S16 or S17 or S18 or S19 or S20 or S21 or S22 or S23 
S25 S10 and S11 and S24 

WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform

We will search for 'ankle' in the Title field in Advanced Search, with 'All' selected for Recruitment Status.

Appendix 2. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias

Domain

Support for judgement

Review authors’ judgement

Selection bias

Random sequence generation

Describe the method used to generate the allocation sequence in sufficient detail to allow an assessment of whether it should produce comparable groups.

Selection bias (biased allocation to interventions) due to inadequate generation of a randomised sequence.

Allocation concealment

Describe the method used to conceal the allocation sequence in sufficient detail to determine whether intervention allocations could have been foreseen in advance of, or during, enrolment.

Selection bias (biased allocation to interventions) due to inadequate concealment of allocations prior to assignment.

Performance bias

Blinding of participants and personnel

Assessments should be made for each main outcome (or class of outcomes). 

Describe all measures used, if any, to blind study participants and personnel from knowledge of which intervention a participant received. Provide any information relating to whether the intended blinding was effective.

Performance bias due to knowledge of the allocated interventions by participants and personnel during the study.

Detection bias

Blinding of outcome assessment

Assessments should be made for each main outcome (or class of outcomes).

Describe all measures used, if any, to blind outcome assessors from knowledge of which intervention a participant received. Provide any information relating to whether the intended blinding was effective.

Detection bias due to knowledge of the allocated interventions by outcome assessors.

Attrition bias

Incomplete outcome dataAssessments should be made for each main outcome (or class of outcomes). 

Describe the completeness of outcome data for each main outcome, including attrition and exclusions from the analysis. State whether attrition and exclusions were reported, the numbers in each intervention group (compared with total randomised participants), reasons for attrition/exclusions where reported, and any re‐inclusions in analyses performed by the review authors.

Attrition bias due to amount, nature or handling of incomplete outcome data.

Reporting bias

Selective reporting

State how the possibility of selective outcome reporting was examined by the review authors, and what was found.

Reporting bias due to selective outcome reporting.

Other bias

Other sources of bias

State any important concerns about bias not addressed in the other domains in the tool.

If particular questions/entries were pre‐specified in the review’s protocol, responses should be provided for each question/entry.

Bias due to problems not covered elsewhere in the table.