Interventions for recruiting smokers into cessation programmes

José S Marcano Belisario; Michelle N Bruggeling; Laura H Gunn; Serena Brusamento; Josip Car

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009187.pub2

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Figure 1

Study flow diagram.

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Figure 2

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Figure 3

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Recruitment: Head to head comparison of individual interventions, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.

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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different content, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.

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Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different intensity, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.

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Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Recruitment: Adding additional modes to existing intervention, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.

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Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Smoking Cessation: Comparison of same modes, different content, Outcome 1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up.

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Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Smoking Cessation: Adding modes to existing interventions, Outcome 1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up.

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Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Study design: RCTs, cluster RCTS, quasi‐randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, CBA studies, and ITS studies
Participants of any age, gender, ethnicity, language or health status who were smokers
Studies that focused on the recruitment of smokers into smoking cessation programmes, regardless of the mode of recruitment. These methods included personalised, interactive and non‐interactive recruitment strategies such as: web sites; search engine advertisements; blogs; Internet personal health records; SMS; MMS; voice calls; voice mails; television and radio campaigns; adverts published in newspapers, magazines; billboards; posters; leaflets; booklets; quit‐lines; cold‐calling requests; promotion from different health practitioners or lay smoking cessation advisers; small interactive group presentations; display booths
Studies that compared at least two different recruitment methods
Studies reporting levels of recruitment as their primary or secondary outcome

Studies that compared a recruitment strategy with no intervention
Studies that were solely concerned with the delivery of a smoking cessation programme
Studies in which the recruitment methods were used only to collect information from participants rather than to actively recruit them
Interventions used to remind smokers of their participation in the programmes or of their appointments

Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies

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Comparison 1. Recruitment: Head to head comparison of individual interventions

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme Show forest plot	2		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Phone vs letter	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.2 IC read out loud vs IC read themselves	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 1. Recruitment: Head to head comparison of individual interventions

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Comparison 2. Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different content

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme Show forest plot	4		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Tailored vs generic	2		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.2 Additional message content (no tailoring)	2		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 2. Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different content

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Comparison 3. Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different intensity

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme Show forest plot	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Unrestricted vs restricted # of calls	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 3. Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different intensity

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Comparison 4. Recruitment: Adding additional modes to existing intervention

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme Show forest plot	6		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Addition of a new mode to an existing phone call	2		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.2 Addition of a new mode to an existing newsletter	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.3 Addition of financial incentive	3		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 4. Recruitment: Adding additional modes to existing intervention

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Comparison 5. Smoking Cessation: Comparison of same modes, different content

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up Show forest plot	2		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Tailored vs generic	2		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 5. Smoking Cessation: Comparison of same modes, different content

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Comparison 6. Smoking Cessation: Adding modes to existing interventions

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up Show forest plot	2		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Addition of financial incentive	2		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 6. Smoking Cessation: Adding modes to existing interventions

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