Appendix 1. Taxonomy of possible interventions (adapted from Haynes 2008)

a) more instruction for patients, e.g. verbal, written, or visual material; programmed learning; and formal education sessions;

b) counselling about the patients’ target condition, the importance of therapy and compliance with therapy, the possible side‐effects, patient empowerment, couple‐focused therapy to increase social support;

c) automated telephone, computer‐assisted patient monitoring and counselling;

d) manual telephone follow‐up;

e) family intervention;

f ) various ways to increase the convenience of care, e.g. provision at the worksite or at home;

g) simplified dosing;

h) involving patients more in their care through self‐monitoring;

i) reminders, e.g. programmed devices, and tailoring the regimen to daily habits;

j) special ’reminder’ medication packaging;

k) dose‐dispensing units of medication and medication charts;

l) appointment and prescription refill reminders;

m) reinforcement or rewards for both improved adherence and treatment response, e.g. reduced frequency of visits;

n) different medication formulations, such as tablet versus syrup ;

o) crisis intervention conducted when necessary;

p) direct observation of treatments (DOTS) by health workers or family members;

q) lay health mentoring;

r) augmented pharmacy services;

s) psychological therapy, e.g. cognitive behaviour therapy, multisystemic therapy;

t) mailed communications;

u) group meetings.

Appendix 2. MEDLINE (Ovid SP) search strategy

1              exp medication adherence/   7730

2              exp smoking cessation/  20345

3              (adhere* or complian* or concord*).tw.   222406             

4              or/1‐3   244332 

5              (NRT or nicotine replacement therap* or bupropion or wellbutrin or zyban or voxra or budeprion or aplenzin or amfebutamone or varenicline or chantix or champix).tw.   5254

6              (nicotine adj7 (patch* or gum* or inhaler* or inhalator* or lozenge* or microtab* or tablet* or spray*)).tw.   2247                               

7              5 or 6   6925        

8              randomised controlled trial.pt.   379042

9              controlled clinical trial.pt.   88839              

10           clinical trial.pt.   489753 

11           random*.tw.   656627   

12           placebo.tw.   151719      

13           trial.tw.   341515              

14           groups.tw.   1279987     

15           or/8‐14   2179105             

16           4 and 7 and 15   1705      

17           limit 16 to humans   1700

Appendix 3. Embase (Ovid SP) search strategy

1              exp medication adherence/   4398        

2              exp smoking cessation/   37433 

3              (adhere* or complian* or concord*).tw.   310641             

4              or/1‐3   348019 

5              (NRT or nicotine replacement therap* or bupropion or wellbutrin or zyban or voxra or budeprion or aplenzin or amfebutamone or varenicline or chantix or champix).tw.   8998                

6              (nicotine adj7 (patch* or gum* or inhaler* or inhalator* or lozenge* or microtab* or tablet* or spray*)).tw.   2677                               

7              5 or 6   10951        

8              randomised controlled trial/   345939     

9              single blind procedure/ or double blind procedure/   131682       

10           crossover procedure/   39531                    

11           random*.tw.   884924   

12           placebo*.tw.   199266   

13           ((singl* or doubl*) adj (blind* or mask*)).tw.   157668   

14           (cross over or crossover or factorial* or latin square).tw.   93570               

15           (assign* or allocat* or volunteer*).tw.   488528 

16           or/8‐15   1411900             

17           4 and 7 and 16   1897      

18           limit 17 to human   1836

Appendix 4. PsycINFO (Ovid SP) search strategy

1              exp medical regimen compliance/   11128

2              exp smoking cessation/   9156   

3              (adhere* or complian* or concord*).tw.   46968               

4              or/1‐3   58112    

5              (NRT or nicotine replacement therap* or bupropion or wellbutrin or zyban or voxra or budeprion or aplenzin or amfebutamone or varenicline or chantix or champix).tw.   2854

6              (nicotine adj7 (patch* or gum* or inhaler* or inhalator* or lozenge* or microtab* or tablet* or spray*)).tw.   1221               

7              5 or 6   3739        

8              random*.ti,ab,hw,id.   132134   

9              trial*.ti,ab,hw,id.   123964

10           placebo*.ti,ab,hw,id.   31234     

11           ((singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) and (blind* or mask*)).ti,ab,hw,id.   22030

12           (cross over or crossover or factorial* or latin square).ti,ab,hw,id.   21908               

13           (assign* or allocat* or volunteer*).ti,ab,hw,id.   119014   

14           treatment effectiveness evaluation/   16887     

15           mental health program evaluation/   1870            

16           exp experimental design/   47784            

17           "2000".md.   27392          

18           or/8‐17   379651               

19           4 and 7 and 18   1030        

20           limit 19 to human   1016

Appendix 5. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) search strategy

#1           (adhere* or complian* or concord*):ti,ab,kw   24410

#2           (NRT or nicotine replacement therap* or bupropion or wellbutrin or zyban or voxra or budeprion or aplenzin or amfebutamone or varenicline or chantix or champix):ti,ab,kw or (nicotine adj7 (patch* or gum* or inhaler* or inhalator* or lozenge* or microtab* or tablet* or spray*)):ti,ab,kw   1589       

#3           (#1 AND #2) in Trials   147