| Case‐control studies |
| Study | Ovarian cancer type | Total number of cancer cases/controls | Drug | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | Factor adjusted for |
| Rossing 1994 | Invasive/borderline | 135 / NR | Clomiphene citrate | Rate ratio 11.00 (1.50 to 80.67) | Rate ratio > 1 year 11 (1.5 to 8.2) | Parity |
| — | Rate ratio > 1 year 7.2 (1.2 to 43.9) | Age |
| — | Rate ratio < 1 year 0.7 (0.1 to 4.6) | Age |
| — | Rate ratio < 1 year 0.8 (0.1 to 5.7) | Parity |
| HCG | — | Rate ratio 1.0 (0.2 to 4.1) | Age |
| — | Rate ratio 1.0 (0.2 to 4.3) | Parity |
| Franceschini 1994 | Invasive | 195 / 1339 | Fertility drugs | 0.8 (0.2 to 3.7) | 0.7 (0.2 to 3.7) | Age, area of residence, education,
number of pregnancies, use of OCP |
| Sushan 1996 | Invasive | 68 / 77 | Fertility drugs | 1.78 (0.97 to 3.27) | 1.31 (0.63 to 2.74) | Age, parity, BMI, region of birth, education, family history, interviewer |
| Borderline | 26 / 77 | Fertility drugs | 5.03 (2.04 to 12.22) | 3.52 (1.23 to 10.09) | Age, parity, BMI, region of birth,
education, family history, interviewer |
| Invasive | | Clomiphene citrate | 1.32 (0.57 to 3.01) | 0.88 (0.33 to 2.34) | Age, parity, BMI, region of birth,
education, family history, interviewer |
| Borderline | | Clomiphene citrate | 1.62 (0.25 to 7.87) | 1.28 (0.25 to 6.87) | Age, parity, BMI, region of birth,
education, family history, interviewer |
| Invasive | | HMG | 3.95 (1.33 to 12.2) | 3.19 (0.86 to 11.82) | Age, parity, BMI, region of birth,
education, family history, interviewer |
| Borderline | | HMG | 14.58 (3.82 to 55.91) | 9.38 (1.66 to 52.08) | Age, parity, BMI, region of birth,
education, family history, interviewer |
| Invasive | | HMG/clomiphene citrate | 1.97 (1.03 to 3.77) | 1.42 (0.65 to 3.12) | Age, parity, BMI, region of birth,
education, family history, interviewer |
| Borderline | | HMG/clomiphene citrate | 4.86 (1.81 to 12.79) | 3.08 (0.98 to 9.69) | Age, parity, BMI, region of birth,
education, family history, interviewer |
| Parazzini 1997 | Invasive | 971 / 2758 | Fertility drugs | 0.5 (0.1 to 3.6)
Nulliparous 0.6 (0.1 to 3.5) | 1.1 (0.4 to 3.3) < 6 cycles 0.7 (0.1 to 7.9)
> 6 cycles 1.0 (0.2 to 3.8) | Age, education, OCP, parity |
| Mosgaard 1997 | Invasive | 684 / 1721 | Fertility drugs | Nulliparous 0.80 (0.92to 5.58)
Parous 0.62 (0.29 to 1.82) | Nulliparous 0.83 (0.35 to 2.01)
Parous 0.56 (0.24 to 1.29) | Age, residence, use of OCP, menopausal status, previous cancer, family history, HRT, BMI |
| Clomiphene citrate | Nulliparous 0.69 (0.23 to 1.96)
Parous 0.91 (0.4 to 3.06) | Nulliparous 0.67 (0.23 to 1.96)
Parous 1.11 (0.4 to 3.06) | Age, residence, use of OCP, menopausal status, previous cancer, family history, HRT, BMI |
| Clomiphene citrate + HCG | Nulliparous 1.99 Parous 0.24 | Nulliparous 1.12 (0.32 to 3.96)
Parous 0.56 (0.12 to 2.7) | Age, residence, use of OCP, menopausal status, previous cancer, family history, HRT, BMI |
| HMG + HCG | Nulliparous 1.06 Parous 0.54 | Nulliparous 0.82 (0.18 to 3.71),
Parous 0.5 (0.10 to 2.47) | Age, residence, use of OCP, menopausal status, previous cancer, family history, HRT, BMI |
| Parazzini 1998 | Borderline | 92 / 273 | Fertility drugs | 27.5 (1.5 to 51.60) | — | — |
| Mosgaard 1998 | Borderline | 231 / 1721 | Fertility drugs | 2.27 (1.30 to 3.96)
Nulliparous 1.5
Parous 1.5 | 2.19 (1.24 to 3.85) | Age and residence |
| Clomiphene citrate | Nulliparous 0.71
Parous 1.76 | Nulliparous 0.80 (0.19 to 3.38)
Parous 1.93 (0.56 to 6.59) | Age, residence, use of OCP, use of HRT, smoking |
| Clomiphene citrate + HCG | Nulliparous 5.20
Parous 1.42 | Nulliparous 3.01 (0.73 to 12.33)
Multiparous 1.54 (0.30 to 7.81) | Age, residence, use of OCP, use of HRT, smoking |
| HCG + HMG | Nulliparous 1.95
Parous 1.57 | Nulliparous 0.91 (0.14 to 6.13)
Parous 1.43 (0.28 to 7.19) | Age, residence, use of OCP, use of HRT, smoking |
| Parazzini 2001 | Invasive | 1031 / 2411 | Fertility drugs | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.5)
Nulliparous 0.6 (0.7 to 2.5) Parous
1.9 (0.7 to 2.5) | — | — |
| Rossing 2004 | Invasive | 378 / 1634 | Fertility drugs | — | Nulliparous 1.0 (0.4 to 2.8)
Parous 0.8 (0.4 to 1.5) | Age, race, study site, duration of use of OCP (parous ‐ also number of births) |
| Clomiphene citrate | — | Nulliparous 1.2 (0.4 to 3.5)
Parous 0.8 (0.4 to 1.6) | Age, race, study site, duration of use of OCP (parous ‐ also number of births) |
| HMG/clomiphene citrate/gonadotrophins | — | Nulliparous 1.0 (0.4 to 3.0);
Parous 0.8 (0.4 to 1.6) | Age, race, study site, duration of use of OCP (parous ‐ also number of births) |
| Jensen 2009 | Invasive | 626 / 615 | Clomiphene citrate | Rate ratio 1.28 (0.79 to 2.07) | Rate ratio: 1.14 (0.79 to 1.64) 1 to 4 cycles: 1.27 (0.83 to 1.94) 5 to 9 cycles: 1.03 (0.57 to 1.86) Equal or > 10 cycles: 0.92 (0.42 to 2.02) | Age, parity |
| Gonadotrophins | Rate ratio 0.85 (0.44 to 1.64) | Rate ratio: 0.83 (0.50 to 1.37) 1 to 4 cycles: 0.74 (0.41 to 1.33) 5 to 9 cycles: 1.09 (0.49 to 2.44) Equal or > 10 cycles: 0.96 (0.09 to 10.30) | Age, parity |
| HCG | Rate ratio 0.95 (0.57 to 1.58) | Rate ratio: 0.89 (0.62 to 1.29) 1 to 4 cycles: 0.96 (0.62 to 1.48) 5 to 9 cycles: 0.86 (0.47 to 1.57) Equal or > 10 cycles: 0.70 (0.28 to 1.80) | Age, parity |
| GnRH | Rate ratio 0.71 (0.32 to 1.54) | Rate ratio: 0.80 (0.42 to 1.51) 1 to 4 cycles: 0.81 (0.42 to 1.56) 5 to 9 cycles: 0.68 (0.09 to 5.38) | Age, parity |
| Kurta 2012 | Invasive | 155 / 290 | Fertility drugs | 1.87 (0.53 to 6.65) < 6 months: 0.92 (0.48 to 1.74) > 6 months: 0.75 (0.42 to 1.34) | 0.57 (0.31 to 1.05) parous 0.47 (0.09 to 2.53) nulliparous | — |
| Clomiphene citrate | 0.87 (0.49 to 1.56) | — | — |
| Gonadotrophins | 0.51 (0.20 to 1.32) | — | — |
| Gonadotrophins + Clomiphene citrate | 0.94 (0.37 to 2.42) | — | — |
