1 Improvement Show forest plot

4

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Short‐term

2

49

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

8.64 [2.01, 37.14]

1.2 Medium‐term

2

50

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

9.46 [2.46, 36.32]

1.3 Long‐term

1

53

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.84 [0.60, 5.65]

2 PTSD total Show forest plot

8

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Short‐term

6

241

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.05 [‐1.52, ‐0.58]

2.2 Medium‐term

3

115

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.58 [‐0.97, ‐0.18]

2.3 Long‐term

1

53

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.44 [‐0.98, 0.11]

3 Anxiety Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Short‐term

3

91

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.57 [1.00, ‐0.13]

3.2 Medium‐term

1

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.63 [‐1.34, 0.08]

4 Depression Show forest plot

6

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 Short‐term

5

156

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.74 [‐1.11, ‐0.36]

4.2 Medium‐term

3

110

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.36, 0.40]

4.3 Long‐term

1

53

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.52, 0.56]

5 Loss to follow‐up Show forest plot

7

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 Short‐term

5

208

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.59 [0.56, 4.49]

5.2 Medium‐term

3

116

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.54 [0.47, 5.04]

5.3 Long‐term

1

57

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

10.06 [0.52, 196.10]

1 Improvement Show forest plot

2

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Short‐term

2

49

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

8.64 [2.01, 37.14]

1.2 Medium‐term

1

25

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

8.00 [1.21, 52.69]

2 PTSD total Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Short‐term

3

98

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.34 [‐1.79, ‐0.89]

2.2 Medium‐term

1

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.73 [‐1.44, ‐0.01]

3 PTSD avoidance Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 PTSD hyperarousal Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 PTSD re‐experiencing Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Anxiety Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 Short‐term

2

59

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.66 [‐1.33, 0.01]

6.2 Medium‐term

1

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.63 [‐1.34, 0.08]

7 Depression Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 Short‐term

3

98

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.80 [‐1.47, ‐0.13]

7.2 Medium‐term

1

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.19 [‐0.88, 0.51]

8 Loss to follow‐up Show forest plot

2

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8.1 Short‐term

2

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Improvement Show forest plot

2

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Medium‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Long‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 PTSD total Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Medium‐term

2

79

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.57 [‐1.23, 0.09]

2.2 Long‐term

1

53

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.44 [‐0.98, 0.11]

3 PTSD avoidance Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 PTSD hyperarousal Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 PTSD re‐experiencing Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Depression Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 Long‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Loss to follow‐up Show forest plot

2

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 Medium‐term

2

83

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

5.13 [0.56, 47.28]

7.2 Long‐term

1

57

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

10.06 [0.52, 196.10]

1 PTSD Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Short‐term

2

65

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.61 [‐1.96, 0.74]

2 PTSD avoidance Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 PTSD hyperarousal Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 PTSD re‐experiencing Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Anxiety Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Depression Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Loss to follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7.1 Short‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 PTSD total Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 PTSD avoidance Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Medium‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 PTSD hyperarousal Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Medium‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 PTSD re‐experiencing Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Medium‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Depression Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Loss to follow‐up Show forest plot

2

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 Short‐term

2

115

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.38 [0.35, 5.52]

6.2 Medium‐term

1

33

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.23, 3.88]

1 Improvement Show forest plot

2

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Short‐term

2

208

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.18 [1.76, 5.74]

2 PTSD avoidance Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 Long‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 PTSD hyperarousal Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.3 Long‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 PTSD re‐experiencing Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Anxiety state Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.3 Long‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Anxiety trait Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.3 Long‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Depression Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Behaviour Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.3 Long‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Loss to follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9.1 Short‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 Medium‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.3 Long‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Improvement Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Long‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 PTSD total Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Long‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Depression Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Long‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Loss to follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Medium‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Long‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Improvement Show forest plot

2

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Short‐term

1

31

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.5 [0.32, 7.14]

1.2 Medium‐term

2

76

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.09 [0.41, 2.88]

2 PTSD total Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Short‐term

1

30

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.01 [‐0.73, 0.70]

2.2 Medium‐term

2

76

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.06 [‐0.39, 0.51]

3 Loss to follow‐up Show forest plot

2

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Short‐term

1

31

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Medium‐term

2

78

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.29 [0.03, 2.89]

1 Improvement Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Short‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Medium‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 PTSD total Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 Long‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Depression Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Short‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Medium‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.3 Long‐term

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Loss to follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Short‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Medium‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.3 Long‐term

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Improvement Show forest plot

4

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 CBT

2

49

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

8.64 [2.01, 37.14]

1.2 Narrative

2

78

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.82 [0.67, 21.80]

2 PTSD total Show forest plot

8

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 CBT

3

98

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.34 [‐1.79, ‐0.89]

2.2 Narrative

2

79

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.57 [‐1.23, 0.09]

2.3 EMDR

2

65

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.61 [‐1.96, 0.74]

2.4 Other psychological therapies

1

78

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.12 [‐1.60, ‐0.64]

1 Improvement Show forest plot

4

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Sexual abuse

1

25

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

6.0 [0.93, 38.63]

1.2 Civil/social violence

2

78

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.82 [0.67, 21.80]

1.3 Physical trauma

1

24

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

15.40 [1.47, 160.97]

2 PTSD total Show forest plot

7

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Sexual abuse

1

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.05 [‐1.79, ‐0.31]

2.2 Civil/social violence

3

157

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.79 [‐1.35, ‐0.24]

2.3 Physical trauma

2

62

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.51 [‐2.08, ‐0.94]

2.4 Natural disaster

1

32

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.31 [‐2.08, ‐0.54]

1 PTSD total Show forest plot

8

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Low risk

1

78

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.12 [‐1.60, ‐0.64]

1.2 Unclear risk

7

242

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.38, ‐0.43]

1 Improvement Show forest plot

4

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Low risk

2

49

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

12.76 [2.89, 56.44]

1.2 Unclear risk

1

53

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.84 [0.60, 5.65]

1.3 High risk

1

25

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

6.0 [0.93, 38.63]

2 PTSD total Show forest plot

8

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Low risk

4

114

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.91 [‐1.65, ‐0.16]

2.2 Unclear risk

4

206

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.96 [‐1.47, ‐0.46]

1 PTSD total Show forest plot

7

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Non‐skewed

4

206

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.96 [‐1.47, ‐0.46]

1.2 Skewed

3

90

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.73 [‐1.59, 0.14]

1 Improvement Show forest plot

3

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Best‐case

3

116

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

5.79 [1.66, 20.12]

1.2 Worst‐case

3

116

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.02 [0.74, 5.50]