Chinese herbal medicines for people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting blood glucose

Suzanne J Grant; Alan Bensoussan; Dennis Chang; Hosen Kiat; Nerida L Klupp; Jian Ping Liu; Xun Li

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006690.pub2

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Figure 1

PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) flow‐chart of study selection

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Figure 2

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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Figure 3

Funnel plot of outcome 'normalisation of fasting blood glucose at trial completion' (herbal medicines plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone)

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Figure 4

Funnel plot of outcome 'diabetes incidence' (herbal medicines plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone)

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Figure 5

Forest plot of outcome 'normalisation of fasting blood glucose at trial completion' (herbal medicines plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone)

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Figure 6

Forest plot of outcome 'diabetes incidence' (herbal medicines plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone)

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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 1 Normalisation of fasting blood glucose at trial completion (n).

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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 2 Incidence of diabetes (n).

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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 3 Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L).

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Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 4 2hr fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) [ after oral glucose tolerance test].

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Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 5 HbA1c (%).

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Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 6 Insulin (μU/ml).

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Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 7 IAI (insulin sensitivity).

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Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 8 Total cholesterol (mmol/L).

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Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 9 Lipids: HDL (mmol/L).

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Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 10 Trigylcerides (mmol/L).

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Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 11 Body Mass Index (kg/m2).

Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 11 Body Mass Index (kg/m²).

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Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 12 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg).

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Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 13 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg).

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Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 14 Main ingredient Astragalus membranecus (≥30g): Fasting blood glucose (mmol/ml).

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Study	Intervention	FBG levels (mmol/L)	2hr GTT FBG (mmol/L)	Normalisation of FBG: RR [95% CI]	HbA1c (%)
Fan GJ 2004	Jiantang bushen Tang	‐0.15 [0.42, 0.12]	‐0.83 [‐1.84, 0.18]	1.72 [1.04, 2.86]	‐
Hao AZ 2004	Xiaoke Huaya tablet	‐1.40 [‐1.72, ‐1.08]	‐1.46 [‐1.83, ‐1.09]	2.54 [1.70, 3.79]	‐0.63 [‐0.99, ‐0.27]
Li CP 2004	Qimai Jiangtang Yin formula	‐0.03 [‐0.32, 0.26]		2.89 [1.41, 5.90]	‐
Tang QZ 2007	Shan yao, Shan zha, Huang qi etc	‐0.09 [‐0.35, 0.17]	‐2.31 [‐3.20, ‐1.42]	1.92 [1.28, 2.90]	‐0.87 [‐1.43, ‐0.31]
Wei AS 2001	Xiaoke Yuye decoction	‐0.39 [0.99, 021]	‐1.54 [‐1.65, ‐1.43]	1.89 [1.14, 3.14]	‐0.06 [‐0.12, 0.00]
Yang B 2004	Tang Kang Yin decoction	‐0.21 [‐0.33, ‐0.09]	‐1.66 [‐2.21, ‐1.11]	‐	‐
Yao Z 2001	Tang Heng I	‐1.24 [‐2.53, 0.05]	‐1.25 [‐3.30, 0.80]	5.00 [1.26, 19.87]	‐
Zeng YH 2006	Liu Wei Di Huang capsule	‐1.19 [‐1.46, ‐0.92]	‐2.77 [‐3.17, ‐2.37]	‐	‐
Zhou DY 2003	Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	‐0.58 [‐0.74, ‐0.42]	‐0.57 [‐0.67, ‐0.47]	‐	‐

Analysis 1.15

Comparison 1 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone, Outcome 15 Hypoglycaemic effects of herbal medicines with lifestyle modification compared lifestyle modification alone.

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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus placebo plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 1 Reduction in fasting blood glucose (mmol/L).

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Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus placebo plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 2 Reduction in 2hr fasting blood glucose after oral glucose tolerance test.

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Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus placebo plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 3 Reduction in HbA1c (%).

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Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus placebo plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 4 Total cholesterol (mmol/L).

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Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus placebo plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 5 Trigylcerides (mmo/lL).

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Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus placebo plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 6 Insulin (mu/L).

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Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus placebo plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 7 Lipids: HDL (mmol/L).

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Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus metformin plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 1 Reduction in 2 hr fasting blood glucose after oral glucose tolerance test (mmol/L).

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Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Herbal medicine versus placebo, Outcome 1 Normalisation of fasting blood glucose (n).

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Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Herbal medicine versus placebo, Outcome 2 Incidence of diabetes (n).

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Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 Herbal medicine versus placebo, Outcome 3 Reduction in fasting blood glucose (mmol/L).

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Analysis 4.4

Comparison 4 Herbal medicine versus placebo, Outcome 4 Reduction in 2hr fasting blood glucose after orale glucose tolerance test (mmol/L).

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Comparison 4 Herbal medicine versus placebo, Outcome 5 Body mass index (kg/m2).

Analysis 4.5

Comparison 4 Herbal medicine versus placebo, Outcome 5 Body mass index (kg/m²).

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Analysis 4.6

Comparison 4 Herbal medicine versus placebo, Outcome 6 Waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR).

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Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Herbal medicine versus metformin, Outcome 1 Reduction in fasting blood glucose (mmol/L).

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Analysis 5.2

Comparison 5 Herbal medicine versus metformin, Outcome 2 Reduction in 2hr fasting blood glucose after orale glucose tolerance test (mmol/L).

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Analysis 5.3

Comparison 5 Herbal medicine versus metformin, Outcome 3 Triglycerides (mmol/L).

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Analysis 5.4

Comparison 5 Herbal medicine versus metformin, Outcome 4 Total cholesterol.

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Analysis 5.5

Comparison 5 Herbal medicine versus metformin, Outcome 5 Insulin (mU/L).

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Analysis 5.6

Comparison 5 Herbal medicine versus metformin, Outcome 6 Waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR).

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Analysis 5.7

Comparison 5 Herbal medicine versus metformin, Outcome 7 Weight (kg).

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Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 1 Reduction in fasting blood glucose (mmol/L).

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Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 2 2hr‐Glucose tolerance (mmol/L).

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Analysis 6.3

Comparison 6 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 3 Normalisation of blood glucose (n).

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Analysis 6.4

Comparison 6 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 4 Incidence of diabetes (n).

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Analysis 6.5

Comparison 6 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 5 HbA1c (%).

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Analysis 6.6

Comparison 6 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 6 Insulin (FINS mmol/L).

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Analysis 6.7

Comparison 6 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 7 Total cholesterol (mmol/L).

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Analysis 6.8

Comparison 6 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 8 Trigylcerides (mmol/L).

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Analysis 6.9

Comparison 6 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 9 Lipids: LDL (mmol/L).

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Analysis 6.10

Comparison 6 Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification, Outcome 10 Lipids: HDL (mmol/L).

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Analysis 7.1

Comparison 7 Herbal medicine plus antihypertensive medication versus antihypertensive medication alone, Outcome 1 Reduction in fasting glucose (mmol/L).

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Analysis 7.2

Comparison 7 Herbal medicine plus antihypertensive medication versus antihypertensive medication alone, Outcome 2 Reduction in 2hr blood glucose after oral glucose tolerance test (mmol/L).

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Analysis 7.3

Comparison 7 Herbal medicine plus antihypertensive medication versus antihypertensive medication alone, Outcome 3 Total cholesterol (mmol/L).

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Analysis 7.4

Comparison 7 Herbal medicine plus antihypertensive medication versus antihypertensive medication alone, Outcome 4 Triglycerides (mmol/L).

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Analysis 7.5

Comparison 7 Herbal medicine plus antihypertensive medication versus antihypertensive medication alone, Outcome 5 Lipids: HDL (mmol/L).

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Analysis 7.6

Comparison 7 Herbal medicine plus antihypertensive medication versus antihypertensive medication alone, Outcome 6 Systolic Blood Pressure (kpa).

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Analysis 7.7

Comparison 7 Herbal medicine plus antihypertensive medication versus antihypertensive medication alone, Outcome 7 Diastolic blood pressure (kpa).

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Analysis 8.1

Comparison 8 Herbal medicine versus basic education (diabetes pamphlet), Outcome 1 Normalisation of fasting blood glucose at trial completion (n).

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Analysis 8.2

Comparison 8 Herbal medicine versus basic education (diabetes pamphlet), Outcome 2 Incidence of diabetes (n).

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Analysis 8.3

Comparison 8 Herbal medicine versus basic education (diabetes pamphlet), Outcome 3 Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L).

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Analysis 8.4

Comparison 8 Herbal medicine versus basic education (diabetes pamphlet), Outcome 4 2hr fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) [ after oral glucose tolerance test].

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Analysis 8.5

Comparison 8 Herbal medicine versus basic education (diabetes pamphlet), Outcome 5 Total cholesterol (mmol/L).

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Analysis 8.6

Comparison 8 Herbal medicine versus basic education (diabetes pamphlet), Outcome 6 Trigylcerides (mmol/L).

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Table 1. Overview of study populations

study ID

intervention (I)
control (C)

[n] screened

[n] randomised

[n] safety

[n] ITT

[n] finishing study

[%] of randomised
participants
finishing study

comments

Fan GJ 2004

I: Jiang tang bu shen plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 25

C: 26

Total: 51

I: NR

C: NR

I: NR

C: NR

I: 23

C: 22

Total: 45

I: 92

C: 85

Total: 88

Fang ZH 2007

I: Dan zhi jiang tang jiao capsule plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 32

C: 30

Total: 62

I: NR

C: NR

I: NR

C: NR

I: 32

C: 30

Total: 62

I: 100

C: 100

Total: 100

Hao AZ 2004

I: Xiaoke Huayu tablet plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 86

C: 82

Total: 168

I: NR

C: NR

I: NR

C: NR

I: 86

C: 82

Total: 168

I: 100

C: 100

Total: 100

Hioki C 2004

I: Bofu‐tsusho‐san plus diet & exercise

C: diet & exercise

I: NR

C: NR

I: 44

C: 41

Total: 85

I: NR

C: NR

I: 41

C: 40

Total: 81

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

three participants withdrew from the intervention group due to loose bowels

Li CP 2004

I: Qimai jiangtang yin plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 31

C: 33

Total: 64

I: NR

C: NR

I: 31

C: 33

Total: 64

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

Liu DQ 2007

I: Jie yu huo xue tang plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 80

C: 80

Total: 160

I: NR

C: NR

I: 78

C: 79

Total: 157

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

Lu X 2005

I: Chinese herbal medicines plus antihypertensive (vasodilator) medication

C: antihypertensive (vasodilator) medication

I: NR

C: NR

I: 48

C: 32

Total: 80

I: NR

C: NR

I: 48

C: 32

Total: 80

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

blocked randomisation (3 participants in the intevention group : 2 participants in the control group)

Qu LX 2002

I: Tang ping san plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: metformin plus diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 30

C: 30

Total: 60

I: NR

C: NR

I: 30

C: 30

Total: 60

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

Shi J 2005

I: Fufang cangzhu

C: metformin

I: NR

C: NR

I: 32

C: 30

Total: 62

I: NR

C: NR

I: 32

C: 30

Total: 62

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

Tang QZ 2007

I: Chinese herbal medicines plus diet & lifestyle modification

C1: acarbose plus diet & lifestyle modification

C2: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C1: NR

C2: NR

I: 40

C1: 40

C2: 40

Total: 120

I: NR

C1: NR

C2: NR

I: 38

C1: 38

C2: 39

Total: 115

I: NR

C1: NR

C2: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C1: ?

C2: ?

Total: ?

I1, C1: drop‐outs due to not being able to continue the medication; C2: no reason was given

Wang BQ 2008

I: Qiwangping capsule

C: placebo

I: NR

C: NR

I: 50

C: 50

Total: 100

I: NR

C: NR

I: 48

C: 47

Total: 95

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

Wang YX 2005

I: Jinqi jiangtang plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 81

C: 78

Total: 159

I: NR

C: NR

I: 81

C: 75

Total: 156

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

Wei AS 2001

I: Xiaoke Yuye plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 36

C: 36

Total: 72

I: NR

C: NR

I: 32

C: 33

Total: 65

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

Yang B 2004

I: Tang Kang Yin plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 40

C: 36

Total: 76

I: NR

C: NR

I: 40

C: 36

Total: 76

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

Yao Z 2001

I: Tangheng I plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 22

C: 20

Total: 42

I: NR

C: NR

I: 22

C: 20

Total: 42

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

Zeng YH 2000

I: Liu wei di huang capsule plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 56

C: 55

Total: 111

I: NR

C: NR

I: 56

C: 55

Total: 111

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

Zhou DY 2003

I: Jinqi jiangtang tablet plus diet & lifestyle modification

C: diet & lifestyle modification

I: NR

C: NR

I: 46

C: 42

Total: 88

I: NR

C: NR

I: 46

C: 42

Total: 88

I: NR

C: NR

Total: NR

I: ?

C: ?

Total: ?

?: unclear; ITT = intention‐to‐treat; NR: not reported

Table 1. Overview of study populations

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Table 2. Preparation and composition of Chinese herbal medicines in the included trials

name of herbal formula	preparation	composition	study ID
Bofu‐tsusho‐san	powder	Scutellariae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Platycodi Radix, Gypsum Fibrosum, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Rhei Rhizoma, Schizonepetae Spica, Gardeniae Fructus, Paeoniae Radix, Cnidium Rhizoma, Angelicae Radix, Menthae Herba, Ledebouriellae Radix, Ephedrae Herba, Forsythiae Fructus, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Talcum, Natrium Sulphuricum	Hioki C 2004
Yi Qi Yang Yin Huo Xue	decoction	Astragali Radix 30g, Angelicae sinensis Radix 20g, Dioscoraea Rhizoma 20g, Mori Cortex 50g, Mori Folium 30g, Mori Ramulus 30g	Lu X 2005
Jian Pi Zhi Shen Huo Xue	powder	Dioscoraea Rhizoma, Crategi Fructus 30g, Astragali Radix 20g, Poria 20g, Corni Fructus 15g, Persicae Semen 10g	Tang QZ 2007
Dan zhi jiang tang jiao	capsules	Moutan Cortex, Hirodu, Cuscutae Semen, Polygonati Rhizoma, Pseudostellariae Radix, plus Rehmanniae glutinosae, Corni of cinalis, Dioscoreae oppositae, Alismatis orientalis, Poriae cocos, Moutan radicis.	Fang ZH 2007
Fufang cangzhu	decoction	Atractylodis Rhizoma 15g, Coicis Semen 24g, Mori Fructus 20g, Dioscoraea Rhizoma 30g, Phellodendri Cortex 10g, Litchi Semen 20g, Pheretima 10g	Shi J 2005
Jiangtang bushen tang	decoction	Cibotii Rhizoma 10g, Dipsaci Radix 10g, Ligustri lucidi Fructus 15g, Ecliptae Herba 15g, Lycii Cortex 15g, Astragali Radix 15g, Rehmanniae Radix 15g, Puerariae Radix 12g, Coptidis Rhizoma 5g, Mori Cortex 10g, Moutan Cortex 6g	Fan GJ 2004
Jie yu huo xue	decoction	Angelicae sinensis Radix 15g, Bupleuri Radix 15g, Polygonati odorati Rhizoma 10g, Astragali Radix 30g, Chuanxiong Rhizoma 10g, Paenoiae Radix rubra 15g, Notoginseng Radix 3g, Puerariae Radix 15g, Polygonati Rhizoma 15g, Curcumae Radix 15g, Ginseng Radix 25g, Prunellae Spica 10g; If heat in palms, thirst, increased drinking: + Anemarrhenae Rhizoma 20g, Schisandrae Fructus 10g; if restlessness, tendency to anger, insomnia: + Platycladi Semen 20g, Polygoni multiflora Caulis 15g, Coptidis Rhizoma 10g; if dizziness, stuffiness in eyes, reddish face & ears with heat: + Moutan Cortex 15g, Uncariae Ramulus cum Uncis 15g	Liu DQ 2007
Jinqi Jiangtang	pill	Astragali Radix, Lonicera Flos etc	Zhou DY 2003
Jinqi Jiangtang	pill	Astragali Radix, Lonicera Flos etc	Wang YX 2005
Liu wei di huang wan	pill	Rehmanniae glutinosae, Corni of cinalis, Dioscoreae oppositae, Alismatis orientalis, Poriae cocos, Moutan radicis.	Zeng YH 2006
Qimai jiangtang yin	decoction	Astragali Radix 20g, Puerariae Radix 20g, Ophiopogonis Radix 10g, Ligustri lucidi Fructus 10g, Notoginseng Radix 10g, Curcumae Radix 10g, Rehmanniae Radix 25g	Li CP 2004
Qiweitangping	capsule	Astragali Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Perillae Fructus, Codonopsis Radix, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Jujubae Fructus, Rehmanniae Radix preparata, Bupleuri Radix, Salviae miltorrhizae Radix, Curcumae Radix, Artemisiae scoparie Herba, Tricosanthis Radix, Gypsum fibrosum, Plantaginis Semen, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Schisandrae Fructus, Corni Fructus, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, Lycii Fructus, Puerariae Radix, Lilii Bulbus, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Linderae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix, Zanthoxyli Pericarpium, Vaccariae Semen, Glycyrrhizae Radix	Wang BQ 2008
Tang Kang Yin	decoction	Ginseng Radix 6g, Coptidis Rhizoma 10g, Ligustri lucidi Fructus 15g, Prunellae Spica 30g, Alumen 30g	Yang B 2004
Tang ping san	powder	Astragali Radix 30g, Dioscoreae Rhizoma 10g, Rehmanniae Radix 10g, Rehmanniae Radix preparata 10g, Lycii Fructus 10g, Polygoni multiflori Radix preparata 10g, Epimedii Herba 10g, Salviae miltiorrhizae 30g, Alismatis Rhizoma 10g, Mori Folium 10g	Qu LX 2002
Xiaoke huayu pian	tablet	Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, Euonymi Ramulus etc	Hao AZ 2004
Xiaoke yuye	decoction	Astragali Radix, Polygonati Rhizoma, Polygoni multiflori Radix preparata, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma	Wei AS 2001

Table 2. Preparation and composition of Chinese herbal medicines in the included trials

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Comparison 1. Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Normalisation of fasting blood glucose at trial completion (n) Show forest plot	8	625	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.07 [1.52, 2.82]

1.1 Jiantang Bushen decoction	1	45	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.72 [1.04, 2.86]
1.2 Xiaoke Huaya tablet	1	168	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.54 [1.70, 3.79]
1.3 Qimai Jiangtang Yin decoction	1	64	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.89 [1.41, 5.90]
1.4 Jian Pi Zhi Shen Huo Xue	1	77	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.92 [1.28, 2.90]
1.5 Tang Kang Yin	1	76	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	3.75 [1.74, 8.09]
1.6 Xiaoke Yuye decoction	1	65	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.89 [1.14, 3.14]
1.7 Tang Heng I	1	42	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	5.0 [1.26, 19.87]
1.8 Jinqi jiangtang	1	88	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.17 [0.90, 1.53]
2 Incidence of diabetes (n) Show forest plot	8	632	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.19, 0.58]

2.1 Jiangtang Bushen tang	1	45	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.32 [0.04, 2.84]
2.2 Xiaoke Huayu Pian	1	168	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.10, 1.30]
2.3 Qimai Jiangtang Yin	1	64	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.18 [0.02, 1.39]
2.4 Tang King Yin	1	76	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.06 [0.01, 0.46]
2.5 Jian pi zhi shen huo xue	1	77	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.59 [0.19, 1.84]
2.6 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1	88	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.61 [0.11, 3.47]
2.7 Xiaoke Yuye	1	72	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.07, 1.54]
2.8 Tangheng I Plus	1	42	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.18 [0.02, 1.43]
3 Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) Show forest plot	9	742	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.41 [‐0.66, ‐0.16]

3.1 Jiangtang Bushen decoction	1	45	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.15 [‐0.42, 0.12]
3.2 Xiaoke Huayu tablet	1	168	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.40 [‐1.72, ‐1.08]
3.3 Qimai Jiangtang Yin formula	1	64	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.32, 0.26]
3.4 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1	88	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.58 [‐0.74, ‐0.42]
3.5 Jian Pi Zhi Shen Huo Xue	1	76	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.35, 0.17]
3.6 Xiaoke Yuye decoction	1	72	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.39 [‐0.99, 0.21]
3.7 Tang Kang Yin decoction	1	76	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.21 [‐0.33, ‐0.09]
3.8 Tang Heng I decoction	1	42	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.24 [‐2.53, 0.05]
3.9 Liu Wei Di Huang capsule	1	111	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.31 [‐0.58, ‐0.04]
4 2hr fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) [ after oral glucose tolerance test] Show forest plot	9		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Jiangtang Bushen decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 Xiaoke Huaye tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Qimai Jiangtang Yin decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.4 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.5 Jian Pi Zhi Shen Huo Xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.6 Xiaoke Yuye decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.7 Tang Kang Yin decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.8 Tang Heng I decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.9 Liu Wei Di Huang capsule	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 HbA1c (%) Show forest plot	3	317	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.47 [‐1.00, 0.06]

5.1 Xiaoke Huayu tablet	1	168	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.63 [‐0.99, ‐0.27]
5.2 Jian Pi Zhi Shen Huo Xue	1	77	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.87 [‐1.43, ‐0.31]
5.3 Xiaoke Yuye decoction	1	72	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.12, 0.00]
6 Insulin (μU/ml) Show forest plot	6		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

6.1 Jiangtang Bushen decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.2 Qimai Jiangtang Yin decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.3 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.4 Jian Pi Zhi Shen Huo Xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.5 Tang Kang Yin decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.6 Tang Heng I decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 IAI (insulin sensitivity) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

7.1 Qimai Jiangtang Yin decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) Show forest plot	7		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

8.1 Jiangtang Bushen tang	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.2 Xiaoke Huayu Pian	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.4 Jian Pi Zhi Shen Huo Xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.5 Xiaoke Yuye	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.6 Tang Kang Yin	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.7 Liu Wei Di Huang capsule	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Lipids: HDL (mmol/L) Show forest plot	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

9.1 Jian Pi Zhi Shen Huo Xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.2 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10 Trigylcerides (mmol/L) Show forest plot	7		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

10.1 Jiangtang Bushen tang	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 Xiaoke Huayu Pian	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.3 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.4 Jian Pi Zhi Shen Huo Xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.5 Xiaoke Yuye decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.6 Tang Kang Yin decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.7 Liu Wei Di Huang Wan	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11 Body Mass Index (kg/m²) Show forest plot	6		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

11.1 Jiangtang Bushen	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.2 Jian Pi Zhi Shen Huo Xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.3 Xiaoke Yuye decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.4 Tang Kang Yin decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.5 Liu Wei Di Huang capsule	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11.6 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) Show forest plot	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

12.1 Liu wei di huang wan	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12.2 Jinqi jiangtang tablets	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) Show forest plot	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

13.1 Liu wei di huang wan	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.2 Jinqi jiangtang tablets	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14 Main ingredient Astragalus membranecus (≥30g): Fasting blood glucose (mmol/ml) Show forest plot	4		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

14.1 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.2 Xiaoke Yuye decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.3 Shan yao, shan zha, huang qi etc	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.4 Qimai Jiangtang Yin formula	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15 Hypoglycaemic effects of herbal medicines with lifestyle modification compared lifestyle modification alone Show forest plot			Other data	No numeric data

Comparison 1. Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone

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Comparison 2. Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus placebo plus lifestyle modification

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Reduction in fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) Show forest plot	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Dan zhi jiang tang jiao capsules	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.2 Bofu‐tsusho‐san	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 Reduction in 2hr fasting blood glucose after oral glucose tolerance test Show forest plot	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

2.1 Dan zhi jiang tang jiao capsules	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Bofu‐tsusho‐san	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Reduction in HbA1c (%) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

3.1 Bofu‐tsusho‐san	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Bofu‐tsusho‐san	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Trigylcerides (mmo/lL) Show forest plot	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

5.1 Dan zhi jiang tang jiao capsules	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.2 Bofu‐tsusho‐san	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Insulin (mu/L) Show forest plot	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

6.1 Bofu‐tsusho‐san	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.2 Dan zhi jiang tang jiao capsules	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Lipids: HDL (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

7.1 Bofu‐tsusho‐san	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 2. Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus placebo plus lifestyle modification

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Comparison 3. Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus metformin plus lifestyle modification

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Reduction in 2 hr fasting blood glucose after oral glucose tolerance test (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Tangping San	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 3. Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus metformin plus lifestyle modification

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Comparison 4. Herbal medicine versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Normalisation of fasting blood glucose (n) Show forest plot	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Qiwei Tang Ping capsule	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 Incidence of diabetes (n) Show forest plot	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

2.1 Qiwei Tang Ping	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Reduction in fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

3.1 Qiwei tangping capsules	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 Reduction in 2hr fasting blood glucose after orale glucose tolerance test (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Qiwei tangping capsules	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Body mass index (kg/m²) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

5.1 Qiwei tangping capsules	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

6.1 Qiwei tangping capsules	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 4. Herbal medicine versus placebo

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Comparison 5. Herbal medicine versus metformin

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Reduction in fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Fufang Cangzhu decoction	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 Reduction in 2hr fasting blood glucose after orale glucose tolerance test (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

2.1 Fufang Cangzhu	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Triglycerides (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

3.1 Fufang Cangzhu	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 Total cholesterol Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Fufang Cangzhu	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Insulin (mU/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

5.1 Fufang Cangzhu	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

6.1 Fufang Cangzhu	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Weight (kg) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

7.1 Fufang Cangzhu	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 5. Herbal medicine versus metformin

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Comparison 6. Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Reduction in fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Jian pi zhi shen huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 2hr‐Glucose tolerance (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

2.1 Jian pi zhi shen huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Normalisation of blood glucose (n) Show forest plot	1		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

3.1 Jian pi zhi shen huo xue	1		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 Incidence of diabetes (n) Show forest plot	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Jian pi zhi shen huo xue	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 HbA1c (%) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

6 Insulin (FINS mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

6.1 Jian pi zhi shen huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

8 Trigylcerides (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

8.1 Jian pi zhi shen huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Lipids: LDL (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

9.1 Jian pi zhi shen huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10 Lipids: HDL (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

10.1 Jian pi zhi shen huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 6. Herbal medicine plus lifestyle modification versus acarbose plus lifestyle modification

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Comparison 7. Herbal medicine plus antihypertensive medication versus antihypertensive medication alone

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Reduction in fasting glucose (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Yi qi yang yin huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 Reduction in 2hr blood glucose after oral glucose tolerance test (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

2.1 Yi qi yang yin huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

3.1 Yi qi yang yin huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 Triglycerides (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Yi qi yang yin huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Lipids: HDL (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

5.1 Yi qi yang yin huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Systolic Blood Pressure (kpa) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

6.1 Yi qi yang yin huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Diastolic blood pressure (kpa) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

7.1 Yi qi yang yin huo xue	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 7. Herbal medicine plus antihypertensive medication versus antihypertensive medication alone

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Comparison 8. Herbal medicine versus basic education (diabetes pamphlet)

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Normalisation of fasting blood glucose at trial completion (n) Show forest plot	1		Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 Incidence of diabetes (n) Show forest plot	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

2.1 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

3.1 06 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 2hr fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) [ after oral glucose tolerance test] Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

5.1 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Trigylcerides (mmol/L) Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

6.1 Jinqi Jiangtang tablet	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 8. Herbal medicine versus basic education (diabetes pamphlet)

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