| Criteria | Stroke severity | Electromechanical device used | Duration of study intervention | Aetiology (ischaemic/haemorrhage) | Intensity of treatment per day | Description of the control intervention | Dropouts | Reasons for dropout and adverse events in the experimental group | Reasons for dropout and adverse events in the control group | Source of information |
| Aschbacher 2006 | Not stated | Lokomat | 3 weeks | Not stated | 30 minutes, 5 times a week | Described as task‐oriented physiotherapy, 5 times a week for 3 weeks (2.5 hours a week) | 4 of 23 | Not stated | Not stated | Unpublished information in the form of a conference presentation |
| Bang 2016 | Unclear | Lokomat | 4 weeks | 13/5 | 60 minutes, 5 times a week (20 sessions) | Described as treadmill training without body weight support | 0 of 18 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information |
| Brincks 2011 | Mean FIM, 92 of 126 points | Lokomat | 3 weeks | Not stated | Not stated | Physiotherapy | 0 of 13 | ‐ | ‐ | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. |
| Buesing 2015 | Unclear | Wearable exoskeleton Stride Management Assist system (SMA) | 6 to 8 weeks | Unclear | 3 times per week for a maximum of 18 sessions | Functional task‐specific training (intensive overground training and mobility training) | 0 of 50 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information |
| Chang 2012 | Not stated | Lokomat | 10 days | Not stated | 30 minutes daily for 10 days | Conventional gait training by physical therapists (with equal therapy time and same amount of sessions as experimental group) | 3 of 40 | Not described by group (3 participants dropped out: 1 due to aspiration pneumonia, and 2 were unable to co‐operate fully with the experimental procedure) | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. |
| Cho 2015 | Mean Modified Barthel Index, 36 points | Lokomat | 8 weeks (2 phases, cross‐over after 4 weeks) | 4/14 (2 both) | 30 minutes, 3 times a week for 4 weeks | Bobath (neurophysiological exercises, inhibition of spasticity and synergy pattern) | 0 of 20 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information |
| Chua 2016 | Mean Barthel Index, 49 points | Gait Trainer | 8 weeks | Not stated | Not stated | Physiotherapy including 25 minutes of stance/gait, 10 minutes cycling, 10 minutes tilt table standing | 20 of 106 | 2 death, 3 refusal, 1 medical problem, 1 transport problem (1 pain as adverse event) | 1 death, 6 refusal, 3 medical problem, 1 administrative problem (no adverse events) | Published information |
| Dias 2006 | Mean Barthel Index, 75 points | Gait Trainer | 4 weeks | Not stated | 40 minutes, 5 times a week | Bobath method, 5 times a week for 5 weeks | 0 of 40 | ‐ | ‐ | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. |
| Fisher 2008 | Not stated | AutoAmbulator | 24 sessions | Not stated | Minimum of 3 sessions a week up to 5 sessions; number of minutes in each session unclear | "Standard" physical therapy, 3 to 5 times a week for 24 consecutive sessions | 0 of 20 | 14 adverse events, no details provided | 11 adverse events, no details provided | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. |
| Forrester 2014 | Mean FIM walk 1 point | Anklebot | 8 to 10 sessions (with ca. 200 repetitions) | Not stated | 60 minutes, 8 to 10 sessions | Stretching of the paretic ankle | 5 of 34 | Total of 5 dropouts in both groups (1 medical complication, 1 discharge prior study end, 2 time poststroke > 49 days, 1 non‐compliance) | Published information provided by the authors. |
| Geroin 2011 | Mean European Stroke Scale, 80 points | Gait Trainer | 2 weeks | Not stated | 50 minutes, 5 times a week | Walking exercises according to the Bobath approach | 0 of 30 | ‐ | ‐ | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. |
| Han 2016 | Not stated | Lokomat | 4 weeks | 33/23 | 30 minutes, 5 times a week | Neurodevelopmental techniques for balance and mobility | 4 0f 60 | ‐ | 4 unclear reasons | Published information provided by the authors. |
| Hidler 2009 | Not stated | Lokomat | 8 to 10 weeks (24 sessions) | 47/16 | 45 minutes, 3 days a week | Conventional gait training, 3 times a week for 8 to 10 weeks (24 sessions), each session lasted 1.5 hours | 9 of 72 | Not described by group (9 withdrew or were removed because of poor attendance or a decline in health, including 1 death, which according to the authors was unrelated to study) | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. |
| Hornby 2008 | Not stated | Lokomat | 12 sessions | 22/26 | 30 minutes, 12 sessions | Therapist‐assisted gait training, 12 sessions, each session lasted 30 minutes | 14 of 62 | 4 participants dropped out (2 discontinued secondary to leg pain during training, 1 experienced pitting oedema, and 1 had travel limitations) | 10 participants dropped out (4 discontinued secondary to leg pain, 1 experienced an injury outside therapy, 1 reported fear of falling during training, 1 presented with significant hypertension, 1 had travel limitations, and 2 experienced subjective exercise intolerance) | Published information provided by the authors. |
| Husemann 2007 | Median Barthel Index, 35 points | Lokomat | 4 weeks | 22/8 | 30 minutes, 5 times a week | Conventional physiotherapy, 30 minutes per day for 4 weeks | 2 of 32 | 1 participant enteritis | 1 participant pulmonary embolism | Information as provided by the authors |
| Kim 2015 | Mean Barthel Index, 20 points | Walkbot | 4 weeks | 13/13 | 30 minutes, 5 times a week | Conventional physiotherapy (bed mobility, stretching, balance training, strengthening, symmetry training, treadmill training) | 4 of 30 | 1 rib fracture, 3 decline in health condition | Information as provided by the authors |
| Kyung 2008 | Not stated | Lokomat | 4 weeks | 18/7 | 45 minutes, 3 days a week | Conventional physiotherapy, received equal time and sessions of conventional gait training | 10 of 35 | 1 participant dropped out for private reasons (travelling); adverse events not described | 9 participants refused after randomisation (reasons not provided); adverse events not described | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. |
| Mayr 2008 | Not stated | Lokomat | 8 weeks | Not stated | Not stated | Add‐on conventional physiotherapy, received equal time and sessions of conventional gait training | 13 of 74 | 4 participants dropped out (reasons not provided); adverse events not described | 9 participants dropped out (reasons not provided) | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. |
| Morone 2011 | Canadian Neurological Scale, 6 points | Gait Trainer | 4 weeks | 41/7 | 40 minutes, 5 times a week | Focused on trunk stabilisation, weight transfer to the paretic leg, and walking between parallel
bars or on the ground. The participant was helped by 1 or 2 therapists and walking aids if necessary. | 21 of 48 | 12 (hypotension, referred weakness, knee pain, urinary infection, uncontrolled blood pressure, fever, absence of physiotherapist) | 9 (hypotension, referred weakness, knee pain, ankle pain, uncontrolled blood pressure, fever, absence of physiotherapist) | Information as provided by the authors |
| Noser 2012 | Not stated | Lokomat | Unclear | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | 1 of 21 | No dropouts; 2 serious adverse events (1 skin breakdown as a result of therapy, 1 second stroke during the post‐treatment phase) | 1 dropout due to protocol violation; 2 serious adverse events (1 sudden drop in blood pressure at participant's home leading to brief hospitalisation, 1 sudden chest pain before therapy leading to brief hospitalisation) | Information as provided by the authors |
| Ochi 2015 | Not stated | Gait‐assistance robot (consisting of 4 robotic arms for the thighs and legs, thigh cuffs, leg apparatuses, and a treadmill) | 4 weeks | 10/16 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week for 4 weeks, in addition to rehabilitation treatment | Range‐of‐motion exercises, muscle strengthening, rolling over and sit‐to‐stand and activity and gait exercises | 0 of 26 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information |
| Peurala 2005 | Scandinavian Stroke Scale, 42 points | Gait Trainer | 3 weeks | 25/20 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week for 3 weeks, in addition to rehabilitation treatment | Walking overground; all participants practised gait for 15 sessions over 3 weeks (each session lasting 20 minutes) | 0 of 45 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information |
| Peurala 2009 | Not stated | Gait Trainer | 3 weeks | 42/14 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week for 3 weeks, in addition to rehabilitation treatment | Overground walking training; in the other control group, 1 or 2 physiotherapy sessions daily but not at the same intensity as in the other groups | 9 of 56 | 5 dropouts (2 situation worsened after 1 to 2 treatment days; 1 had 2 unsuccessful attempts in device; 1 had scheduling problems; 1 felt protocol too demanding) | 4 dropouts (1 felt protocol too demanding; 2 situation worsened after 1 to 2 treatment days; 1 death) | Published information |
| Picelli 2016 | Not stated | G‐EO System Evolution | Experimental group (G‐EO) 30 minutes a day for 5 consecutive days | Not stated | 5 days in addition to botulinum toxin injection of calf muscles | None | 0 of 22 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information |
| Pohl 2007 | Mean Barthel Index, 37 points | Gait Trainer | 4 weeks | 124/31 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week | Physiotherapy every weekday for 4 weeks | 11 of 155 | 2 participants refused therapy, 1 increased cranial pressure, 1 relapsing pancreas tumour, 1 cardiovascular unstable | 4 participants refused therapy, 1 participant died, 1 myocardial infarction | Published information |
| Saltuari 2004 | Not stated | Lokomat | 2 weeks | 13/3 | A‐B‐A study: in phase A, 30 minutes, 5 days a week | Physiotherapy every weekday for 3 weeks (phase B) | 0 of 16 | None | None | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. |
| Schwartz 2006 | Mean NIHSS, 11 points | Lokomat | 6 weeks | 49/67 | 30 minutes, 3 times a week | Physiotherapy with additional gait training 3 times a week for 6 weeks | 6 of 46 | 2 participants with leg wounds, 1 participant with recurrent stroke, 1 refused therapy | 1 participant with recurrent stroke, 1 with pulmonary embolism | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. |
| Stein 2014 | Not stated | Bionic leg device (AlterG) | 6 weeks | Not stated | 1 hour, 3 times a week for 6 weeks | Group exercises | 0 of 24 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information |
| Tanaka 2012 | Mean FIM, 79 points | Gait Master4 | 4 weeks | Not stated | 20 minutes, 2 or 3 times a week (12 sessions) | Non‐intervention (non‐training) | 0 of 12 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information |
| Tong 2006 | Mean Barthel Index, 51 points | Gait Trainer | 4 weeks | 39/11 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week | Conventional physiotherapy alone, based on Bobath concept | 4 of 50 | None | 2 participants discharged before study end, 1 participant readmitted to an acute ward, 1 participant deteriorating condition | Published information |
| Ucar 2014 | Not stated | Lokomat | 2 weeks | Not stated | 30 minutes, 5 times a week | Conventional physiotherapy at home (focused on gait) | 0 of 22 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information |
| Van Nunen 2012 | Not stated | Lokomat | 8 weeks | Not stated | 30 minutes, twice a week | Overground therapy | 0 of 30 | ‐ | ‐ | Unpublished and published information provided by the author. |
| Waldman 2013 | Not stated | Portable rehab robot (ankle device) | 6 weeks | Not stated | 3 times a week, 18 sessions | Stretching the plantar flexors and active exercises for ankle mobility and strength | 0 of 24 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information |
| Watanabe 2014 | Not stated | Single‐leg version of the Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) | 4 weeks | 11/11 | 20 minutes, 12 sessions | Aimed to improve walking speed, endurance, balance, postural stability, and symmetry | 10 of 32 | 4 withdrew, 1 epilepsy, 1 technical reasons | 2 pneumonia, 2 discharged | Published information |
| Werner 2002 | Mean Barthel Index, 38 points | Gait Trainer | 2 weeks | 13/12 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week | Gait therapy including treadmill training with body weight support | 0 of 30 | None | None | Published information |
| Westlake 2009 | Not stated | Lokomat | 4 weeks (12 sessions) | 8/8 | 30 minutes, 3 times a week | 12 physiotherapy sessions including manually guided gait training (3 times a week over 4 weeks) | 0 of 16 | None | None | Published information |
