Treinamento com equipamento eletromecânico para caminhada após derrame
Appendices
Appendix 1. CENTRAL search strategy
#1MeSH descriptor: [Cerebrovascular Disorders] explode all trees
#2MeSH descriptor: [Brain Injuries] this term only
#3MeSH descriptor: [Brain Injury, Chronic] this term only
#4stroke* or cva or poststroke or post‐stroke
#5cerebrovasc* or cerebral vascular
#6cerebral or cerebellar or brain* or vertebrobasilar
#7infarct* or isch?emi* or thrombo* or emboli* or apoplexy
#8#6 and #7
#9cerebral or brain or subarachnoid
#10haemorrhage or hemorrhage or haematoma or hematoma or bleed*
#11#9 and #10
#12MeSH descriptor: [Hemiplegia] this term only
#13MeSH descriptor: [Paresis] explode all trees
#14hempar* or hemipleg* or brain injur*
#15MeSH descriptor: [Gait Disorders, Neurologic] this term only
#16#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #8 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15
#17MeSH descriptor: [Physical Therapy Modalities] this term only
#18MeSH descriptor: [Exercise Therapy] this term only
#19MeSH descriptor: [Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive] this term only
#20MeSH descriptor: [Musculoskeletal Manipulations] this term only
#21MeSH descriptor: [Exercise] this term only
#22MeSH descriptor: [Exercise Test] this term only
#23MeSH descriptor: [Robotics] this term only
#24MeSH descriptor: [Automation] this term only
#25MeSH descriptor: [Orthotic Devices] this term only
#26MeSH descriptor: [Man‐Machine Systems] this term only
#27MeSH descriptor: [Self‐Help Devices] this term only
#28MeSH descriptor: [Therapy, Computer‐Assisted] this term only
#29MeSH descriptor: [Body Weight] this term only
#30MeSH descriptor: [Weight‐Bearing] this term only
#31((gait or locomot*) near/5 (train* or therapy or rehabilitat* or re‐educat* or machine* or powered or device*))
#32(electromechanical or electro‐mechanical or mechanical or mechanised or mechanized or driven or assistive device*)
#33((body‐weight or body weight) near/3 (support* or relief))
#34(robot* or orthos* or orthotic or automat* or computer aided or computer assisted or power‐assist*)
#35(bws or harness or treadmill or exercise* or fitness train* or Lokomat or Locomat or GaiTrainer or GT1 or Kinetron or Haptic Walker or Anklebot or LOPES or AutoAmbulator)
#36(continuous passive or cpm) near/3 therap*
#37#17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 or#30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35 or #36
#38MeSH descriptor: [Gait] this term only
#39MeSH descriptor: [Walking] explode all trees
#40MeSH descriptor: [Locomotion] this term only
#41MeSH descriptor: [Range of Motion, Articular] this term only
#42MeSH descriptor: [Recovery of Function] this term only
#43walk* or gait* or ambulat* or mobil* or locomot* or balanc* or stride
#44#38 or #39 or #40 or #41 or #42 or #43
#45#16 and #37 and #44
#46MeSH descriptor: [Animals] explode all trees
#47#45 not #46
#48#47 in Trials
#49#48 Publication Year from 2012 to 2016
Number of records retrieved until 2012: 1140
Number of records retrieved until 2016: 861
Appendix 2. MEDLINE search strategy (OvidSP)
1. exp cerebrovascular disorders/ or brain injury, chronic/
2. (stroke$ or cva or poststroke or post‐stroke).tw.
3. (cerebrovasc$ or cerebral vascular).tw.
4. (cerebral or cerebellar or brain$ or vertebrobasilar).tw.
5. (infarct$ or isch?emi$ or thrombo$ or emboli$ or apoplexy).tw.
6. 4 and 5
7. (cerebral or brain or subarachnoid).tw.
8. (haemorrhage or hemorrhage or haematoma or hematoma or bleed$).tw.
9. 7 and 8
10. hemiplegia/ or exp paresis/
11. (hempar$ or hemipleg$ or brain injur$).tw.
12. Gait Disorders, Neurologic/
13. 1 or 2 or 3 or 6 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12
14. physical therapy modalities/ or exercise therapy/ or motion therapy, continuous passive/ or musculoskeletal manipulations/
15. *exercise/ or *exercise test/
16. robotics/ or automation/ or orthotic devices/ or man‐machine systems/ or self‐help devices/ or therapy, computer‐assisted/
17. body weight/ or weight‐bearing/
18. ((gait or locomot$) adj5 (train$ or therapy or rehabilitat$ or re‐educat$ or machine$ or powered or device$)).tw.
19. (electromechanical or electro‐mechanical or mechanical or mechanised or mechanized or driven or assistive device$).tw.
20. ((body‐weight or body weight) adj3 (support$ or relief)).tw.
21. (robot$ or orthos$ or orthotic or automat$ or computer aided or computer assisted or power‐assist$).tw.
22. (bws or harness or treadmill or exercise$ or fitness train$ or Lokomat or Locomat or GaiTrainer or GT1 or Kinetron or Haptic Walker or Anklebot or LOPES or AutoAmbulator).tw.
23. ((continuous passive or cpm) adj3 therap$).tw.
24. or/14‐23
25. gait/ or exp walking/ or locomotion/
26. "Range of Motion, Articular"/
27. recovery of function/
28. (walk$ or gait$ or ambulat$ or mobil$ or locomot$ or balanc$ or stride).tw.
29. or/25‐28
30. 13 and 24 and 29
31. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/
32. random allocation/
33. Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic/
34. control groups/
35. clinical trials as topic/ or clinical trials, phase i as topic/ or clinical trials, phase ii as topic/ or clinical trials, phase iii as topic/ or clinical trials, phase iv as topic/
36. double‐blind method/
37. single‐blind method/
38. Placebos/
39. placebo effect/
40. cross‐over studies/
41. Therapies, Investigational/
42. Research Design/
43. evaluation studies as topic/
44. randomized controlled trial.pt.
45. controlled clinical trial.pt.
46. (clinical trial or clinical trial phase i or clinical trial phase ii or clinical trial phase iii or clinical trial phase iv).pt.
47. (evaluation studies or comparative study).pt.
48. random$.tw.
49. (controlled adj5 (trial$ or stud$)).tw.
50. (clinical$ adj5 trial$).tw.
51. ((control or treatment or experiment$ or intervention) adj5 (group$ or subject$ or patient$)).tw.
52. (quasi‐random$ or quasi random$ or pseudo‐random$ or pseudo random$).tw.
53. ((multicenter or multicentre or therapeutic) adj5 (trial$ or stud$)).tw.
54. ((control or experiment$ or conservative) adj5 (treatment or therapy or procedure or manage$)).tw.
55. ((singl$ or doubl$ or tripl$ or trebl$) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw.
56. (coin adj5 (flip or flipped or toss$)).tw.
57. versus.tw.
58. (cross‐over or cross over or crossover).tw.
59. placebo$.tw.
60. sham.tw.
61. (assign$ or alternate or allocat$ or counterbalance$ or multiple baseline).tw.
62. or/31‐61
63. 30 and 62
64. exp animals/ not humans.sh.
65. 63 not 64
66. limit 65 to ed=20120719‐20160815
Number of records retrieved until 2012: 1928
Number of records retrieved until 2016: 1094
Appendix 3. Embase search strategy (OvidSP)
1. cerebrovascular disease/ or exp basal ganglion hemorrhage/ or exp brain hematoma/ or exp brain hemorrhage/ or exp brain infarction/ or exp brain ischemia/ or exp carotid artery disease/ or cerebral artery disease/ or exp cerebrovascular accident/ or exp intracranial aneurysm/ or exp occlusive cerebrovascular disease/ or stroke patient/
2. (stroke or poststroke or post‐stroke or cerebrovasc$ or brain vasc$ or cerebral vasc$ or cva$ or apoplex$ or SAH).tw.
3. ((brain$ or cerebr$ or cerebell$ or intracran$ or intracerebral) adj5 (isch?emi$ or infarct$ or thrombo$ or emboli$ or occlus$)).tw.
4. ((brain$ or cerebr$ or cerebell$ or intracerebral or intracranial or subarachnoid) adj5 (haemorrhage$ or hemorrhage$ or haematoma$ or hematoma$ or bleed$)).tw.
5. hemiparesis/ or hemiplegia/ or paresis/
6. (hemipleg$ or hemipar$ or paresis or paretic or hemineglect or hemi‐neglect or ((unilateral or spatial or hemi?spatial or visual) adj5 neglect)).tw.
7. Gait Disorders, Neurologic/
8. or/1‐7
9. physical therapy modalities/ or exercise therapy/ or motion therapy, continuous passive/ or musculoskeletal manipulations/
10. *exercise/ or *exercise test/
11. robotics/ or automation/ or orthotic devices/ or man‐machine systems/ or self‐help devices/ or therapy, computer‐assisted/
12. body weight/ or weight‐bearing/
13. ((gait or locomot$) adj5 (train$ or therapy or rehabilitat$ or re‐educat$ or machine$ or powered or device$)).tw.
14. (electromechanical or electro‐mechanical or mechanical or mechanised or mechanized or driven or assistive device$).tw.
15. ((body‐weight or body weight) adj3 (support$ or relief)).tw.
16. (robot$ or orthos$ or orthotic or automat$ or computer aided or computer assisted or power‐assist$).tw.
17. (bws or harness or treadmill or exercise$ or fitness train$ or Lokomat or Locomat or GaiTrainer or GT1 or Kinetron or Haptic Walker or Anklebot or LOPES or AutoAmbulator).tw.
18. ((continuous passive or cpm) adj3 therap$).tw.
19. or/9‐18
20. gait/ or exp walking/ or locomotion/
21. "Range of Motion, Articular"/
22. recovery of function/
23. (walk$ or gait$ or ambulat$ or mobil$ or locomot$ or balanc$ or stride).tw.
24. or/20‐23
25. 19 and 24
26. Randomized Controlled Trial/ or "randomized controlled trial (topic)"/
27. Randomization/
28. Controlled clinical trial/ or "controlled clinical trial (topic)"/
29. control group/ or controlled study/
30. clinical trial/ or "clinical trial (topic)"/ or phase 1 clinical trial/ or phase 2 clinical trial/ or phase 3 clinical trial/ or phase 4 clinical trial/
31. Crossover Procedure/
32. Double Blind Procedure/
33. Single Blind Procedure/ or triple blind procedure/
34. placebo/ or placebo effect/
35. (random$ or RCT or RCTs).tw.
36. (controlled adj5 (trial$ or stud$)).tw.
37. (clinical$ adj5 trial$).tw.
38. ((control or treatment or experiment$ or intervention) adj5 (group$ or subject$ or patient$)).tw.
39. (quasi‐random$ or quasi random$ or pseudo‐random$ or pseudo random$).tw.
40. ((control or experiment$ or conservative) adj5 (treatment or therapy or procedure or manage$)).tw.
41. ((singl$ or doubl$ or tripl$ or trebl$) adj5 (blind$ or mask$)).tw.
42. (cross‐over or cross over or crossover).tw.
43. (placebo$ or sham).tw.
44. trial.ti.
45. (assign$ or allocat$).tw.
46. controls.tw.
47. or/26‐46
48. 8 and 25 and 47
49. (exp animals/ or exp invertebrate/ or animal experiment/ or animal model/ or animal tissue/ or animal cell/ or nonhuman/) not (human/ or normal human/ or human cell/)
50. 48 not 49
51. limit 50 to dd=20120719‐20160815
Number of records retrieved until 2012: 2315
Number of records retrieved until 2016: 1601
Appendix 4. CINAHL search strategy (via EBSCOHost)
S1 .(MH "Cerebrovascular Disorders") OR (MH "Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease+") OR (MH "Carotid Artery Diseases+") OR (MH "Cerebral Ischemia+") OR (MH "Cerebral Vasospasm") OR (MH "Intracranial Arterial Diseases+") OR (MH "Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis") OR (MH "Intracranial Hemorrhage+") OR (MH "Stroke") OR (MH "Vertebral Artery Dissections")
S2 .(MH "Stroke Patients") OR (MH "Stroke Units")
S3 .TI ( stroke or poststroke or post‐stroke or cerebrovasc* or brain vasc* or cerebral vasc or cva or apoplex or SAH ) or AB ( stroke or poststroke or post‐stroke or cerebrovasc* or brain vasc* or cerebral vasc or cva or apoplex or SAH )
S4 .TI ( brain* or cerebr* or cerebell* or intracran* or intracerebral ) or AB ( brain* or cerebr* or cerebell* or intracran* or intracerebral )
S5 .TI ( ischemi* or ischaemi* or infarct* or thrombo* or emboli* or occlus* ) or AB ( ischemi* or ischaemi* or infarct* or thrombo* or emboli* or occlus* )
S6 .S4 and S5
S7 .TI ( brain* or cerebr* or cerebell* or intracerebral or intracranial or subarachnoid ) or AB ( brain* or cerebr* or cerebell* or intracerebral or intracranial or subarachnoid )
S8 .TI ( haemorrhage* or hemorrhage* or haematoma* or hematoma* or bleed* ) or AB ( haemorrhage* or hemorrhage* or haematoma* or hematoma* or bleed* )
S9 .S7 and S8
S10 .(MH "Hemiplegia")
S11 .TI ( hemipleg* or hemipar* or paresis or paretic ) or AB ( hemipleg* or hemipar* or paresis or paretic )
S12 .S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S6 OR S9 OR S10 OR S11
S13 .(MM "PhysicalTherapy") OR (MM "TherapeuticExercise") OR (MM "Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive") OR (MM "Robotics") OR (MM "Automation") OR (MM "Orthoses") OR (MM "Assistive Technology Devices") OR (MM "Therapy, Computer Assisted") OR (MM "Body Weight") OR (MM "Weight‐Bearing")
S14 *exercise or (*exercise test)
S15 "man‐machine systems"
S16 ((gait or locomot*) N5 (train* or therapy or rehabilitat* or re‐educat* or machine* or powered or device*))
S17 electromechanical or electro‐mechanical or mechanical or mechanised or mechanized or driven or assistive device*
S18 ((body‐weight or body weight) N3 (support* or relief))
S19 robot* or orthos* or orthotic or automat* or computer aided or computer assisted or power‐assist*
S20 bws or harness or treadmill or exercise* or fitness train* or Lokomat or Locomat or GaiTrainer or GT1 or Kinetron or Haptic Walker or Anklebot or LOPES or AutoAmbulator
S21 (continuous passive or cpm) N3 therap*
S22 S13 OR S14 OR S15 OR S16 OR S17 OR S18 OR S19 OR S20 OR S21
S23 (MM "Gait")
S24 (MH "Walking+")
S25 (MM "Locomotion")
S26 (MM "Range of Motion")
S27 (MM "Recovery")
S28 walk* or gait* or ambulat* or mobil* or locomot* or balanc* or stride
S29 S23 OR S24 OR S25 OR S26 OR S27 OR S28
S30 S22 AND S29
S31 .(MH "Randomized Controlled Trials") or (MH "Random Assignment") or (MH "Random Sample+")
S32 .(MH "Clinical Trials") or (MH "Intervention Trials") or (MH "Therapeutic Trials")
S33 .(MH "Double‐Blind Studies") or (MH "Single‐Blind Studies") or (MH "Triple‐Blind Studies")
S34 .(MH "Control (Research)") or (MH "Control Group") or (MH "Placebos") or (MH "Placebo Effect")
S35 .(MH "Crossover Design") OR (MH "Quasi‐Experimental Studies")
S36 .PT (clinical trial or randomized controlled trial)
S37 .TI (random* or RCT or RCTs) or AB (random* or RCT or RCTs)
S38 .TI (controlled N5 (trial* or stud*)) or AB (controlled N5 (trial* or stud*))
S39 .TI (clinical* N5 trial*) or AB (clinical* N5 trial*)
S40 .TI ((control or treatment or experiment* or intervention) N5 (group* or subject* or patient*)) or AB ((control or treatment or experiment* or intervention) N5 (group* or subject* or patient*))
S41 .TI ((control or experiment* or conservative) N5 (treatment or therapy or procedure or manage*)) or AB ((control or experiment* or conservative) N5 (treatment or therapy or procedure or manage*))
S42 .TI ((singl* or doubl* or tripl* or trebl*) N5 (blind* or mask*)) or AB ((singl* or doubl* or tripl* or trebl*) N5 (blind* or mask*))
S43 .TI (cross‐over or cross over or crossover) or AB (cross‐over or cross over or crossover)
S44 .TI (placebo* or sham) or AB (placebo* or sham)
S45 .TI trial
S46 .TI (assign* or allocat*) or AB (assign* or allocat*)
S47 .TI controls or AB controls
S48 .TI (quasi‐random* or quasi random* or pseudo‐random* or pseudo random*) or AB (quasi‐random* or quasi random* or pseudo‐random* or pseudo random*)
S49 .S31 OR S32 OR S33 OR S34 OR S35 OR S36 OR S37 OR S38 OR S39 OR S40 OR S41 OR S42 OR S43 OR S44 OR S45 OR S46 OR S47 OR S48
S50 .S12 AND S30 AND S49
S51 .EM 201207‐
S52 .S50 AND S51
Number of records retrieved until 2012: 787
Number of records retrieved until 2016: 382
Appendix 5. AMED search strategy (OvidSP)
1. cerebrovascular disorders/ or cerebral hemorrhage/ or cerebral infarction/ or cerebral ischemia/ or cerebrovascular accident/ or stroke/
2. (stroke or poststroke or post‐stroke or cerebrovasc$ or brain vasc$ or cerebral vasc$ or cva$ or apoplex$ or SAH).af.
3. ((brain$ or cerebr$ or cerebell$ or intracran$ or intracerebral) adj5 (isch?emi$ or infarct$ or thrombo$ or emboli$ or occlus$)).af.
4. ((brain$ or cerebr$ or cerebell$ or intracerebral or intracranial or subarachnoid) adj5 (haemorrhage$ or hemorrhage$ or haematoma$ or hematoma$ or bleed$)).af.
5. hemiplegia/
6. (hemipleg$ or hemipar$ or paresis or paretic or hemineglect or hemi‐neglect or ((unilateral or spatial or hemi?spatial or visual) adj5 neglect)).af.
7. or/1‐6
8. physical therapy modalities/ or exercise therapy/ or motion therapy, continuous passive.mp or musculoskeletal manipulations/
9. exercise/ or exercise test/
10. robotics/ or orthotic devices/ or myoelectric prosthesis/ or therapy, computer‐assisted/
11. body weight/ or weight‐bearing/
12. ((gait or locomot$) adj5 (train$ or therapy or rehabilitat$ or re‐educat$ or machine$ or powered or device$)).af.
13. (electromechanical or electro‐mechanical or mechanical or mechanised or mechanized or driven or assistive device$).af.
14. ((body‐weight or body weight) adj3 (support$ or relief)).af.
15. (robot$ or orthos$ or orthotic or automat$ or computer aided or computer assisted or power‐assist$).af.
16. (bws or harness or treadmill or exercise$ or fitness train$ or Lokomat or Locomat or GaiTrainer or GT1 or Kinetron or Haptic Walker or Anklebot or LOPES or AutoAmbulator).af.
17. ((continuous passive or cpm) adj3 therap$).af.
18. or/8‐17
19. gait/ or exp walking/ or locomotion/
20. "Range of Motion"/
21. recovery of function/
22. (walk$ or gait$ or ambulat$ or mobil$ or locomot$ or balanc$ or stride).af.
23. or/19‐22
24. 7 and 18 and 23
25. exp animals/ not humans.sh.
26. 24 not 25
27. limit 26 to up=201207‐201609
Number of records retrieved until 2012: 383
Number of records retrieved until 2016: 392
Appendix 6. Web of Science search strategy
#1.TS=(stroke or poststroke or post‐stroke or cerebrovasc* or brain vasc* or cerebral vasc* or cva* or apoplex* or SAH)
#2.TS=((brain* or cerebr* or cerebell* or intracran* or intracerebral) NEAR/5 (isch$emi* or infarct* or thrombo* or emboli* or occlus*))
#3.TS=((brain* or cerebr* or cerebell* or intracran* or intracerebral) NEAR/5 (h$emorrhage* or h$ematoma* or bleed*))
#4.TS=(hemipleg* or hemipar* or paresis or paretic)
#5.#4 OR #3 OR #2 OR #1
#6.TS=(Neurologic NEAR/5 Gait NEAR/5 Disorders)
#7.TS= (robotics or automation or orthotic devices or man‐machine system* or self‐help devices or (computer‐assisted NEAR/5 therapy))
#8.TS=((gait or locomot*) NEAR/5 (train* or therapy or rehabilitat* or re‐educat* or machine* or powered or device$))
#9.TS=(electromechanical or electro‐mechanical or mechanical or mechanised or mechanized or driven or assistive device$)
#10.TS=((body‐weight or (body NEAR/3 weight)) NEAR/3 (support$ or relief))
#11.TS=(robot* or orthos* or orthotic or automat* or computer aided or computer assisted or power‐assist*)
#12.TS=(bws or harness or treadmill or exercise$ or fitness train* or Lokomat or Locomat or GaiTrainer or GT1 or Kinetron or Haptic Walker or Anklebot or LOPES or AutoAmbulator)
#13.TS=(((continuous NEAR/3 passive) or cpm) NEAR/3 therap*)
#14. #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13
#15.TS=((gait or walk* or locomot* or ambulat* or mobil* or balance* or stride) or (range of motion) or recovery of function)
#16.#14 and #15
#17.TS=(random* or RCT or RCTs)
#18.TS=(controlled NEAR/5 (trial$ or stud*))
#19.TS=(clinical* NEAR/5 trial*)
#20.TS=((control or treatment or experiment* or intervention) NEAR/5 (group$ or subject$ or patient$))
#21.TS=(quasi‐random* or quasi random* or pseudo‐random* or pseudo random*)
#22.TS=((control$ or experiment* or conservative) NEAR/5 (treatment or therapy or manage* or procedure))
#23.TS=((singl$ or doubl* or tripl* or trebl*) NEAR/5 (blind* or mask*))
#24.TS=(cross‐over or cross over or crossover)
#25.TS=(placebo* or sham)
#26.TI=trial
#27.TS=(assign* or allocat*)
#28.TS=controls
#29.#17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28
#30.#5 and #16 and #29
Number of records retrieved until 2016: 3806
Appendix 7. PEDro search strategy
Abstract&Title: Stroke AND gait
Method: Clinical Trial
Published since: 2012
All other fields not mentioned here have been left blank.
Number of records retrieved until 2012: 165
Number of records retrieved until 2016: 166
Appendix 8. COMPENDEX search strategy (via DIALOG)
1. CEREBROVASCULAR (W) DISORDER? ?/TI,AB,DE
2. BRAIN (W) INJUR???/TI,AB,DE
3. CHRONIC (W) BRAIN (W) INJUR???/TI,AB,DE
4. (STROKE? OR CVA OR POSTSTROKE? OR CEREBROVASC?)/TI,AB,DE
5. CEREBRAL (W) VASCULAR/TI,AB,DE
6. (CEREBRAL OR CEREBELLAR OR BRAIN? OR
7. (INFARCT? OR ISCHAEMI? OR ISCHEMI? OR THROMBO? OR
8. S6 AND S7
9. (CEREBRAL OR BRAIN OR SUBARACHNOID)/TI,AB,DE
10. (HAEMORRHAGE OR HEMORRHAGE OR HAEMATOMA OR HEMATOMA OR
11. S9 AND S10
12. (HEMIPLEG? OR HEMIPAR? OR PARESIS)/TI,AB,DE
13. BRAIN (W) INJUR???/TI,AB,DE
14. GAIT (W) DISORDER? ?/TI,AB,DE
15. NEUROLOGIC??/TI,AB,DE
16. S14 AND S15
17. S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S4 OR S5 OR S8 OR S16 OR S11‐S13
18. PHYSICAL (W) THERAPY (W) MODALIT???/TI,AB,DE
19. EXERCISE (W) THERAP?/TI,AB,DE
20. MOTION (W) THERAP? /TI,AB,DE
21. CONTINUOUS (3W) PASSIVE (3W) MOTION (3W) THERAP?
22. EXERCISE?/TI,AB,DE
23. (ROBOTICS OR AUTOMATION) /TI,AB,DE
24. ORTHOTIC (W) DEVICE? ?/TI,AB,DE
25. BODY (W) WEIGHT/TI,AB,DE
26. WEIGHT (W) BEARING/TI,AB,DE
27. GAIT (5N) TRAIN???/TI,AB,DE
28. GAIT (5N) THERAP?/TI,AB,DE
29. GAIT (5N) REHABILITAT?/TI,AB,DE
30. GAIT (5N) EDUCAT?/TI,AB,DE
31. LOCOMOT? (5N) TRAIN?/TI,AB,DE
32. LOCOMOT? (5N) THERAP?/TI,AB,DE
33. LOCOMOT? (5N) REHABILITAT?/TI,AB,DE
34. LOCOMOT? (5N) EDUCAT?/TI,AB,DE
35. (ELECTROMECHANICAL OR MECHANICAL OR MECHANI?ED OR
36. ((BODY (W) WEIGHT (3N) SUPPORT?))/TI,AB,DE
37. ((BODY (W) WEIGHT (3N) RELIEF))/TI,AB,DE
38. (ROBOT? OR ORTHOS? OR ORTHOTIC OR AUTOMAT?)/TI,AB,DE
39. COMPUTER (W) AIDED/TI,AB,DE
40. (COMPUTER (W) ASSISTED)/TI,AB,DE
41. (BWS OR HARNESS OR TREADMILL OR LO?OMAT OR GAITRAINER
42. FITNESS (W) TRAIN?/TI,AB,DE
43. CONTINUOUS (W) PASSIVE/TI,AB,DE
44. THERAP?/TI,AB,DE
45. S43 AND S44
46. CPM (3N) THERAP?/TI,AB,DE
47. S18‐S42
48. S48 OR S45 OR S46
49. (GAIT OR WALKING OR LOCOMOTION)/TI,AB,DE
50. RANGE (1W) MOTION/TI,AB,DE
51. ARTICULAR/TI,AB,DE
52. S51 AND S52
53. RECOVERY (3N) FUNCTION/TI,AB,DE
54. (WALK? OR GAIT? ? OR AMBULAT? OR MOBIL? OR LOCOMOT? OR
55. S50 OR S53 OR S54 OR S55
56. S17 AND S49 AND S56
57. S57 AND HUMAN
Number of records retrieved until 2012: 701
Appendix 9. SPORTDiscus search strategy (via EBSCOHost)
S1 .DE "CEREBROVASCULAR disease" OR DE "BRAIN ‐‐ Hemorrhage" OR DE "CEREBRAL embolism & thrombosis"
S2 .DE "CEREBROVASCULAR disease ‐‐ Patients"
S3 .DE "HEMIPLEGIA" OR DE "HEMIPLEGICS"
S4 .TI ( stroke* or poststroke* cva* or cerebrovascular* or cerebral vascular ) OR AB ( stroke* or poststroke* cva* or cerebrovascular* or cerebral vascular )
S5 .TI ( cerebral or cerebellar or brain* or vertebrobasilar ) OR AB ( cerebral or cerebellar or brain* or vertebrobasilar )
S6 .TI ( infarct* or ischemi* or ischaemi* or thrombo* or emboli* or apoplexy ) OR AB ( infarct* or ischemi* or ischaemi* or thrombo* or emboli* or apoplexy )
S7 .S5 and S6
S8 .TI ( cerebral or brain or subarachnoid ) OR AB ( cerebral or brain or subarachnoid )
S9 .TI ( haemorrhage or hemorrhage or haematoma or hematoma or bleed* ) OR AB ( haemorrhage or hemorrhage or haematoma or hematoma or bleed* )
S10 .S8 and S9
S11 .TI ( hempar$ or hemipleg* or brain injur* ) OR AB ( hempar$ or hemipleg* or brain injur* )
S12 .DE "GAIT disorders"
S13 .S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 or S7 or S10 or S11 or S12
S14 .DE "PHYSICAL therapy"
S15 .DE "EXERCISE" OR DE "LEG exercises" OR DE "STRENGTH training" OR DE "TREADMILL exercise"
S16 .DE "EXERCISE therapy"
S17 .DE "MANIPULATION (Therapeutics)"
S18 .TI ( gait or locomot* ) OR AB ( gait or locomot* )
S19 .TI ( train* or therapy or rehabilitat* or re‐educat* or machine* or powered or device* ) OR AB ( train* or therapy or rehabilitat* or re‐educat* or machine* or powered or device* )
S20 .S18 and S19
S21 .TI ( electromechanical or electro‐mechanical or mechanical or mechanised or mechanized or driven or assistive device* ) OR AB ( electromechanical or electro‐mechanical or mechanical or mechanised or mechanized or driven or assistive device* )
S22 .TI ( body‐weight or body weight ) OR AB ( body‐weight or body weight )
S23 .TI ( support* or relief ) OR AB ( support* or relief )
S24 .S22 and S23
S25 .TI ( robot* or orthos* or orthotic or automat* or computer aided or computer assisted or power‐assist* ) OR AB ( robot* or orthos* or orthotic or automat* or computer aided or computer assisted or power‐assist* )
S26 .TI ( bws or harness or treadmill or exercise* or fitness train* or Lokomat or Locomat or GaiTrainer or GT1 or Kinetron or Haptic Walker or Anklebot or LOPES or AutoAmbulator ) OR AB ( bws or harness or treadmill or exercise* or fitness train* or Lokomat or Locomat or GaiTrainer or GT1 or Kinetron or Haptic Walker or Anklebot or LOPES or AutoAmbulator )
S27 .TI ( continuous passive or cpm ) OR AB ( continuous passive or cpm )
S28 .TI Therapy OR AB therapy
S29 .S27 and S28
S30 .S14 or S15 or S16 or S17 or S20 or S21 or S24 or S25 or S26 or S29
S31 .DE "WALKING" OR DE "FITNESS walking" OR DE "GAIT in humans"
S32 .DE "LOCOMOTION" OR DE "HUMAN locomotion"
S33 .DE "JOINTS ‐‐ Range of motion"
S34 .TI ( walk* or gait* or ambulat* or mobil* or locomot* or balanc* or stride ) OR AB ( walk* or gait* or ambulat* or mobil* or locomot* or balanc* or stride )
S35 .S31 or S32 or S33 or S34
S36 .S13 and S30 and S35
S37 .TI ( random* or RCT or trial* or placebo* or sham or double‐blind* or single‐blind or control or controls or assign* or allocat* ) OR AB ( random* or RCT or trial* or placebo* or sham or double‐blind* or single‐blind or control or controls or assign* or allocat* )
S38 .S36 and S37
Number of records retrieved until 2012: 461
Appendix 10. Inspec search strategy (TecFinder)
Robot AND gait AND stroke
publication year: 2012 ‐ 2016
Number of records retrieved until 2012: 81
Number of records retrieved until 2016: 20
Appendix 11. World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP)
Robot AND gait AND stroke
Robot AND Walking AND stroke
publication year: 2012 ‐ 2016
Number of records retrieved until 2016: 10
Study flow diagram.
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy versus physiotherapy (or usual care), outcome: 1.1 Independent walking at the end of intervention phase, all electromechanical devices used.
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy versus physiotherapy (or usual care), outcome: 1.3 Walking velocity (metres per second) at the end of intervention phase.
Comparison 1 Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy versus physiotherapy (or usual care), Outcome 1 Independent walking at the end of intervention phase, all electromechanical devices used.
Comparison 1 Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy versus physiotherapy (or usual care), Outcome 2 Recovery of independent walking at follow‐up after study end.
Comparison 1 Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy versus physiotherapy (or usual care), Outcome 3 Walking velocity (metres per second) at the end of intervention phase.
Comparison 1 Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy versus physiotherapy (or usual care), Outcome 4 Walking velocity (metres per second) at follow‐up.
Comparison 1 Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy versus physiotherapy (or usual care), Outcome 5 Walking capacity (metres walked in 6 minutes) at the end of intervention phase.
Comparison 1 Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy versus physiotherapy (or usual care), Outcome 6 Walking capacity (metres walked in 6 minutes) at follow‐up.
Comparison 1 Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy versus physiotherapy (or usual care), Outcome 7 Acceptability of electromechanical‐assisted gait training devices during intervention phase: dropouts.
Comparison 1 Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy versus physiotherapy (or usual care), Outcome 8 Death from all causes until the end of intervention phase.
Comparison 2 Planned sensitivity analysis by trial methodology, Outcome 1 Regaining independent walking ability.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis comparing participants in acute and chronic phases of stroke, Outcome 1 Independent walking at the end of intervention phase, all electromechanical devices used.
Comparison 4 Post hoc sensitivity analysis: ambulatory status at study onset, Outcome 1 Recovery of independent walking: ambulatory status at study onset.
Comparison 4 Post hoc sensitivity analysis: ambulatory status at study onset, Outcome 2 Walking velocity: ambulatory status at study onset.
Comparison 5 Post hoc sensitivity analysis: type of device, Outcome 1 Different devices for regaining walking ability.
Comparison 5 Post hoc sensitivity analysis: type of device, Outcome 2 Different devices for regaining walking speed.
Comparison 5 Post hoc sensitivity analysis: type of device, Outcome 3 Different devices for regaining walking capacity.
| Electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy compared to physiotherapy (or usual care) for walking after stroke | ||||||
| Patient or population: walking after stroke | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect | № of participants | Quality of the evidence | Comments | |
| Risk with physiotherapy (or usual care) | Risk with electromechanical‐ and robotic‐assisted gait training plus physiotherapy | |||||
| Independent walking at the end of intervention phase, all electromechanical devices used | Study population | OR 1.94 | 1472 | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ | ||
| 457 per 1000 | 615 per 1000 | |||||
| Recovery of independent walking at follow‐up after study end | Study population | OR 1.93 | 496 | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ | ||
| 551 per 1000 | 703 per 1000 | |||||
| Walking velocity (metres per second) at the end of intervention phase | The mean walking velocity (metres per second) at the end of intervention phase was 0. | MD 0.04 higher | ‐ | 985 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | |
| Walking velocity (metres per second) at follow‐up | The mean walking velocity (metres per second) at follow‐up was 0. | MD 0.07 higher | ‐ | 578 | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ | |
| Walking capacity (metres walked in 6 minutes) at the end of intervention phase | The mean walking capacity (metres walked in 6 minutes) at the end of intervention phase was 0. | MD 5.84 higher | ‐ | 594 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | |
| Walking capacity (metres walked in 6 minutes) at follow‐up | The mean walking capacity (metres walked in 6 minutes) at follow‐up was 0. | MD 0.82 lower | ‐ | 463 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | |
| Acceptability of electromechanical‐assisted gait‐training devices during intervention phase | Study population | OR 0.67 | 1472 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | ||
| 131 per 1000 | 92 per 1000 | |||||
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | ||||||
| 1Downgraded due to several ratings of 'unclear' and 'high' risk of bias. | ||||||
| Study ID | Experimental: age, mean (SD) | Control: age, mean (SD) | Experimental: time poststroke | Control: time poststroke | Experimental: sex | Control: sex | Experimental: side paresis | Control: side paresis |
| 57 years | 65 years | ≤ 3 months | ≤ 3 months | 2 female | 4 female | Not stated | Not stated | |
| 54 years | 54 years | 12 months | 13 months | 5 male, 4 female | 4 male, 5 female | 4 right, 5 left | 4 right, 5 left | |
| 61 (median) years | 59 (median) years | 56 (median) days | 21 (median) days | 5 male, 2 female | 4 male, 2 female | 5 right, 2 left | 1 right, 5 left | |
| 60 years | 62 years | 7 years | 5 years | 17 male, 8 female | 16 male, 9 female | 13 right, 12 left | 12 right, 13 left | |
| 56 (12) years | 60 (12) years | 16 (5) days | 18 (5) days | 13 male, 7 female | 10 male, 7 female | 6 right, 14 left | 6 right, 11 left | |
| 55 (12) years | 55 (15) years | 15 months | 13 months | Not stated | Not stated | 6 right, 4 left (4 both) | 3 right, 1 left (3 both) | |
| 62 (10) years | 61 (11) years | 27 (11) days | 30 (14) days | 35 male, 18 female | 40 male, 13 female | 24 right, 29 left | 21 right, 32 left | |
| 70 (7) years | 68 (11) years | 47 (64) months | 48 (30) months | 16 male, 4 female | 14 male, 6 female | Not stated | Not stated | |
| Not stated | Not stated | Less than 12 months | Less than 12 months | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | |
| 63 years | 60 years | 12 days | 11 days | Not stated | Not stated | 9 right, 9 left | 7 right, 9 left | |
| 63 (7) years | 61 (6) years | 26 (6) months | 27 (6) months | 14 male, 6 female | 9 male, 1 female | Not stated | Not stated | |
| 68 (15) years | 63 (11) years | 22 (8) days | 18 (10) days | Not stated | Not stated | 20 right, 10 left | 14 right, 12 left | |
| 60 (11) years | 55 (9) years | 111 (63) days | 139 (61) days | 21 male, 12 female | 18 male, 12 female | 22 right, 11 left | 13 right, 17 left | |
| 57 (10) years | 57 (11) years | 50 (51) months | 73 (87) months | 15 male, 9 female | 15 male, 9 female | 16 right, 8 left | 16 right, 8 left | |
| 60 (13) years | 57 (11) years | 79 (56) days | 89 (61) days | 11 male, 5 female | 10 male, 4 female | 12 right, 4 left | 11 right, 3 left | |
| 54 (13) years | 50 (16) years | 80 (60) days | 120 (84) days | 9 male, 4 female | 10 male, 3 female | 8 right, 5 left | 10 right, 3 left | |
| 48 (8) years | 55 (16) years | 22 (23) months | 29 (12) months | 9 male, 8 female | 4 male, 4 female | 9 right, 8 left | 4 right, 4 left | |
| Not stated | Not stated | Between 10 days and 6 months | Between 10 days and 6 months | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | |
| 62 (11) years | 62 (14) years | 19 (11) days | 20 (14) days | 15 male, 9 female | 13 male, 11 female | 13 right, 11 left | 15 right, 9 left | |
| 67 (9) years | 64 (11) years | 1354 days | 525 days | 7 male, 4 female | 6 male, 4 female | Not stated | Not stated | |
| 62 (8) years | 66 (12) years | 23 (7) days | 26 (8) days | 11 male, 2 female | 9 male, 4 female | 6 right, 7 left | 5 right, 8 left | |
| 52 (8) years | 52 (7) years | 2.5 (2.5) years | 4.0 (5.8) years | 26 male, 4 female | 11 male, 4 female | 13 right, 17 left | 10 right, 5 left | |
| 67 (9) years | 68 (10) years | 8 (3) days | 8 (3) days | 11 male, 11 female | 18 male, 16 female | 11 right, 11 left | 14 right, 20 left | |
| 62 (10) years | 65 (3) years | 6 (4) years | 6 (4) years | 7 male, 4 female | 9 male, 2 female | Not stated | Not stated | |
| 62 (12) years | 64 (11) years | 4.2 (1.8) weeks | 4.5 (1.9) weeks | 50 male, 27 female | 54 male, 24 female | 36 right, 41 left | 33 right, 45 left | |
| 62 (13) years | 60 (19) years | 3.6 (4.6) months | 1.9 (0.8) months | 4 male, 4 female | 2 male, 6 female | Not stated | Not stated | |
| 62 (9) years | 65 (8) years | 22 (9) days | 24 (10) days | 21 male, 16 female | 20 male, 10 female | 17 right, 20 left | 8 right, 22 left | |
| 58 (11) years | 57 (15) years | 49 (39) months | 89 (153) months | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | |
| 63 (10) years | 60 (9) years | 55 (37) months | 65 (67) months | 10 male, 2 female | 9 right, 3 left | |||
| 71 (14) years | 64 (10) years | 2.5 (1.2) weeks | 2.7 (1.2) weeks | 19 male, 11 female | 12 male, 8 female | 13 right, 17 left | 7 right, 13 left | |
| 56 years | 62 years | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | |
| 53 (10) years | 2.1 (1.3) months | 16 male, 14 female | Not stated | Not stated | ||||
| 51 (8) years | 53 (7) years | 41 (20) months | 30 (22) months | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | |
| 67 (17) years | 76 (14) years | 59 (47) days | 51 (34) days | 7 male, 4 female | 4 male, 7 female | 6 right, 5 left | 5 right, 6 left | |
| 60 (9) years | 60 (9) years | 7.4 (2.0) weeks | 6.9 (2.1) weeks | 8 male, 7 female | 5 male, 10 female | 8 right, 7 left | 8 right, 7 left | |
| 59 (17) years | 55 (14) years | 44 (27) months | 37 (20) months | 6 male, 2 female | 7 male, 1 female | 4 right, 4 left | 3 right, 5 left | |
| SD: standard deviation | ||||||||
| Criteria | Stroke severity | Electromechanical device used | Duration of study intervention | Aetiology (ischaemic/haemorrhage) | Intensity of treatment per day | Description of the control intervention | Dropouts | Reasons for dropout and adverse events in the experimental group | Reasons for dropout and adverse events in the control group | Source of information |
| Not stated | Lokomat | 3 weeks | Not stated | 30 minutes, 5 times a week | Described as task‐oriented physiotherapy, 5 times a week for 3 weeks (2.5 hours a week) | 4 of 23 | Not stated | Not stated | Unpublished information in the form of a conference presentation | |
| Unclear | Lokomat | 4 weeks | 13/5 | 60 minutes, 5 times a week (20 sessions) | Described as treadmill training without body weight support | 0 of 18 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information | |
| Mean FIM, 92 of 126 points | Lokomat | 3 weeks | Not stated | Not stated | Physiotherapy | 0 of 13 | ‐ | ‐ | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. | |
| Unclear | Wearable exoskeleton Stride Management Assist system (SMA) | 6 to 8 weeks | Unclear | 3 times per week for a maximum of 18 sessions | Functional task‐specific training (intensive overground training and mobility training) | 0 of 50 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information | |
| Not stated | Lokomat | 10 days | Not stated | 30 minutes daily for 10 days | Conventional gait training by physical therapists (with equal therapy time and same amount of sessions as experimental group) | 3 of 40 | Not described by group (3 participants dropped out: 1 due to aspiration pneumonia, and 2 were unable to co‐operate fully with the experimental procedure) | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. | ||
| Mean Modified Barthel Index, 36 points | Lokomat | 8 weeks (2 phases, cross‐over after 4 weeks) | 4/14 (2 both) | 30 minutes, 3 times a week for 4 weeks | Bobath (neurophysiological exercises, inhibition of spasticity and synergy pattern) | 0 of 20 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information | |
| Mean Barthel Index, 49 points | Gait Trainer | 8 weeks | Not stated | Not stated | Physiotherapy including 25 minutes of stance/gait, 10 minutes cycling, 10 minutes tilt table standing | 20 of 106 | 2 death, 3 refusal, 1 medical problem, 1 transport problem (1 pain as adverse event) | 1 death, 6 refusal, 3 medical problem, 1 administrative problem (no adverse events) | Published information | |
| Mean Barthel Index, 75 points | Gait Trainer | 4 weeks | Not stated | 40 minutes, 5 times a week | Bobath method, 5 times a week for 5 weeks | 0 of 40 | ‐ | ‐ | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. | |
| Not stated | AutoAmbulator | 24 sessions | Not stated | Minimum of 3 sessions a week up to 5 sessions; number of minutes in each session unclear | "Standard" physical therapy, 3 to 5 times a week for 24 consecutive sessions | 0 of 20 | 14 adverse events, no details provided | 11 adverse events, no details provided | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. | |
| Mean FIM walk 1 point | Anklebot | 8 to 10 sessions (with ca. 200 repetitions) | Not stated | 60 minutes, 8 to 10 sessions | Stretching of the paretic ankle | 5 of 34 | Total of 5 dropouts in both groups (1 medical complication, 1 discharge prior study end, 2 time poststroke > 49 days, 1 non‐compliance) | Published information provided by the authors. | ||
| Mean European Stroke Scale, 80 points | Gait Trainer | 2 weeks | Not stated | 50 minutes, 5 times a week | Walking exercises according to the Bobath approach | 0 of 30 | ‐ | ‐ | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. | |
| Not stated | Lokomat | 4 weeks | 33/23 | 30 minutes, 5 times a week | Neurodevelopmental techniques for balance and mobility | 4 0f 60 | ‐ | 4 unclear reasons | Published information provided by the authors. | |
| Not stated | Lokomat | 8 to 10 weeks (24 sessions) | 47/16 | 45 minutes, 3 days a week | Conventional gait training, 3 times a week for 8 to 10 weeks (24 sessions), each session lasted 1.5 hours | 9 of 72 | Not described by group (9 withdrew or were removed because of poor attendance or a decline in health, including 1 death, which according to the authors was unrelated to study) | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. | ||
| Not stated | Lokomat | 12 sessions | 22/26 | 30 minutes, 12 sessions | Therapist‐assisted gait training, 12 sessions, each session lasted 30 minutes | 14 of 62 | 4 participants dropped out (2 discontinued secondary to leg pain during training, 1 experienced pitting oedema, and 1 had travel limitations) | 10 participants dropped out (4 discontinued secondary to leg pain, 1 experienced an injury outside therapy, 1 reported fear of falling during training, 1 presented with significant hypertension, 1 had travel limitations, and 2 experienced subjective exercise intolerance) | Published information provided by the authors. | |
| Median Barthel Index, 35 points | Lokomat | 4 weeks | 22/8 | 30 minutes, 5 times a week | Conventional physiotherapy, 30 minutes per day for 4 weeks | 2 of 32 | 1 participant enteritis | 1 participant pulmonary embolism | Information as provided by the authors | |
| Mean Barthel Index, 20 points | Walkbot | 4 weeks | 13/13 | 30 minutes, 5 times a week | Conventional physiotherapy (bed mobility, stretching, balance training, strengthening, symmetry training, treadmill training) | 4 of 30 | 1 rib fracture, 3 decline in health condition | Information as provided by the authors | ||
| Not stated | Lokomat | 4 weeks | 18/7 | 45 minutes, 3 days a week | Conventional physiotherapy, received equal time and sessions of conventional gait training | 10 of 35 | 1 participant dropped out for private reasons (travelling); adverse events not described | 9 participants refused after randomisation (reasons not provided); adverse events not described | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. | |
| Not stated | Lokomat | 8 weeks | Not stated | Not stated | Add‐on conventional physiotherapy, received equal time and sessions of conventional gait training | 13 of 74 | 4 participants dropped out (reasons not provided); adverse events not described | 9 participants dropped out (reasons not provided) | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. | |
| Canadian Neurological Scale, 6 points | Gait Trainer | 4 weeks | 41/7 | 40 minutes, 5 times a week | Focused on trunk stabilisation, weight transfer to the paretic leg, and walking between parallel | 21 of 48 | 12 (hypotension, referred weakness, knee pain, urinary infection, uncontrolled blood pressure, fever, absence of physiotherapist) | 9 (hypotension, referred weakness, knee pain, ankle pain, uncontrolled blood pressure, fever, absence of physiotherapist) | Information as provided by the authors | |
| Not stated | Lokomat | Unclear | Not stated | Not stated | Not stated | 1 of 21 | No dropouts; 2 serious adverse events (1 skin breakdown as a result of therapy, 1 second stroke during the post‐treatment phase) | 1 dropout due to protocol violation; 2 serious adverse events (1 sudden drop in blood pressure at participant's home leading to brief hospitalisation, 1 sudden chest pain before therapy leading to brief hospitalisation) | Information as provided by the authors | |
| Not stated | Gait‐assistance robot (consisting of 4 robotic arms for the thighs and legs, thigh cuffs, leg apparatuses, and a treadmill) | 4 weeks | 10/16 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week for 4 weeks, in addition to rehabilitation treatment | Range‐of‐motion exercises, muscle strengthening, rolling over and sit‐to‐stand and activity and gait exercises | 0 of 26 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information | |
| Scandinavian Stroke Scale, 42 points | Gait Trainer | 3 weeks | 25/20 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week for 3 weeks, in addition to rehabilitation treatment | Walking overground; all participants practised gait for 15 sessions over 3 weeks (each session lasting 20 minutes) | 0 of 45 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information | |
| Not stated | Gait Trainer | 3 weeks | 42/14 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week for 3 weeks, in addition to rehabilitation treatment | Overground walking training; in the other control group, 1 or 2 physiotherapy sessions daily but not at the same intensity as in the other groups | 9 of 56 | 5 dropouts (2 situation worsened after 1 to 2 treatment days; 1 had 2 unsuccessful attempts in device; 1 had scheduling problems; 1 felt protocol too demanding) | 4 dropouts (1 felt protocol too demanding; 2 situation worsened after 1 to 2 treatment days; 1 death) | Published information | |
| Not stated | G‐EO System Evolution | Experimental group (G‐EO) 30 minutes a day for 5 consecutive days | Not stated | 5 days in addition to botulinum toxin injection of calf muscles | None | 0 of 22 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information | |
| Mean Barthel Index, 37 points | Gait Trainer | 4 weeks | 124/31 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week | Physiotherapy every weekday for 4 weeks | 11 of 155 | 2 participants refused therapy, 1 increased cranial pressure, 1 relapsing pancreas tumour, 1 cardiovascular unstable | 4 participants refused therapy, 1 participant died, 1 myocardial infarction | Published information | |
| Not stated | Lokomat | 2 weeks | 13/3 | A‐B‐A study: in phase A, 30 minutes, 5 days a week | Physiotherapy every weekday for 3 weeks (phase B) | 0 of 16 | None | None | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. | |
| Mean NIHSS, 11 points | Lokomat | 6 weeks | 49/67 | 30 minutes, 3 times a week | Physiotherapy with additional gait training 3 times a week for 6 weeks | 6 of 46 | 2 participants with leg wounds, 1 participant with recurrent stroke, 1 refused therapy | 1 participant with recurrent stroke, 1 with pulmonary embolism | Unpublished and published information provided by the authors. | |
| Not stated | Bionic leg device (AlterG) | 6 weeks | Not stated | 1 hour, 3 times a week for 6 weeks | Group exercises | 0 of 24 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information | |
| Mean FIM, 79 points | Gait Master4 | 4 weeks | Not stated | 20 minutes, 2 or 3 times a week (12 sessions) | Non‐intervention (non‐training) | 0 of 12 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information | |
| Mean Barthel Index, 51 points | Gait Trainer | 4 weeks | 39/11 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week | Conventional physiotherapy alone, based on Bobath concept | 4 of 50 | None | 2 participants discharged before study end, 1 participant readmitted to an acute ward, 1 participant deteriorating condition | Published information | |
| Not stated | Lokomat | 2 weeks | Not stated | 30 minutes, 5 times a week | Conventional physiotherapy at home (focused on gait) | 0 of 22 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information | |
| Not stated | Lokomat | 8 weeks | Not stated | 30 minutes, twice a week | Overground therapy | 0 of 30 | ‐ | ‐ | Unpublished and published information provided by the author. | |
| Not stated | Portable rehab robot (ankle device) | 6 weeks | Not stated | 3 times a week, 18 sessions | Stretching the plantar flexors and active exercises for ankle mobility and strength | 0 of 24 | ‐ | ‐ | Published information | |
| Not stated | Single‐leg version of the Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) | 4 weeks | 11/11 | 20 minutes, 12 sessions | Aimed to improve walking speed, endurance, balance, postural stability, and symmetry | 10 of 32 | 4 withdrew, 1 epilepsy, 1 technical reasons | 2 pneumonia, 2 discharged | Published information | |
| Mean Barthel Index, 38 points | Gait Trainer | 2 weeks | 13/12 | 20 minutes, 5 times a week | Gait therapy including treadmill training with body weight support | 0 of 30 | None | None | Published information | |
| Not stated | Lokomat | 4 weeks (12 sessions) | 8/8 | 30 minutes, 3 times a week | 12 physiotherapy sessions including manually guided gait training (3 times a week over 4 weeks) | 0 of 16 | None | None | Published information | |
| FIM: Functional Independence Measure | ||||||||||
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Independent walking at the end of intervention phase, all electromechanical devices used Show forest plot | 36 | 1472 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.94 [1.39, 2.71] |
| 2 Recovery of independent walking at follow‐up after study end Show forest plot | 6 | 496 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.93 [0.72, 5.13] |
| 3 Walking velocity (metres per second) at the end of intervention phase Show forest plot | 24 | 985 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.04 [‐0.00, 0.09] |
| 4 Walking velocity (metres per second) at follow‐up Show forest plot | 9 | 578 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.07 [‐0.05, 0.19] |
| 5 Walking capacity (metres walked in 6 minutes) at the end of intervention phase Show forest plot | 12 | 594 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 5.84 [‐16.73, 28.40] |
| 6 Walking capacity (metres walked in 6 minutes) at follow‐up Show forest plot | 7 | 463 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.82 [‐32.17, 30.53] |
| 7 Acceptability of electromechanical‐assisted gait training devices during intervention phase: dropouts Show forest plot | 36 | 1472 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.67 [0.43, 1.05] |
| 8 Death from all causes until the end of intervention phase Show forest plot | 36 | 1472 | Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.00 [‐0.01, 0.02] |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Regaining independent walking ability Show forest plot | 36 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | Subtotals only | |
| 1.1 All studies with adequate sequence generation process | 20 | 949 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.80 [1.06, 3.08] |
| 1.2 All studies with adequate concealed allocation | 17 | 831 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.87 [1.12, 3.12] |
| 1.3 All studies with blinded assessors for primary outcome | 16 | 762 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.81 [1.10, 2.98] |
| 1.4 All studies without incomplete outcome data | 14 | 590 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 2.23 [1.16, 4.29] |
| 1.5 All studies excluding the largest study Pohl 2007 | 35 | 1317 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.65 [1.17, 2.34] |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Independent walking at the end of intervention phase, all electromechanical devices used Show forest plot | 36 | Odds Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Subtotals only | |
| 1.1 Acute phase: less than or equal to 3 months after stroke | 20 | 1143 | Odds Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 1.90 [1.38, 2.63] |
| 1.2 Chronic phase: more than 3 months after stroke | 16 | 461 | Odds Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 1.20 [0.40, 3.65] |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Recovery of independent walking: ambulatory status at study onset Show forest plot | 36 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | Subtotals only | |
| 1.1 Studies that included independent walkers | 15 | 500 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.38 [0.45, 4.20] |
| 1.2 Studies that included dependent and independent walkers | 9 | 340 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.90 [1.11, 3.25] |
| 1.3 Studies that included dependent walkers | 12 | 632 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.90 [1.04, 3.48] |
| 2 Walking velocity: ambulatory status at study onset Show forest plot | 24 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Subtotals only | |
| 2.1 Studies that included independent walkers | 10 | 317 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.02 [‐0.10, 0.06] |
| 2.2 Studies that included dependent and independent walkers | 5 | 146 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.03 [‐0.05, 0.11] |
| 2.3 Studies that included dependent walkers | 9 | 522 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.10 [0.03, 0.17] |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Different devices for regaining walking ability Show forest plot | 32 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | Subtotals only | |
| 1.1 All studies using end‐effector devices | 11 | 598 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.90 [0.99, 3.63] |
| 1.2 All studies using exoskeleton devices | 16 | 585 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 2.05 [1.21, 3.50] |
| 1.3 All studies using mobile devices | 3 | 106 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 1.4 All studies using ankle devices | 2 | 63 | Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
| 2 Different devices for regaining walking speed Show forest plot | 24 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | Subtotals only | |
| 2.1 All studies using end‐effector devices | 9 | 519 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.11 [0.04, 0.18] |
| 2.2 All studies using exoskeleton devices | 12 | 360 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.02 [‐0.08, 0.04] |
| 2.3 All studies using mobile devices | 3 | 106 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.02 [‐0.11, 0.15] |
| 2.4 All studies using ankle devices | 1 | 39 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.04 [0.01, 0.07] |
| 3 Different devices for regaining walking capacity Show forest plot | 12 | 594 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 5.84 [‐16.73, 28.40] |
| 3.1 All studies using end‐effector devices | 4 | 328 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 27.50 [3.64, 51.36] |
| 3.2 All studies using exoskeleton devices | 5 | 186 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐15.64 [‐46.34, 15.05] |
| 3.3 All studies using mobile devices | 2 | 56 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 20.06 [‐39.52, 79.63] |
| 3.4 All studies using ankle devices | 1 | 24 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 8.0 [‐83.03, 99.03] |
