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Inspiratory muscle training for cystic fibrosis

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Appendices

Appendix 1. Search strategy: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, BIOSIS, EMB reviews (OVID‐WEB)

Date of Search

09/12/05

Years Covered

1966 to present

Complete Strategy

1. randomised controlled trial.pt.
2. controlled clinical trial.pt.
3. randomised controlled trials.sh.
4. random allocation.sh.
5. double blind method.sh.
6. single blind method.sh.
7. or/1‐6
8. (animals not human).sh.
9. 7 not 8
10. clinical trial.pt.
11. exp clinical trials/
12. (clin$ adj25 trial$).ti,ab.
13. ((singl$ or doubl$ or trebl$ or tripl$) adj25 (blind$ or mask$)).ti,ab.
14. placebos.sh.
15. placebo$.ti,ab.
16. random$.ti,ab.
17. research design.sh.
18. or/10‐17
19. 18 not 8
20. 19 not 9
21. comparative study.sh.
22. exp evaluation studies/
23. follow up studies.sh.
24. prospective studies.sh.
25. (control$ or prospectiv$ or volunteer$).ti,ab.
26. or/21‐25
27. 26 not 8
28. 27 not (9 or 20)
29. 9 or 20 or 28
30. exp cystic fibrosis/
31. cystic fibrosis.mp.
32. (fibrocystic adj3 disease adj3 pancreas).tw.
33. mucoviscidos$.mp.
34. (cystic$ adj10 fibros$).tw.
35. (pancreatic adj3 cystic adj3 fibrosis).mp.
36. or/30‐35
37. 29 and 36
38. ((train$ or cond$) adj25 (inspirator$ or ventilator$ or respirator$ or pulmonar$)).mp.
39. (voluntar$ adj3 isocapn$ adj3 hyperpnoe$).tw.
40. (resist$ adj3 load$).tw.
41. (pressu$ adj3 thresh$ adj3 load$).tw.
42. (elas$ adj3 load$).tw.
43. (incre$ adj3 thresh$ adj3 load$).tw.
44. or/38‐43
45. 44 not 8
46. 45 and 37
47. remove duplicates from 46

Summary of Strategy

Lines 1 & 29 are the Cochrane RCT filter.
Lines 30 to 37 are the Cochrane cystic fibrosis filter.
Lines 38 to 45 were to isolate the intervention of interest.
The remainder were to combine these three themes.

Language Restrictions

None

Appendix 2. Search strategy: PEDro

Date of search

09/12/05

Years covered

1929 to present

Complete strategy

1. inspir* mus* train*
2. resp* mus* train*
3. resp* mus* cond*
4. resist* load*
5. press* thresh* load*
6. incre* thresh* load*
7. cystic fibrosis
8. cyst* fibro*
9. pancreatic cystic fibrosis

Summary of strategy

PEDro is a database of controlled clinical trials, therefore no specific design oriented search terms.
All terms were geared to isolate the condition and the intervention.
The returned citations were then manually combined to be specific to the review question.

Language restrictions

None

Appendix 3. Search strategy: Science Direct

Date of search

08/08/2011

Years covered

1823 to present

Complete strategy

1: (Title‐Abstr‐Key (random*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (placebo*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key ((singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) w/25 (blind* or mask*))) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (clin* w/25 trial*))
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
2: ((Title‐Abstr‐Key (random*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (placebo*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key ((singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) w/25 (blind* or mask*))) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (clin* w/25 trial*))) OR ((Title‐Abstr‐Key (single blind method)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (double blind method)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (random allocation)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (controlled clinical trial)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (randomised controlled trial)))
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
3: Title‐Abstr‐Key (cystic fibrosis)
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
4: Title‐Abstr‐Key (fibrocystic w/3 disease w/3 pancreas)
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
5: Title‐Abstr‐Key (mucoviscidos*)
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
6: Title‐Abstr‐Key (cystic* w/10 fibros*)
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
7: Title‐Abstr‐Key (pancreatic w/3 cystic w/3 fibrosis)
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
8: (Title‐Abstr‐Key (pancreatic w/3 cystic w/3 fibrosis)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (cystic* w/10 fibros*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (mucoviscidos*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (fibrocystic w/3 disease w/3 pancreas)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (cystic fibrosis))
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
9: Title‐Abstr‐Key (train* or cond*) w/3 (inspirator* or ventilator* or respirator* or pulmonar*)
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
10: Title‐Abstr‐Key (resist* w/3 load*)
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
11: Title‐Abstr‐Key (inspiratory muscle training)
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
12: (Title‐Abstr‐Key (inspiratory muscle training)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (resist* w/3 load*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (train* or cond*) w/3 (inspirator* or ventilator* or respirator* or pulmonar*))
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
13: (Title‐Abstr‐Key (inspiratory muscle training)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (resist* w/3 load*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (train* or cond*) w/3 (inspirator* or ventilator* or respirator* or pulmonar*))
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
14: ((Title‐Abstr‐Key (inspiratory muscle training)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (resist* w/3 load*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (train* or cond*) w/3 (inspirator* or ventilator* or respirator* or pulmonar*))) AND ((Title‐Abstr‐Key (pancreatic w/3 cystic w/3 fibrosis)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (cystic* w/10 fibros*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (mucoviscidos*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (fibrocystic w/3 disease w/3 pancreas)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (cystic fibrosis))) AND (((Title‐Abstr‐Key (random*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (placebo*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key ((singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) w/25 (blind* or mask*))) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (clin* w/25 trial*))) OR ((Title‐Abstr‐Key (single blind method)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (double blind method)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (random allocation)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (controlled clinical trial)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (randomised controlled trial))))
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
15: ((Title‐Abstr‐Key (pancreatic w/3 cystic w/3 fibrosis)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (cystic* w/10 fibros*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (mucoviscidos*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (fibrocystic w/3 disease w/3 pancreas)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (cystic fibrosis))) AND (((Title‐Abstr‐Key (random*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (placebo*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key ((singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) w/25 (blind* or mask*))) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (clin* w/25 trial*))) OR ((Title‐Abstr‐Key (single blind method)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (double blind method)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (random allocation)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (controlled clinical trial)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (randomised controlled trial))))
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]
16: ((Title‐Abstr‐Key (inspiratory muscle training)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (resist* w/3 load*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (train* or cond*) w/3 (inspirator* or ventilator* or respirator* or pulmonar*))) AND ((Title‐Abstr‐Key (pancreatic w/3 cystic w/3 fibrosis)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (cystic* w/10 fibros*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (mucoviscidos*)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (fibrocystic w/3 disease w/3 pancreas)) OR (Title‐Abstr‐Key (cystic fibrosis)))
[All Sources(Medicine and Dentistry,Nursing and Health Professions)]

Summary of strategy

Lines 1 & 2 were to isolate studies of appropriate design.
Lines 3 to 8 were to isolate the condition of interest.
Lines 9 to 13 were to isolate the intervention of interest.
The remainder were to combine these three themes.

Language restrictions

None

Appendix 4. Search strategy: SCOPUS

Date of search

08/08/2011

Years covered

1966 to present

Complete strategy

1: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(randomised controlled trial)
2: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(controlled clinical trial)
3: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(random allocation)
4: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(double blind method)
5: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(single blind method)
6: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(clin* W/25 trial*)
7: ((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(randomised controlled trial)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(controlled clinical trial)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(random allocation)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(double blind method)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(single blind method))) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(clin* W/25 trial*))
8: INDEXTERMS(cystic fibrosis)
9: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(fibrocystic W/3 disease W/3 pancreas)
10: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(mucoviscidos*)
11: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(cystic* W/10 fibros*)
12: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pancreatic W/3 cystic W/3 fibrosis)
13: (INDEXTERMS(cystic fibrosis)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(fibrocystic W/3 disease W/3 pancreas)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(mucoviscidos*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(cystic* W/10 fibros*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pancreatic W/3 cystic W/3 fibrosis))
14: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(respiratory muscle training)
15: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(ventilatory muscle training)
16: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pulmonary muscle training)
17: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(resist* W/3 load*)
18: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pressu* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)
19: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(elas* W/3 load*)
20: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(incre* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)
21: (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pressu* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(elas* W/3 load*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(incre* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)) OR ((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(inspiratory muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(respiratory muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(ventilatory muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pulmonary muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(resist* W/3 load*)))
22: ((INDEXTERMS(cystic fibrosis)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(fibrocystic W/3 disease W/3 pancreas)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(mucoviscidos*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(cystic* W/10 fibros*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pancreatic W/3 cystic W/3 fibrosis))) AND (((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(randomised controlled trial)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(controlled clinical trial)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(random allocation)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(double blind method)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(single blind method))) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(clin* W/25 trial*))) AND ((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pressu* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(elas* W/3 load*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(incre* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)) OR ((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(inspiratory muscle traning)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(respiratory muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(ventilatory muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pulmonary muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(resist* W/3 load*))))

Summary of strategy

Lines 1 to 7 were to isolate appropriate study design.
Lines 8 to 13 were to isolate the condition.
Lines 14 to 21 were to isolate the intervention.
Line 22: Combines these three themes.

Language restrictions

None

Appendix 5. Search strategy: MEDLINE, CINHAL and AMED (EBSCOHost)

Date of search

08/08/2011

Years covered

1966 to present

Complete strategy

1: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(randomised controlled trial)
2: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(controlled clinical trial)
3: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(random allocation)
4: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(double blind method)
5: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(single blind method)
6: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(clin* W/25 trial*)
7: ((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(randomised controlled trial)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(controlled clinical trial)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(random allocation)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(double blind method)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(single blind method))) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(clin* W/25 trial*))
8: INDEXTERMS(cystic fibrosis)
9: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(fibrocystic W/3 disease W/3 pancreas)
10: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(mucoviscidos*)
11: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(cystic* W/10 fibros*)
12: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pancreatic W/3 cystic W/3 fibrosis)
13: (INDEXTERMS(cystic fibrosis)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(fibrocystic W/3 disease W/3 pancreas)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(mucoviscidos*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(cystic* W/10 fibros*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pancreatic W/3 cystic W/3 fibrosis))
14: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(respiratory muscle training)
15: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(ventilatory muscle training)
16: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pulmonary muscle training)
17: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(resist* W/3 load*)
18: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pressu* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)
19: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(elas* W/3 load*)
20: TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(incre* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)
21: (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pressu* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(elas* W/3 load*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(incre* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)) OR ((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(inspiratory muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(respiratory muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(ventilatory muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pulmonary muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(resist* W/3 load*)))
22: ((INDEXTERMS(cystic fibrosis)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(fibrocystic W/3 disease W/3 pancreas)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(mucoviscidos*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(cystic* W/10 fibros*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pancreatic W/3 cystic W/3 fibrosis))) AND (((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(randomised controlled trial)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(controlled clinical trial)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(random allocation)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(double blind method)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(single blind method))) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(clin* W/25 trial*))) AND ((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pressu* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(elas* W/3 load*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(incre* W/3 thresh* W/3 load*)) OR ((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(inspiratory muscle traning)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(respiratory muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(ventilatory muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(pulmonary muscle training)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(resist* W/3 load*))))

Summary of strategy

Lines 1 to 7 were to isolate appropriate study design.
Lines 8 to 13 were to isolate the condition.
Lines 14 to 21 were to isolate the intervention.
Line 22: Combines these three themes.

Language restrictions

None

Comparison 1 IMT (80% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 IMT (80% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres).

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Comparison 1 IMT (80% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 2 Forced vital capacity (litres).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 IMT (80% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 2 Forced vital capacity (litres).

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Comparison 1 IMT (80% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 3 Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (mastery).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 IMT (80% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 3 Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (mastery).

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Comparison 1 IMT (80% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 4 Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (emotion).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 IMT (80% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 4 Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (emotion).

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Comparison 2 IMT (60% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 IMT (60% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres).

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Comparison 2 IMT (60% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 2 PImax (cmH2O).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 IMT (60% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 2 PImax (cmH2O).

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Comparison 3 IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres).

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Comparison 3 IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 2 Forced expiratory volume at one second (% predicted).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 2 Forced expiratory volume at one second (% predicted).

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Comparison 3 IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 3 Forced vital capacity (litres).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 3 Forced vital capacity (litres).

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Comparison 3 IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 4 Forced vital capacity (% predicted).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 4 Forced vital capacity (% predicted).

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Comparison 3 IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 5 Inspiratory muscle endurance (%PImax).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 5 Inspiratory muscle endurance (%PImax).

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Comparison 4 IMT (20% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 IMT (20% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres).

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Comparison 4 IMT (20% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 2 Forced expiratory volume at one second (% predicted).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 IMT (20% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 2 Forced expiratory volume at one second (% predicted).

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Comparison 4 IMT (20% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 3 Forced vital capacity (litres).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 IMT (20% of maximal effort) versus control, Outcome 3 Forced vital capacity (litres).

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Table 1. Explanation of terms

Term

Explanation

Continuous training

Training at 70% to 80% of maximum effort for 30 to 45 minutes. The percentage of maximal effort and/or the duration of the training may be adjusted depending on the goal of the training.

Elastic load

Refers to the load imposed by the stiffness of the lung and chest wall that must be overcome by the inspiratory muscles in order to generate inspiratory flow. Elastic loads are greater when breathing from a higher lung volume as a consequence of the associated decrease in lung and chest wall compliance. Imposing elastic loads has not been used to train the inspiratory muscles most likely due to the need for complicated equipment and poor clinical utility.

Forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1)

The volume of air expelled during the 1st second of forced exhalation from total lung capacity.

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

The total volume of air expelled during a forced exhalation from total lung capacity.

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

The maximum volume of air taken into the lungs during a maximal inhalation from functional residual capacity.

Forced expiratory flow 25‐75% (FEF 25‐75%)

The speed of the air leaving the lungs during the middle section of a forced exhalation.

Interval Training

Periods of intense training interspersed with periods of recuperation. As with continuous training, the level of effort required during the training period may be adjusted to suit the individual and the intended goal. The period of recuperation will be adjusted accordingly.

Maximal inspiratory pressure [PImax]

The maximum pressure generated by the inspiratory muscles against an occluded airway.

Resistive loading

Requires person to breathe through a narrow Inspiratory pathway/aperture. The load imposed is dependent on inspiratory flow, i.e. when using resistive training devices, participants can reduce the load imposed by manipulating their breathing pattern. Breathing pattern, specifically inspiratory flow, should be controlled when using resistive inspiratory muscle training devices.

Threshold loading

Requires the person to inspire through a device which imposes a threshold load via either a weighted plunger system or a spring‐loaded valve. The person needs to generate a critical inspiratory pressure, prior to the threshold valve opening and allowing inspiratory flow. Once the threshold valve is open, pressure and flow are largely independent and therefore the person is unable to reduce the load imposed by the device by manipulations in breathing pattern.

Total lung capacity (TLC)

The maximum amount of air the lungs can hold when they are fully inflated.

Voluntary isocapnic (normocapnic) hyperpnoea

Requires the person to maintain a high level of minute ventilation for a specified period. Imposes a high flow, low pressure load on the inspiratory muscles which is analogous to the loads borne by the inspiratory muscles during periods of increased minute ventilation (i.e. during exercise). Requires the use of complex equipment to ensure stable levels of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood (PaCO2), so is rarely used in the clinical setting.

Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Explanation of terms
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 1. IMT (80% of maximal effort) versus control

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Two to six months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Forced vital capacity (litres) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Two to six months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (mastery) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (emotion) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. IMT (80% of maximal effort) versus control
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 2. IMT (60% of maximal effort) versus control

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Two to six months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 PImax (cmH2O) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Two to six months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. IMT (60% of maximal effort) versus control
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 3. IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Less than two months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Forced expiratory volume at one second (% predicted) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Less than two months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Forced vital capacity (litres) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Less than two months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Forced vital capacity (% predicted) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Less than two months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Inspiratory muscle endurance (%PImax) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Less than two months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. IMT (40% of maximal effort) versus control
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 4. IMT (20% of maximal effort) versus control

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Forced expiratory volume at one second (litres) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Two to six months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Forced expiratory volume at one second (% predicted) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Two to six months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Forced vital capacity (litres) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Two to six months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 4. IMT (20% of maximal effort) versus control
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