Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants

Alison M Verner; William McGuire; John Stanley Craig

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006072.pub2

Efecto de la administración de suplementos de taurina sobre el crecimiento y el desarrollo de los neonatos prematuros o de bajo peso al nacer

Contraer todo Desplegar todo

Referencias

Referencias de los estudios incluidos en esta revisión

Ir a:

estudios excluidos
otras referencias

Bellentani S, Rocchi E, Casalgrandi G, Pecorari M, Farina F, Cappella L. Effect of enteral taurine supplementation on nutritional indices and hepatic function in preterm infants [Effetto della supplementazione di taurina nell'alimentazione del neonato prematuro su alcuni indici bioumorali di funzionalita' epatica]. Pediatrica oggi 1988;8:402‐7.

Google Scholar

Bijleveld CM, Vonk RJ, Okken A, Fernandes J. Fat absorption in preterm infants fed a taurine‐enriched formula. European Journal of Paediatics 1987;146:128‐30.

Cooke RJ, Whitington PF, Kelts D. Effect of taurine supplementation on hepatic function during short‐term parenteral nutrition in the premature infant. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1984;3:234‐8.

Galeano NF, Darling P, Lepage G, Leroy C, Collet S, Giguere R, Roy CC. Taurine supplementation of a premature formula improves fat absorption in preterm infants. Pediatric Research 1987;22:67‐71.

Jarvenpaa AL. Feeding the low‐birth‐weight infant. IV. Fat absorption as a function of diet and duodenal bile acids. Paediatrics 1983;72:684‐9.

Jarvenpaa AL, Raiha NC, Rassin DK, Gaull GE. Feeding the low‐birth‐weight infant: I. Taurine and cholesterol supplementation of formula does not affect growth and metabolism. Pediatrics 1983;71:171‐8.

Jarvenpaa AL, Rassin DK, Kuitunen P, Gaull GE, Raiha NC. Feeding the low‐birth‐weight infant. III. Diet influences bile acid metabolism. Paediatrics 1983;72:677‐83.

Rassin DK, Gaull GE, Jarvenpaa AL, Raiha NC. Feeding the low‐birth‐weight infant: II. Effects of taurine and cholesterol supplementation on amino acids and cholesterol. Pediatrics 1983;71:179‐86.

Watkins JB, Jarvenpaa AL, Szczepanik‐Van Leeuwen P, Klein PD, Rassin DK, Gaull G, Raiha NC. Feeding the low‐birth weight infant: V. Effects of taurine, cholesterol, and human milk on bile acid kinetics. Gastroenterology 1983;85:793‐800.

Michalk DV, Ringeisen R, Tittor F, Lauffer H, Deeg KH, Bohles HJ. Development of the nervous and cardiovascular systems in low‐birth‐weight infants fed a taurine‐supplemented formula. European Journal of Paediatrics 1988;147:296‐9.

Okamoto E, Rassin DK, Zucker CL, Salen GS, Heird WC. Role of taurine in feeding the low‐birth‐weight infant. Journal of Pediatrics 1984;104:36‐40.

Tyson JE, Lasky R, Flood D, Mize C, Picone T, Paule CL. Randomized trial of taurine supplementation for infants less than or equal to 1,300‐gram birth weight: effect on auditory brainstem‐evoked responses. Pediatrics 1989;83:406‐15.

Zamboni G, Piemonte G, Bolner A, Antoniazzi F, Dall'Agnola A, Messner H, Gambaro G, Tato L. Influence of dietary taurine on vitamin D absorption. Acta Paediatrica 1993;82:811‐5.

Referencias de los estudios excluidos de esta revisión

Ir a:

estudios incluidos
otras referencias

Harding GF, Grose J, Wilton AY, Bissenden JG. The pattern reversal VEP in short‐gestation infants on taurine or taurine‐free diet. Documenta Ophthalmologica 1989;73:103‐9.

Wasserhess P, Becker M, Staab D. Effect of taurine on synthesis of neutral and acidic sterols and fat absorption in preterm and full‐term infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;58:349‐53.

Referencias adicionales

Ir a:

estudios incluidos
estudios excluidos

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Committee on Nutrition. Soy protein‐based formulas: recommendations for use in infant feeding. Pediatrics 1998;101:148‐53.

Agostoni C, Carratu B, Boniglia C, Riva E, Sanzini E. Free amino acid content in standard infant formulas: comparison with human milk. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2000;19:434‐8.

Ament ME, Geggel HS, Heckenlively JR, Martin DA, Kopple J. Taurine supplementation in infants receiving long‐term total parenteral nutrition. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1986;5:127‐35.

Bell MJ, Ternberg JL, Feigin RD, et al. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging. Annals of Surgery 1978;187:1‐7.

Chesney RW, Helms RA, Christensen M, Budreau AM, Han X, Sturman JA. An updated view of the value of taurine in infant nutrition. Advances in Pediatrics 1998;40:179‐200.

Google Scholar

Chesney RW, Helms RA, Christensen M, Budreau AM, Han X, Sturman JA. The role of taurine in infant nutrition. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1998;442:463‐76.

Dhillon SK, Davies WE, Hopkins PC, Rose SJ. Effects of dietary taurine on auditory function in full‐term infants. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1998;442:507‐14.

Gaull GE, Rassin DK, Raiha NC, Heinonen K. Milk protein quantity and quality in low‐birthweight infants. III. Effects on sulfur amino acids in plasma and urine. Journal of Pediatrics 1977;90:348‐55.

Geggel HS, Ament ME, Heckenlively JR, Martin DA, Kopple JD. Nutritional requirement for taurine in patients receiving long‐term parenteral nutrition. New England Journal of Medicine 1985;312:142‐6.

Hayes KC, Carey RE. Retinal degeneration associated with taurine deficiency in the cat. Science 1975;188:949–51.

Heird WC. Taurine in neonatal nutrition‐‐revisited. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004;89:F473‐4.

Horner KC, Aurousseau C. Immunoreactivity for taurine in the cochlea: its abundance in supporting cells. Hearing Research 1997;109:135‐42.

Howard D, Thompson DF. Taurine: an essential amino acid to prevent cholestasis in neonates. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 1992;26:1390‐2.

ICROP. An International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. Pediatrics 1984;74:127‐133.

Imaki H, Jacobson SG, Kemp CM, Knighton RW, Neuringer M, Sturman J. Retinal morphology and visual pigment levels in 6‐ and 12‐month‐old rhesus monkeys fed a taurine‐free human infant formula. Journal of Neuroscience Research 1993;36:290‐304.

Kay IS, Davies WE. The effect of taurine supplementation on the ototoxicity of neomycin in guinea pigs. European Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 1990;247:37‐9.

Klein CJ. Nutrient requirements for preterm infant formulas. Journal of Nutrition 2002;132:1395S–577S.

Massieu L, Montiel T, Robles G, Quesada O. Brain amino acids during hyponatremia in vivo: clinical observations and experimental studies. Neurochemical Research 2004;29:73‐81.

Papile LA, Burstein J, Burstein R, Koffler H. Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birthweights less than 1,500 grams. Journal of Pediatrics 1978;92:529‐34.

Rassin DK, Sturman JA, Guall GE. Taurine and other free amino acids in milk of man and other mammals. Early Human Development 1978;2:1‐13.

Spencer AU, Yu S, Tracy TF, et al. Parenteral nutrition‐associated cholestasis in neonates: multivariate analysis of the potential protective effect of taurine. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2005;29:337‐43.

Sturman J A, Hayes KC. The biology of taurine in nutrition and development. Advances in Nutritional Research 1980;3:231‐299.

Sturman JA, Chesney RW. Taurine in pediatric nutrition. Pediatric Clinics of North America 1995;42:879‐97.

Thibeault DW. The precarious antioxidant defenses of the preterm infant. American Journal of Perinatology 2000;17:167‐81.

Trachtman H, Barbour R, Sturman JA, Finberg L. Taurine and osmoregulation: taurine is a cerebral osmoprotective molecule in chronic hypernatremic dehydration. Pediatric Research 1988;23:35‐9.

Trachtman H, del Pizzo R, Sturman JA. Taurine and osmoregulation. III. Taurine deficiency protects against cerebral edema during acute hyponatremia. Pediatric Research 1990;27:85‐8.

Tsang RC, Lucas A, Uauy R, Zlotkin S, eds. Nutritional Needs of the Preterm Infant: Scientific Basis and Practical Guidlines. New York: Caduceus Medical Publishers, 1993.

Vallecalle Sandoval MH, Heaney G, Sersen E, Sturman JA. Comparison of the developmental changes of the brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) in taurine‐supplemented and taurine‐deficient kittens. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 1991;9:571‐9.

Watkins JB, Jarvenpaa AL, Szczepanik‐Van Leeuwen P, et al. Feeding the low‐birth weight infant: V. Effects of taurine, cholesterol, and human milk on bile acid kinetics. Gastroenterology 1983;85:793‐800.

Wharton BA, Morley R, Isaacs EB, Cole TJ, Lucas A. Low plasma taurine and later neurodevelopment. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004;89:F473‐4.

Zelikovic I, Chesney RW, Friedman AL, Ahlfors CE. Taurine depletion in very low birth weight infants receiving prolonged total parenteral nutrition: role of renal immaturity. Journal of Pediatrics 1990;116:301‐6.

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

estudios excluidos

Bellentani 1988

Methods	Blinding of randomisation: can't tell Blinding of intervention: no Complete follow‐up: yes Blinding of outcome measurement: can't tell
Participants	16 clinically stable low birth weight infants (gestational age 32 to 37 weeks). Infants were excluded if there was evidence of jaundice.
Interventions	Treatment (N=8): Cow milk formula (Similac) with taurine added to a concentration of 45 milligrams/litre. Control (N=8): Same formula without added taurine. Intervention assigned for 20 days.
Outcomes	Growth (weight gain) during the 20 days trial period, and biochemical measures of hepatic function.
Notes	Setting: Instituto di Semeiotica Medica, Modena, Italia.
*Risk of bias*
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear

Bijleveld 1987

Methods	Blinding of randomisation: can't tell Blinding of intervention: yes Complete follow‐up: yes Blinding of outcome measurement: can't tell
Participants	9 fully enterally fed preterm infants (gestational age at birth 28‐32 weeks)
Interventions	Treatment (N=5): Cow milk formula (Almiron AB) with added taurine ( 46 milligrams/litre ). Control (N=4): Same formula without added taurine. Infants enrolled during third week after birth then fed study formula for 4 weeks.
Outcomes	Fat absorption.
Notes	Setting: University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands. Further data courtesy of Dr Bijleveld.
*Risk of bias*
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear

Cooke 1984

Methods	Blinding of randomisation: can't tell Blinding of intervention: no Complete follow‐up: yes Blinding of outcome measurement: no
Participants	20 infants of 34 weeks gestation or less, appropriate for gestational age. Infants were excluded if there was evidence of hepatobiliary dysfunction.
Interventions	Treatment (N=10): Parenteral nutrition and taurine to give daily concentration of 10.8 milligrams/kilogram/day. Control (N=10): Parenteral nutrition without added taurine.
Outcomes	Hepatic function, plasma taurine levels.
Notes	Setting: University of Tennessee, USA.
*Risk of bias*
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear

Galeano 1987

Methods	Blinding of randomisation: can't tell Blinding of intervention: no Complete follow‐up: yes Blinding of outcome measurement: no
Participants	Preterm infants appropriate for gestational age, excluded if major congenital abnormality, haemolytic disease, hyaline membrane disease or notable respiratory distress.
Interventions	Treatment (N=8): Nutrient‐enriched ("preterm") cow milk formula with taurine at a concentration of 50 milligrams/litre. Control (N=7): Same formula without added taurine. Participants were randomised within the first 48 hours of birth. The milk used was introduced at the commencement of feeds and continued exclusively until 3 months of age.
Outcomes	Urinary taurine excretion, energy balance, nitrogen balance, fat absorption. Growth during the trial period.
Notes	Setting: Hopital Ste‐Justine and le Centre Hospitalier, Quebec, Canada.
*Risk of bias*
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear

Jarvenpaa 1983

Methods	Blinding of randomisation: can't tell Blinding of intervention: no Complete follow‐up: no Blinding of outcome measurement: no
Participants	31 infants of between 31 and 36 weeks gestation, birth weight of 2200g or less (appropriate for gestational age). Setting: Children's Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (late 1970s).
Interventions	Treatment (N=17): Standard ("term") cow milk formula with 38 milligrams/litre of taurine. Control (N=14): Cow milk formula without added taurine.
Outcomes	Growth, nitrogen balance,bile acid kinetics, fat absorption (35% loss‐to‐follow up for intervention group at 4 months assessment).
Notes	NB. The length and head circumference growth rates data were reported as "per metre at birth". We corrected for this by assuming an average length at birth of 44cm, and average head circumference at birth of 32cm.
*Risk of bias*
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear

Michalk 1988

Methods	Blinding of randomisation: can't tell Blinding of intervention: no Complete follow‐up: yes Blinding of outcome measurement: no
Participants	20 low birth weight infants.
Interventions	Treatment (N=10): Cow milk formula with taurine at 60 milligrams/litre. Control (N=10): Cow milk formula without added taurine. Intervention assigned for 16 weeks.
Outcomes	Growth, nitrogen balance, plasma taurine levels.
Notes	Setting: Universitats‐Kinderklinik, Erlangen, Germany.
*Risk of bias*
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear

Okamoto 1984

Methods	Blinding of randomisation: can't tell Blinding of intervention: no Complete follow‐up: yes Blinding of outcome measurement: no
Participants	10 infants of birth weight less than 1700 grams, gestational age at birth less than 34 weeks, appropriate for gestational age.
Interventions	Treatment (N=5): Cow milk formula with taurine at concentration of about 30 milligrams/litre. Control: (N=5): Same formula without added taurine. Intervention continued until infants reached a weight of 2100 grams.
Outcomes	Growth, plasma taurine concentration, bile salt concentrations, fat absorption.
Notes	Setting: Veterans Administration Hospital, and Columbia University, New York, USA.
*Risk of bias*
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear

Tyson 1989

Methods	Blinding of randomisation: yes Blinding of intervention: yes Complete follow‐up: yes Blinding of outcome measurement: yes
Participants	47 preterm infants of birth weight less than 1300 grams were enrolled at between 7 and 10 days after birth. Infants receiving (or likely to receive) any human milk were ineligible. Other exclusion criteria: maternal drug misuse, major congenital anomalies, intracerebral or intraventricular haemorrhage, persisting need for ventilatory support, enteral feed intolerance, frequent apnoeas, patent ductus arteriosus.
Interventions	Treatment (N=23): Adapted cow milk formula supplemented with taurine (45 milligrams/litre). Control (N=24): Same milk without taurine supplementation (taurine concentration less than 5 milligrams per litre). Allocated formula continued until infants were discharged from hospital, or attained a weight of 2500 grams, or were withdrawn from the study.
Outcomes	Growth, feed intolerance and necrotising enterocolitis, electroretinography, auditory evoked potentials.
Notes	Setting: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, USA.
*Risk of bias*
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment?	Low risk	A ‐ Adequate

Zamboni 1993

Methods	Blinding of randomisation: can't tell Blinding of intervention: no Complete follow‐up: yes Blinding of outcome measurement: no
Participants	30 preterm infants, appropriately grown for gestation, healthy and free from problems that would interfere with feeding or limit milk intake.
Interventions	Treatment (N=19): Adapted cow milk formula supplemented with taurine (65 milligrams/litre). Control (N=11): Same formula without taurine. Infants were fed milk from commencement of feeds until 3 months of age.
Outcomes	Growth parameters during trial period. Plasma taurine, bile acids, and vitamin D levels.
Notes	Setting: University of Verona, Italy.
*Risk of bias*
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

estudios incluidos

Study	Reason for exclusion
Harding 1989	Harding 1989 assessed the effect of enteral taurine supplementation on visual evoked potentials of preterm infants in a randomised controlled trial. However, the allocation code was not yet broken in the only published report of this trial to date. We have not been able to obtain further data from the trialists.
Wasserhess 1993	Wasserhess 1993 reported a randomised crossover study of taurine supplementation in preterm infants. The intervention period was less than one week.

Data and analyses

Open in table viewer

Comparison 1. Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Growth during trial period Show forest plot	6		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
Open in figure viewer Analysis 1.1 Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 1 Growth during trial period.
1.1 Weight gain during neonatal period (grams/kilogram/day)	3	81	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.64 [‐1.84, 0.56]
1.2 Weight gain until three/four months (grams/kilogram/day)	4	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.25 [‐1.16, 0.66]
1.3 Length change during neonatal period (millimetres/week)	1	37	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.0 [‐2.93, 0.93]
1.4 Length change over three/four months (millimetres/week)	4	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.37 [‐0.23, 0.98]
1.5 Head circumference change during neonatal period (millimetres/week)	1	37	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐1.03, 1.03]
1.6 Head circumference change over three/four months (millimetres/week)	4	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.15 [‐0.19, 0.50]
2 Intestinal fat absorption (percentage of total intake) Show forest plot	4	42	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	4.00 [1.43, 6.58]
Open in figure viewer Analysis 1.2 Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 2 Intestinal fat absorption (percentage of total intake).
3 Electroretinography Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
Open in figure viewer Analysis 1.3 Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 3 Electroretinography.
3.1 Cornea negative potential‐ latency (milliseconds)	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.40 [‐0.92, 1.72]
3.2 Cornea negative potential‐ amplitude (microVolts)	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.70 [‐4.23, 0.83]
3.3 Cornea positive potential‐ latency (milliseconds)	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐2.73, 2.33]
3.4 Cornea positive potential‐ amplitude (microVolts)	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐3.10 [‐9.06, 2.86]
4 Auditory brainstem‐evoked responses Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
Open in figure viewer Analysis 1.4 Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 4 Auditory brainstem‐evoked responses.
4.1 Wave I latency (milliseconds): 20/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.63, 0.23]
4.2 Wave I latency (milliseconds): 67/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.5 [‐0.93, ‐0.07]
4.3 Wave III latency (milliseconds): 20/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.30 [‐0.62, 0.02]
4.4 Wave III latency (milliseconds): 67/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.56, 0.16]
4.5 Wave V latency (milliseconds): 20/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.70, 0.30]
4.6 Wave V latency (milliseconds): 67/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.30 [‐0.73, 0.13]
5 Neonatal mortality Show forest plot	1	47	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.35 [0.01, 8.11]
Open in figure viewer Analysis 1.5 Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 5 Neonatal mortality.
6 Incidence of necrotising enterocolitis Show forest plot	1	47	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.13 [0.35, 27.96]
Open in figure viewer Analysis 1.6 Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 6 Incidence of necrotising enterocolitis.

Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 1 Growth during trial period.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 2 Intestinal fat absorption (percentage of total intake).

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 3 Electroretinography.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 4 Auditory brainstem‐evoked responses.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 5 Neonatal mortality.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation, Outcome 6 Incidence of necrotising enterocolitis.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 1. Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Growth during trial period Show forest plot	6		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Weight gain during neonatal period (grams/kilogram/day)	3	81	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.64 [‐1.84, 0.56]
1.2 Weight gain until three/four months (grams/kilogram/day)	4	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.25 [‐1.16, 0.66]
1.3 Length change during neonatal period (millimetres/week)	1	37	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.0 [‐2.93, 0.93]
1.4 Length change over three/four months (millimetres/week)	4	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.37 [‐0.23, 0.98]
1.5 Head circumference change during neonatal period (millimetres/week)	1	37	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐1.03, 1.03]
1.6 Head circumference change over three/four months (millimetres/week)	4	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.15 [‐0.19, 0.50]
2 Intestinal fat absorption (percentage of total intake) Show forest plot	4	42	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	4.00 [1.43, 6.58]

3 Electroretinography Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

3.1 Cornea negative potential‐ latency (milliseconds)	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.40 [‐0.92, 1.72]
3.2 Cornea negative potential‐ amplitude (microVolts)	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.70 [‐4.23, 0.83]
3.3 Cornea positive potential‐ latency (milliseconds)	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐2.73, 2.33]
3.4 Cornea positive potential‐ amplitude (microVolts)	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐3.10 [‐9.06, 2.86]
4 Auditory brainstem‐evoked responses Show forest plot	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

4.1 Wave I latency (milliseconds): 20/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.63, 0.23]
4.2 Wave I latency (milliseconds): 67/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.5 [‐0.93, ‐0.07]
4.3 Wave III latency (milliseconds): 20/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.30 [‐0.62, 0.02]
4.4 Wave III latency (milliseconds): 67/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.56, 0.16]
4.5 Wave V latency (milliseconds): 20/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.70, 0.30]
4.6 Wave V latency (milliseconds): 67/second	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.30 [‐0.73, 0.13]
5 Neonatal mortality Show forest plot	1	47	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.35 [0.01, 8.11]

6 Incidence of necrotising enterocolitis Show forest plot	1	47	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.13 [0.35, 27.96]

Comparison 1. Enteral taurine supplementation versus no supplementation

Ir a la tabla de la revisión

	Idioma de la Revisión Cochrane Escoja su idioma de preferencia para las revisiones Cochrane y otros contenidos. Las secciones sin una traducción aparecerán en inglés.

	Idioma de la web Escoja su idioma de preferencia para la web de la Biblioteca Cochrane.

Idioma de la Revisión Cochrane

Idioma de la web

Referencias

Referencias de los estudios incluidos en esta revisión

Bellentani 1988 {published data only}

Bijleveld 1987 {published data only}

Cooke 1984 {published data only}

Galeano 1987 {published data only}

Jarvenpaa 1983 {published data only}

Michalk 1988 {published data only}

Okamoto 1984 {published data only}

Tyson 1989 {published data only}

Zamboni 1993 {published data only}

Referencias de los estudios excluidos de esta revisión

Harding 1989 {published data only}

Wasserhess 1993 {published data only}

Referencias adicionales

AAP 1998

Agostini 2000

Ament 1986

Bell 1978

Chesney 1998a

Chesney 1998b

Dhillon 1998

Gaull 1977

Geggel 1985

Hayes 1975

Heird 2004

Horner 1997

Howard 1992

ICROP 1984

Imaki 1993

Kay 1990

Klein 2002

Massieu 2004

Papile 1978

Rassin 1978

Spencer 2005

Sturman 1980

Sturman 1995

Thibeault 2000

Trachtman 1988

Trachtman 1990

Tsang 1993

Vallecalle 1991

Watkins 1983

Wharton 2004

Zelikovic 1990

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Data and analyses

Copiar o descargar referencia

Idioma de la Revisión Cochrane

Idioma de la web

Instituciones a las que se accedió previamente

Usuarios institucionales

Instituciones a las que se accedió previamente

Otras opciones de acceso