Study flow diagram.

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

Funnel plot of comparison: 15 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, outcome: 15.1 Participant complete clearance.

Funnel plot of comparison: 50 MAL‐PDT (red light) versus placebo‐PDT (red light), outcome: 50.1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 1 Adapalene gel versus placebo, Outcome 1 Global Improvement Indices (investigator)‐cleared.

Comparison 1 Adapalene gel versus placebo, Outcome 2 Mean changes in lesion counts.

Comparison 1 Adapalene gel versus placebo, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 1 Adapalene gel versus placebo, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatitis.

Comparison 2 0.1% adapalene vs 0.3% adapalene, Outcome 1 Global Improvement Indices (investigator)‐cleared.

Comparison 2 0.1% adapalene vs 0.3% adapalene, Outcome 2 Mean changes in lesion counts.

Comparison 2 0.1% adapalene vs 0.3% adapalene, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 2 0.1% adapalene vs 0.3% adapalene, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatitis.

Comparison 3 Arotinoid Methyl Sulfone (Ro 14‐9706) versus Tretinoin, Outcome 1 Mean percentage of reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 4 Calcipotriol (vitamin D) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Mean changes in lesion counts.

Comparison 4 Calcipotriol (vitamin D) versus placebo, Outcome 2 Cosmetic outcomes: Reduction in total cosmetic appearance score.

Comparison 5 1% colchicine cream versus 0.5% colchicine cream, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 5 1% colchicine cream versus 0.5% colchicine cream, Outcome 2 Mean reduction in lesion counts‐total.

Comparison 5 1% colchicine cream versus 0.5% colchicine cream, Outcome 3 Mean reduction in lesion counts‐per anatomical locations.

Comparison 5 1% colchicine cream versus 0.5% colchicine cream, Outcome 4 Cosmetic outcomes: Number of participants with decreased infiltration and disappearance of crust.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 1 Investigator Global Improvement Indices‐completely improved.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 2 Participant Global Improvement Indices‐completely improved.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 3 Participant complete clearance at end of treatment (>56 days).

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 4 Participant complete clearance (target lesions).

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 5 Participant complete clearance (all lesions).

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 6 Participant complete clearance for 30 day treatment by locations.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 7 Participant complete clearance for 60 day treatment by locations.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 8 Participant complete clearance for 90 day treatment by locations.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 9 Participant complete clearance in immunosuppressed participants.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 10 Participant partial (>75%) clearance in immunosuppressed participants.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 11 Mean reduction of lesion counts (30‐90 days ): At the end of study.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 12 Mean reduction of lesion counts (30‐90 days): 30 day follow‐up.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 13 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 14 Minor adverse event: body as a whole : in general.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 15 Minor adverse event: body as a whole : "flu".

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 16 Minor adverse event:: body as a whole : infection.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 17 Minor adverse event: cardiovascular: in general.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 18 Minor adverse event: cardiovascular: sinus bradycardia.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 19 Minor adverse event: dermatological: bursitis.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 20 Minor adverse event: dermatological: dry skin.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 21 Minor adverse event: dermatological: herpes zoster.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 22 Minor adverse event: dermatological: rash vesiculobullous.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 23 Minor adverse event::dermatological: seborrhoea.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 24 Minor adverse event: dermatological: skin exfoliation.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 25 Minor adverse event: dermatological: ulcerated skin.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 26 Minor adverse event: digestive : in general.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 27 Minor adverse event: hemic and lymphatic: in general.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 28 Minor adverse event: metabolic and nutritional disorders : in general.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 29 Minor adverse event: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: in general.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 30 Minor adverse event: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: hypokinesia.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 31 Minor adverse event: nervous system: in general.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 32 Minor adverse event: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 33 Minor adverse event: nervous system: hyperaesthesia.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 34 Minor adverse event: nervous system: paraesthesia.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 35 Minor adverse event: respiratory: in general.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 36 Minor adverse event: respiratory: bronchitis.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 37 Minor adverse event: respiratory: pharyngitis.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 38 Minor adverse event: respiratory: upper respiratory tract infection.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 39 Minor adverse event: special senses: in general.

Comparison 6 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 2.5% hyaluronic acid (vehicle), Outcome 40 Minor adverse event: urogenital: in general.

Comparison 7 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 5% imiquimod, Outcome 1 Investigator Global Improvement Indices‐Complete improvement.

Comparison 7 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid versus 5% imiquimod, Outcome 2 Participant Global Improvement Indices‐Complete improvement.

Comparison 8 2‐(Difluoromethyl)‐dl‐ornithine (DFMO) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Mean reduction in lesions counts.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 2 Mean reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 3 Mean percentage of reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 4 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 5 Skin irritation.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 6 Minor adverse event excluding skin irritation: body as a whole : in general.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 7 Minor adverse event excluding skin irritation: body as a whole : allergy.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 8 Minor adverse event excluding skin irritation: body as a whole : "flu" or common cold.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 9 Minor adverse event excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: in general.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 10 Minor adverse event excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: soreness.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 11 Minor adverse event excluding skin irritation:nervous system: headache.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 12 Minor adverse event excluding skin irritation: respiratory: in general.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 13 Minor adverse event excluding skin irritation: respiratory: sinusitis.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 14 Minor adverse event excluding skin irritation: respiratory: upper respiratory tract infection.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 15 Minor adverse event excluding skin irritation: special senses: in general.

Comparison 9 0.5% 5‐FU versus vehicle, Outcome 16 Minor adverse event excluding skin irritation:special senses: eye irritation.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 3 Skin irritation.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole : in general.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 5 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole : allergy.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 6 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole : "flu" or common cold.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 7 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: in general.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: respiratory: in general.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: respiratory: sinusitis.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 11 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: special senses: in general.

Comparison 10 0.5% 5‐FU at varying application durations, Outcome 12 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: special senses: eye irritation.

Comparison 11 0.5% 5‐FU versus ALA‐PDT, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 11 0.5% 5‐FU versus ALA‐PDT, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 12 5% 5‐FU with 0.05% tretinoin versus 5% 5‐FU with placebo, Outcome 1 Mean reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 13 5% 5‐FU versus 5% imiquimod, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 14 5% 5‐FU versus cryotherapy, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 15 5% 5‐FU versus 10% masoprocol, Outcome 1 Investigator Global Improvement Indices ‐cleared.

Comparison 15 5% 5‐FU versus 10% masoprocol, Outcome 2 Mean reduction of lesion counts.

Comparison 15 5% 5‐FU versus 10% masoprocol, Outcome 3 Mean percentage of reduction of lesion counts.

Comparison 15 5% 5‐FU versus 10% masoprocol, Outcome 4 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 16 5% 5‐FU versus carbon dioxide laser resurfacing, Outcome 1 Mean percentage of reduction of lesion counts.

Comparison 16 5% 5‐FU versus carbon dioxide laser resurfacing, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 17 5% 5‐FU versus Er:YAG laser resurfacing, Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 17 5% 5‐FU versus Er:YAG laser resurfacing, Outcome 2 Skin irritation.

Comparison 18 5% 5‐FU versus Trichloroacetic acid peel, Outcome 1 Mean percentage of reduction in lesions.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance‐number of doses.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 2 Participant complete clearance in immunosuppressed participants.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 3 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 4 Participant partial (>75%) clearance in immunosuppressed participants.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 5 Mean reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 6 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 7 Withdrawal due to adverse events in immunosuppressed participants.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: in general.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: "flu" or "cold".

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: digestive: in general.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 11 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: digestive: nausea.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 12 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: in general.

Comparison 19 5% Imiquimod versus placebo, Outcome 13 Cosmetic outcome: decrease in roughness/dryness/scaliness of the skin.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 3 Mean percentage of reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: 'flu" or "cold".

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 5 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 6 Skin irritation.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 7 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: pyrexia.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: hemic and lymphatic: lymphadenopathy.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: myalgia.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: fatigue.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 11 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 12 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: respiratory: cough.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 13 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: respiratory: sinusitis.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 14 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: respiratory: upper respiratory tract infection.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 15 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: urogenital: urinary tract infection.

Comparison 20 Imiquimod versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 16 Cosmetic outcome: Participant's significantly or much improved cosmetic outcome assessed by investigator.

Comparison 21 Imiquimod versus placebo: frequency of application, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 21 Imiquimod versus placebo: frequency of application, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 21 Imiquimod versus placebo: frequency of application, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 21 Imiquimod versus placebo: frequency of application, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation:body as a whole: in general.

Comparison 21 Imiquimod versus placebo: frequency of application, Outcome 5 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole:"flu" or "cold".

Comparison 21 Imiquimod versus placebo: frequency of application, Outcome 6 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: digestive: in general.

Comparison 21 Imiquimod versus placebo: frequency of application, Outcome 7 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: digestive: nausea.

Comparison 21 Imiquimod versus placebo: frequency of application, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: in general.

Comparison 21 Imiquimod versus placebo: frequency of application, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 22 5% imiquimod versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 22 5% imiquimod versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 2 Cosmetic outcome: Investigator cosmetic outcome "excellent".

Comparison 22 5% imiquimod versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 3 Cosmetic outcome: normal skin surface.

Comparison 23 5% imiquimod versus cryotherapy, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 24 Ingenol mebutate (PEP005) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance of target lesions.

Comparison 24 Ingenol mebutate (PEP005) versus placebo, Outcome 2 Participant complete clearance of all lesions.

Comparison 24 Ingenol mebutate (PEP005) versus placebo, Outcome 3 Participant partial (>75%) clearance of target lesions.

Comparison 24 Ingenol mebutate (PEP005) versus placebo, Outcome 4 Cosmetic outcomes: changes in pigmentation.

Comparison 25 Ingenol mebutate (PEP005) versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance of target lesions.

Comparison 25 Ingenol mebutate (PEP005) versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 2 Participant complete clearance of all lesions.

Comparison 25 Ingenol mebutate (PEP005) versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 3 Participant partial (>75%) clearance of target lesions.

Comparison 25 Ingenol mebutate (PEP005) versus placebo: different concentrations, Outcome 4 Cosmetic outcomes: changes in pigmentation.

Comparison 26 0.05% Ingenol mebutate (PEP005) versus placebo: number of doses, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance of target lesions.

Comparison 26 0.05% Ingenol mebutate (PEP005) versus placebo: number of doses, Outcome 2 Participant complete clearance of all lesions.

Comparison 26 0.05% Ingenol mebutate (PEP005) versus placebo: number of doses, Outcome 3 Participant partial (>75%) clearance of target lesions.

Comparison 27 Isotretinoin versus vehicle, Outcome 1 Investigator global improvement indices‐completely cleared.

Comparison 27 Isotretinoin versus vehicle, Outcome 2 Mean reduction of lesion counts.

Comparison 27 Isotretinoin versus vehicle, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 27 Isotretinoin versus vehicle, Outcome 4 Skin irritation.

Comparison 27 Isotretinoin versus vehicle, Outcome 5 Severe‐Skin irritation.

Comparison 28 Masoprocol versus placebo, Outcome 1 Global improvement indices‐cured.

Comparison 28 Masoprocol versus placebo, Outcome 2 Mean reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 28 Masoprocol versus placebo, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 29 1% nicotinamide versus placebo, Outcome 1 Mean percentage of reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 29 1% nicotinamide versus placebo, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: fatigue.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 5 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: rigors.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 6 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: in general.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 7 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation:musculoskeletal and connective tissue: arthralgia.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: myalgia.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: in general.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 11 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: lethargy.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 12 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: psychiatric disorders.

Comparison 30 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 13 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: skin and subcutaneous disorders: in general.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: fatigue.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 5 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: rigors.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 6 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: in general.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 7 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation:musculoskeletal and connective tissue: arthralgia.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: myalgia.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: in general.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 11 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: lethargy.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 12 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: psychiatric disorders.

Comparison 31 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 13 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: skin and subcutaneous disorders: in general.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: fatigue.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 5 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: rigors.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 6 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: in general.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 7 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation:musculoskeletal and connective tissue: arthralgia.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: myalgia.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: in general.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 11 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: lethargy.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 12 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: psychiatric disorders.

Comparison 32 0.1% resiquimod versus 0.06% resiquimod, Outcome 13 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: skin and subcutaneous disorders: in general.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: fatigue.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 5 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: rigors.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 6 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: in general.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 7 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation:musculoskeletal and connective tissue: arthralgia.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: myalgia.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: in general.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 11 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: lethargy.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 12 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: psychiatric disorders.

Comparison 33 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 13 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: skin and subcutaneous disorders: in general.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: fatigue.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 5 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: rigors.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 6 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: in general.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 7 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation:musculoskeletal and connective tissue: arthralgia.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: myalgia.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: in general.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 11 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: lethargy.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 12 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: psychiatric disorders.

Comparison 34 0.06% resiquimod versus 0.03% resiquimod, Outcome 13 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation:skin and subcutaneous disorders: in general.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: fatigue.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 5 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: rigors.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 6 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: in general.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 7 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation:musculoskeletal and connective tissue: arthralgia.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: myalgia.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: in general.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 11 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: lethargy.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 12 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: psychiatric disorders.

Comparison 35 0.03% resiquimod versus 0.01% resiquimod, Outcome 13 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: skin and subcutaneous disorders: in general.

Comparison 36 Sunscreen SPF 17 (8% 2‐ethyl‐hexyl p‐methoxycinnamate/2% 4‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methoxy‐4‐dibenzoylmethane) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Mean change in lesion counts.

Comparison 37 12.5% DL‐α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Mean reduction of lesion counts.

Comparison 38 Etretinate versus placebo, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 39 Carbon dioxide laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 1 Mean percentage of reduction of lesion counts.

Comparison 39 Carbon dioxide laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 40 Carbon dioxide laser resurfacing versus Trichloroacetic acid peel, Outcome 1 Mean percentage of reduction of lesion counts.

Comparison 40 Carbon dioxide laser resurfacing versus Trichloroacetic acid peel, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 1 Mean reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 2 Mean percentage of reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 4 Skin irritation.

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 5 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatology: acne.

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 6 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatology:crustea.

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 7 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatology: infection.

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatology: milia.

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatology:pain.

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 10 Cosmetic outcomes: changes in pigmentation (hypo).

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 11 Cosmetic outcomes: scarring.

Comparison 41 Er:YAG laser resurfacing versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 12 Cosmetic outcomes: improvement in photoageing score.

Comparison 42 Cryotherapy versus betulin‐based oleogel, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 42 Cryotherapy versus betulin‐based oleogel, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 43 Cryotherapy versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 43 Cryotherapy versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 2 Cosmetic outcomes: excellent global cosmetic outcome.

Comparison 43 Cryotherapy versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 3 Cosmetic outcomes: better skin appearance.

Comparison 44 Cryotherapy versus imiquimod, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 44 Cryotherapy versus imiquimod, Outcome 2 Cosmetic outcomes: excellent global cosmetic outcome.

Comparison 44 Cryotherapy versus imiquimod, Outcome 3 Cosmetic outcomes: better skin appearance.

Comparison 45 Cryotherapy versus MAL‐red light PDT, Outcome 1 Mean percentage of reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 45 Cryotherapy versus MAL‐red light PDT, Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 45 Cryotherapy versus MAL‐red light PDT, Outcome 3 Cosmetic outcomes: excellent or good cosmetic outcomes by investigator.

Comparison 45 Cryotherapy versus MAL‐red light PDT, Outcome 4 Cosmetic outcomes: excellent or good cosmetic outcomes by participant.

Comparison 46 Cryotherapy versus ALA‐red light PDT, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 46 Cryotherapy versus ALA‐red light PDT, Outcome 2 Skin irritation.

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance [1 treatment].

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 2 Participant complete clearance [1 or 2 treatments].

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 3 Participant complete clearance [1 or 2 treatments] by anatomical location.

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 4 Participant partial (> 75%) clearance [1 treatment].

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 5 Participant partial (>75%) clearance[1 or 2 treatments].

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 6 Participant partial (>75%) clearance [1 or 2 treatment] by anatomical location.

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 7 Skin irritation.

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: injury.

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: cardiovascular: hypertension.

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatology: skin discolouration.

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 11 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatology: skin hypertrophy.

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 12 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 47 ALA‐PDT versus placebo‐PDT, Outcome 13 Cosmetic outcome: very good or good general cosmetic outcome.

Comparison 48 ALA‐ blue light PDT versus ALA‐pulsed laser PDT, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 48 ALA‐ blue light PDT versus ALA‐pulsed laser PDT, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 48 ALA‐ blue light PDT versus ALA‐pulsed laser PDT, Outcome 3 Cosmetic outcome: improvement in global response.

Comparison 48 ALA‐ blue light PDT versus ALA‐pulsed laser PDT, Outcome 4 Cosmetic outcome: improvement in tactile roughness.

Comparison 48 ALA‐ blue light PDT versus ALA‐pulsed laser PDT, Outcome 5 Cosmetic outcome: improvement in mottled hyperpigmentation.

Comparison 49 ALA‐red light PDT at different application times, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance at 4 weeks.

Comparison 49 ALA‐red light PDT at different application times, Outcome 2 Participant complete clearance at 8 weeks.

Comparison 49 ALA‐red light PDT at different application times, Outcome 3 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: metabolic and nutritional disorders: elevated alanine transaminase (ALT).

Comparison 49 ALA‐red light PDT at different application times, Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 49 ALA‐red light PDT at different application times, Outcome 5 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: other: epistaxis (nose bleeding).

Comparison 50 ALA‐PDT versus 0.5% 5‐FU, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 50 ALA‐PDT versus 0.5% 5‐FU, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 50 ALA‐PDT versus 0.5% 5‐FU, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 50 ALA‐PDT versus 0.5% 5‐FU, Outcome 4 Cosmetic outcome: improvement in global response.

Comparison 50 ALA‐PDT versus 0.5% 5‐FU, Outcome 5 Cosmetic outcome: improvement in tactile roughness.

Comparison 50 ALA‐PDT versus 0.5% 5‐FU, Outcome 6 Cosmetic outcome: improvement in mottled hyperpigmentation.

Comparison 51 ALA‐red light PDT vs cryotherapy, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 51 ALA‐red light PDT vs cryotherapy, Outcome 2 Skin irritation.

Comparison 52 MAL‐red light PDT versus placebo‐red light PDT, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 52 MAL‐red light PDT versus placebo‐red light PDT, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 52 MAL‐red light PDT versus placebo‐red light PDT, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 52 MAL‐red light PDT versus placebo‐red light PDT, Outcome 4 Minor adverse event: nervous system: headache.

Comparison 52 MAL‐red light PDT versus placebo‐red light PDT, Outcome 5 Cosmetic outcome: hyperpigmentation.

Comparison 53 MAL‐red light LED PDT versus MAL‐broad visible + water‐filtered infrared A PDT (1 or 2 treatments), Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 53 MAL‐red light LED PDT versus MAL‐broad visible + water‐filtered infrared A PDT (1 or 2 treatments), Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 54 MAL‐red light LED PDT versus MAL‐daylight PDT, Outcome 1 Mean reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 55 2h MAL‐day light PDT versus 3h MAL‐daylight PDT, Outcome 1 Mean reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 55 2h MAL‐day light PDT versus 3h MAL‐daylight PDT, Outcome 2 Mean percentage of reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 56 16% MAL‐daylight PDT versus 8% MAL‐daylight PDT, Outcome 1 Mean reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 57 Single MAL‐red light PDT versus multiple MAL‐red light PDT (2 treatments 1 week apart), Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 57 Single MAL‐red light PDT versus multiple MAL‐red light PDT (2 treatments 1 week apart), Outcome 2 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 58 MAL‐ red light PDT vs cryotherapy, Outcome 1 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 59 ALA‐red light PDT versus MAL‐red light PDT, Outcome 1 Mean reduction in lesion counts.

Comparison 60 Trichloroacetic acid peel versus 5% 5‐FU, Outcome 1 Mean percentage of reduction in lesions.

Comparison 61 Cryotherapy versus cryotherapy with betulin‐based oleogel, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance.

Comparison 61 Cryotherapy versus cryotherapy with betulin‐based oleogel, Outcome 2 Participant partial (>75%) clearance.

Comparison 62 (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy) versus (vehicle + cryotherapy), Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance at 6 months.

Comparison 62 (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy) versus (vehicle + cryotherapy), Outcome 2 Mean reduction in lesion counts at 6 months.

Comparison 62 (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy) versus (vehicle + cryotherapy), Outcome 3 Mean percentage of reduction in lesion counts at 6 months.

Comparison 62 (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy) versus (vehicle + cryotherapy), Outcome 4 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: allergic reaction.

Comparison 62 (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy) versus (vehicle + cryotherapy), Outcome 5 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatology: hyperesthesia.

Comparison 62 (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy) versus (vehicle + cryotherapy), Outcome 6 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatology: skin discoloration.

Comparison 62 (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy) versus (vehicle + cryotherapy), Outcome 7 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: dermatology: vesiculobullous rash.

Comparison 62 (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy) versus (vehicle + cryotherapy), Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: digestive: cheilitis.

Comparison 62 (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy) versus (vehicle + cryotherapy), Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: special senses: conjunctivitis.

Comparison 62 (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy) versus (vehicle + cryotherapy), Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: special senses: eye irritation.

Comparison 63 (vehicle + cryotherapy) versus (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy), Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance at 6 months.

Comparison 63 (vehicle + cryotherapy) versus (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy), Outcome 2 Mean reduction in lesion counts at 6 months.

Comparison 63 (vehicle + cryotherapy) versus (0.5% 5‐FU + cryotherapy), Outcome 3 Mean percentage of reduction in lesion counts at 6 months.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance of all lesions.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 2 Participant complete clearance of target (cryotherapy treated) lesions.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 3 Participant complete clearance of subclinical lesions.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 4 Mean percentage of reduction in all lesion counts.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 5 Mean percentage of reduction in target (cryotherapy treated) lesion counts.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 6 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 7 Skin irritation.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 8 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: body as a whole: fatigue.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 9 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: digestive: nausea.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 10 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: musculoskeletal and connective tissue: myalgia.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 11 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: respiratory: upper respiratory tract infection.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 12 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: respiratory: bronchitis.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 13 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: respiratory: sinusitis.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 14 Minor adverse events excluding skin irritation: special senses: conjunctivitis.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 15 Cosmetic outcomes: Improved global photoageing score.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 16 Cosmetic outcomes: Improved fine lines.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 17 Cosmetic outcomes: Improved tactile roughness.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 18 Cosmetic outcomes: Improved mottled pigmentation.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 19 Cosmetic outcomes: Improved sallowness.

Comparison 64 Cryotherapy with vehicle versus cryotherapy with imiquimod, Outcome 20 Cosmetic outcomes: cosmetic appearance score.

Comparison 65 Cryotherapy with imiquimod versus cryotherapy with vehicle, Outcome 1 Participant complete clearance of all lesions.

Comparison 65 Cryotherapy with imiquimod versus cryotherapy with vehicle, Outcome 2 Mean percentage of reduction in all lesion counts.

Comparison 65 Cryotherapy with imiquimod versus cryotherapy with vehicle, Outcome 3 Withdrawal due to adverse events.

Comparison 65 Cryotherapy with imiquimod versus cryotherapy with vehicle, Outcome 4 Skin irritation.

Comparison 66 (3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid + ALA‐red light PDT) versus (2.5% hyaluronic acid + ALA‐red light PDT), Outcome 1 Global Improvement Indices (‐2 to 4) at 6 months.

Comparison 66 (3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid + ALA‐red light PDT) versus (2.5% hyaluronic acid + ALA‐red light PDT), Outcome 2 Mean reduction of lesion counts.