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Scolaris Content Display We are familiar with the benefits of exercise on physical health, but can it help with mental health? Paul Gorczynski and Guy Faulkner from the University of Toronto in Canada have reviewed the evidence for people with schizophrenia. Paul tells us more.
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 1 Mental state 1a: Mental Health Inventory Total ‐ Endpoint score: high score good.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 2 Mental State 1b: Mental Health Inventory Depression ‐ Endpoint: high score good.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 3 Mental state 1c: Mental Health Inventory Positive Affect ‐ Endpoint: high score good.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 4 Mental state 1d: Mental Health Inventory Behavioural ‐ Endpoint: high score good.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 5 Mental state 1e: Mental Health Inventory Anxiety ‐ Endpoint: high score good.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 6 Mental state 2a: PANSS Negative ‐ Endpoint: low score good.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 7 Mental state 2b: PANSS Positive ‐ Endpoint: low score good.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 8 Physical fitness 1: Six minute walking test ‐ Endpoint: High score good.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 9 Physical fitness 2: Maximal strength ‐ Endpoint: High score good.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 10 Physical Fitness 3: Cardiovascular measures 1: Blood pressure.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 11 Weight 1: BMI.
| Study | Exercise Group | Standard care Group |
| Beebe 2005 | reduced body fat by 3.7% | reduced body fat by 0.02% |
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 12 Weight 2: Percentage body fat.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 13 Weight 3: Waist and Hip Ratio.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 14 Weight 4: Final Weight.
Comparison 1 COMPARISON 1: EXERCISE versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 15 Leaving the study early.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 1 Mental state 1a: PANSS Total ‐ Endpoint: low score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 2 Mental state 1b: PANSS Depression ‐ Endpoint: low score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 3 Mental state 1c: PANSS Anergia ‐ Endpoint: low score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 4 Mental state 1d: PANSS Positive ‐ Endpoint: low score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 5 Mental state 1d: PANSS Negative ‐ Endpoint: low score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 6 General functioning 1: SOFS ‐ Endpoint: low score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 7 Adverse effects 1: SAS ‐ Endpoint: low score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 8 Adverse effects 2: AIMS ‐ Endpoint: low score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 9 Quality of life 1a: WHOQOL‐100 Physical ‐ Endpoint: High score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 10 Quality of life 1b: WHOQOL‐100 Psychological ‐ Endpoint: High score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 11 Quality of life 1c: WHOQOL‐100 Social ‐ Endpoint: High score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 12 Quality of life 1d: WHOQOL‐100 Environmental ‐ Endpoint: High score good.
Comparison 2 COMPARISON 2: EXERCISE versus OTHER TREATMENT, Outcome 13 Leaving the study early.
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Mental state 1a: Mental Health Inventory Total ‐ Endpoint score: high score good Show forest plot | 1 | 10 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 7.40 [‐2.46, 17.26] |
| 2 Mental State 1b: Mental Health Inventory Depression ‐ Endpoint: high score good Show forest plot | 1 | 10 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 17.5 [6.70, 28.30] |
| 3 Mental state 1c: Mental Health Inventory Positive Affect ‐ Endpoint: high score good Show forest plot | 1 | 10 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 3.30 [‐23.66, 30.26] |
| 4 Mental state 1d: Mental Health Inventory Behavioural ‐ Endpoint: high score good Show forest plot | 1 | 10 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐5.40 [‐21.28, 10.48] |
| 5 Mental state 1e: Mental Health Inventory Anxiety ‐ Endpoint: high score good Show forest plot | 1 | 10 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 8.0 [0.80, 15.20] |
| 6 Mental state 2a: PANSS Negative ‐ Endpoint: low score good Show forest plot | 1 | 10 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐8.5 [‐11.11, ‐5.89] |
| 7 Mental state 2b: PANSS Positive ‐ Endpoint: low score good Show forest plot | 1 | 10 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐2.5 [‐4.73, ‐0.27] |
| 8 Physical fitness 1: Six minute walking test ‐ Endpoint: High score good Show forest plot | 1 | 13 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 79.50 [33.82, 125.18] |
| 9 Physical fitness 2: Maximal strength ‐ Endpoint: High score good Show forest plot | 1 | 13 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 2.0 [0.55, 3.45] |
| 10 Physical Fitness 3: Cardiovascular measures 1: Blood pressure Show forest plot | 1 | 13 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.0 [‐8.05, 6.05] |
| 11 Weight 1: BMI Show forest plot | 1 | 13 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐1.20 [‐2.92, 0.52] |
| 12 Weight 2: Percentage body fat Show forest plot | Other data | No numeric data | ||
| 13 Weight 3: Waist and Hip Ratio Show forest plot | 1 | 13 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.01 [‐0.02, 0.04] |
| 14 Weight 4: Final Weight Show forest plot | 1 | 13 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.30 [‐3.64, 6.24] |
| 15 Leaving the study early Show forest plot | 2 | 25 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 5.0 [0.29, 86.43] |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Mental state 1a: PANSS Total ‐ Endpoint: low score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 14.95 [2.60, 27.30] |
| 2 Mental state 1b: PANSS Depression ‐ Endpoint: low score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 2.89 [0.86, 4.92] |
| 3 Mental state 1c: PANSS Anergia ‐ Endpoint: low score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 2.40 [0.47, 4.33] |
| 4 Mental state 1d: PANSS Positive ‐ Endpoint: low score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 2.41 [‐1.20, 6.02] |
| 5 Mental state 1d: PANSS Negative ‐ Endpoint: low score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 5.56 [1.69, 9.43] |
| 6 General functioning 1: SOFS ‐ Endpoint: low score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 4.35 [‐1.18, 9.88] |
| 7 Adverse effects 1: SAS ‐ Endpoint: low score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.5 [‐0.44, 1.44] |
| 8 Adverse effects 2: AIMS ‐ Endpoint: low score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.20 [‐1.18, 1.58] |
| 9 Quality of life 1a: WHOQOL‐100 Physical ‐ Endpoint: High score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐9.22 [‐18.86, 0.42] |
| 10 Quality of life 1b: WHOQOL‐100 Psychological ‐ Endpoint: High score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐17.70 [‐28.90, ‐6.50] |
| 11 Quality of life 1c: WHOQOL‐100 Social ‐ Endpoint: High score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐20.75 [‐34.08, ‐7.42] |
| 12 Quality of life 1d: WHOQOL‐100 Environmental ‐ Endpoint: High score good Show forest plot | 1 | 41 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐18.09 [‐28.52, ‐7.66] |
| 13 Leaving the study early Show forest plot | 1 | 61 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.94 [0.47, 1.88] |
