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Music therapy for autistic spectrum disorder

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Referencias

Brownell 2002 {published data only}

Brownell MD. Musically adapted social stories to modify behaviors in students with autism: four case studies. Journal of Music Therapy 2002;39(2):117‐144. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 280]

Buday 1995 {published data only}

Buday EM. The effects of signed and spoken words taught with music on sign and speech imitation by children with autism.. Journal of Music Therapy 1995;32(3):189‐202. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 1220; 0022‐2917]

Farmer 2003 {published data only}

Farmer KJ. The effect of music vs. nonmusic paired with gestures on spontaneous verbal and nonverbal communication skills of children with autism between the ages 1‐5 (Master's thesis). Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University (School of Music), 2003.

References to studies excluded from this review

Ir a:

Applebaum 1979 {published data only}

Applebaum E, Egel AL, Koegel RL, Imhoff B. Measuring musical abilities of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1979;9(3):279‐285. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 2180; 0162‐3257]

Bettison 1996 {published data only}

Bettison S. The long‐term effects of auditory training on children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1996;26(3):361‐374. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 190]

Blackstock 1978 {published data only}

Blackstock EG. Cerebral asymmetry and the development of early infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 1978;8(3):339‐353. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 2190; 0021‐9185]

Bonnel 2003 {published data only}

Bonnel A, Mottron L, Peretz I, Trudel M, Gallun E, Bonnel AM. Enhanced pitch sensitivity in individuals with autism: a signal detection analysis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2003;15(2):226‐35. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 270]

Brown 1994 {published data only}

Brown SM. Autism and music therapy ‐ is change possible, and why music?. Journal of British Music Therapy 1994;8:15‐25.

Brown 2003 {published data only}

Brown WA, Cammuso K, Sachs H, Winklosky B, Mullane J, Bernier R, Svenson S, Arin D, Rosen‐Sheidley B, Folstein SE. Autism‐related language, personality, and cognition in people with absolute pitch: results of a preliminary study. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders 2003;33(2):163‐7; discussion 169. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 250]

Bruscia 1982 {published data only}

Bruscia KE. Music in the assessment and treatment of echolalia. Music Therapy 1982;2(1):25‐41.

Carroll 1983 {published data only}

Carroll JG. The use of musical verbal stimuli in teaching low‐functioning autistic children (doctoral thesis). University of Mississippi, 1983.

Chilcote‐Doner 1982 {published data only}

Chilcote‐Doner SE. The effect of contingent vs. non‐contingent presentation of rhythmic asynchonous stimulation on the stereotyped behavior of children with autism (doctoral thesis). Vanderbilt University, 1982.

Clauss 1994 {published data only}

Clauss EL. Effects of music on attention and self‐stimulatory behaviors in autistic people (doctoral thesis). Hofstra University, 1994. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 1340; 0419‐4217]

Dawson 1998 {published data only}

Dawson G, Meltzoff AN, Osterling J, Rinaldi J, Brown E. Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1998;28(6):479‐485. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 980; 0162‐3257]

Diez 1989 {published data only}

Diez Cuervo A, Garcia de Leon M, Gonzalez Sanz L. Estudio de funciones cognitivas en ninos autistas mediante cartografia electrica cerebral (mapping) [Brain mapping study of cognitive functions in autistic children]. Archivos de Neurobiologia 1989;52(1):9‐16. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 1700; 0004‐0576]

Edelson 1999 {published data only}

Edelson SM, Arin D, Bauman M, Lukas SE, Rudy JH, Sholar M, Rimland B. Auditory integration training: A double‐blind study of behavioral and electrophysiological effects in people with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 1999;14(2):73‐81. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 880; 1088‐3576]

Edgerton 1994 {published data only}

Edgerton CL. The effect of improvisational music therapy on the communicative behaviors of autistic children. Journal of Music Therapy 1994;31(1):31‐62. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 1420; 0022‐2917]

Frissell 2001 {published data only}

Frissell JK. Musical preferences and reproduction abilities in children with autism. Dissertation AbstractsInternational: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2001;62(3‐B):1574. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 760; 0419‐4217]

Goldstein 1964 {published data only}

Goldstein C. Music and creative arts therapy for an autistic child. Journal of Music Therapy 1964;1(4):135‐138. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 2460; 0022‐2917]

Gore 2002 {published data only}

Gore AK. The effect of music versus emphasised speech on echolalic autistic children (master's thesis). Tallahassee: Florida State University, 2002.
Gore AK. The effect of music versus emphasised speech on echolalic autistic children. Annual conference of the American Music Therapy Association. Atlanta, GA, 2002.

Griggs 1997 {published data only}

Griggs Drane ER, Wheeler JJ. The use of functional assessment procedures and individualized schedules in the treatment of autism: Recommendations for music therapists. Music Therapy Perspectives 1997;15(2):87‐93. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 1050; 0734‐6875]

Hadsell 1988 {published data only}

Hadsell NA, Coleman KA. Rett syndrome: A challenge for music therapists. Music Therapy Perspectives 1988;5(2):52‐56.

Hairston 1990 {published data only}

Hairston MP. Analyses of responses of mentally retarded autistic and mentally retarded nonautistic children to art therapy and music therapy. Journal of Music Therapy 1990;27(3):137‐150. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 1640; 0022‐2917]

Heaton 1999 {published data only}

Heaton P, Hermelin B, Pring L. Can children with autistic spectrum disorders perceive affect in music? An experimental investigation. Psychological Medicine 1999;29(6):1405‐10. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 330]

Heaton 2003 {published data only}

Heaton P. Pitch memory, labelling and disembedding in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2003;44(4):543‐51. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 260]

Kolko 1980 {published data only}

Kolko DJ, Anderson L, Campbell M. Sensory preference and overselective responding in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1980;10(3):259‐271. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 2120; 0162‐3257]

Krauss 1982 {published data only}

Krauss T, Galloway H. Melodic intonation therapy with language delayed apraxic children. Journal of Music Therapy 1982;19(2):102‐113. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 2030; 0022‐2917]

Lee 2004 {published data only}

Lee L‐YL. Using musical improvisation to effect linguistic and behavioral changes in a cohort of Taiwanese autistic children. 6th annual conference of the American Music Therapy Association. Austin, Texas, 2004.

Litchman 1976 {published data only}

Litchman MD. The use of music in establishing a learning environment for language instruction with autistic children (doctoral thesis). Buffalo: State University of New York, 1976. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 2250; 0419‐4217]

Ma 2001 {published data only}

Ma YC, Nagler J, Lee MHM, et al. Impact of music therapy on the communication skills of toddlers with pervasive developmental disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2001;930:445‐447.

Mahlberg 1973 {published data only}

Mahlberg M. Music therapy in the treatment of an autistic child. Journal of Music Therapy 1973;10(4):189‐193. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 2370; 0022‐2917]

Miller 1979 {published data only}

Miller SB, Toca JM. Adapted melodic intonation therapy: a case study of an experimental language program for an autistic child. J Clin Psychiatry 1979;40(4):201‐3..

Mottron 2000 {published data only}

Mottron L, Peretz I, Menard E. Local and global processing of music in high‐functioning persons with autism: Beyond central coherence?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2000;41(8):1057‐1065. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 780; 0021‐9630]

Mudford 2000 {published data only}

Mudford OC, Cross BA, Breen S, Cullen C, Reeves D, Gould J, Douglas J. Auditory integration training for children with autism: no behavioral benefits detected. American Journal of Mental Retardation 2000;105(2):118‐29. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 320]

O'Connell 1974 {published data only}

O'Connell TS. The musical life of an autistic boy.. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 1974;4(3):223‐229. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 2310; 0021‐9185]

O'Loughlin 2000 {published data only}

O'Loughlin R. Facilitating prelinguistic communication skills of attention by integrating a music stimulus within typical language intervention with autistic children (doctoral thesis). University of Toledo, 2000.

Pasiali 2004 {published data only}

Pasiali V. The use of prescriptive songs in a home‐based environment to promote social skills acquisition by children with autism: Three case studies. Music Therapy Perspectives 2004;22(1):11‐20.
Pasiali V. The use of prescriptive therapeutic songs to promote social skills acquisition by children with autism: Three case studies. Annual conference of the American Music Therapy Association. Atlanta, GA, 2002.

Rao 2001 {published data only}

Rao PA. Social interactional changes in mothers of autistic children following an acoustic intervention (doctoral thesis). College Park: University of Maryland, 2001.

Saperston 1973 {published data only}

Saperston B. The use of music in establishing communication with an autistic mentally retarded child. Journal of Music Therapy 1973;10(4):184‐188. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 2360; 0022‐2917]

Schmidt 1976 {published data only}

Schmidt DC, Franklin R, Edwards JS. Reinforcement of autistic children's responses to music. Psychological Reports 1976;39(2):571‐577. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 2290; 0033‐2941]

Starr 1998 {published data only}

Starr E, Zenker K. Understanding autism in the context of music therapy: Bridging theory and practice. Canadian Journal of Music Therapy 1998;6(1):1‐19. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 970; 1199‐1054]

Staum 1984 {published data only}

Staum MJ, Flowers PJ. The use of simulated training and music lessons in teaching appropriate shopping skills to an autistic child. Music Therapy Perspectives 1984;1(3):14‐17.

Stevens 1969 {published data only}

Stevens E, Clark F. Music therapy in the treatment of autistic children. Journal of Music Therapy 1969;6(4):98‐104. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 2430; 0022‐2917]

Thaut 1987 {published data only}

Thaut MH. Visual versus auditory (musical) stimulus preferences in autistic children: a pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1987;17(3):425‐32. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 390]

Thaut 1988 {published data only}

Thaut MH. Measuring musical responsiveness in autistic children: a comparative analysis of improvised musical tone sequences of autistic, normal, and mentally retarded individuals. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1988;18(4):561‐71. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 380]

Toolan 1994 {published data only}

Toolan PG, Coleman SY. Music therapy, a description of process: Engagement and avoidance in five people with learning disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 1994;38(4):433‐444. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 1400; 0964‐2633]

Watson 1979 {published data only}

Watson D. Music as reinforcement in increasing spontaneous speech among autistic children. Missouri Journal of Research in Music Education 1979;4(3):8‐20.

Wimpory 1995 {published data only}

Wimpory D, Chadwick P, Nash S. Brief report: Musical interaction therapy for children with autism: An evaluative case study with two‐year follow‐up. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1995;25(5):541‐552. [MEDLINE: PBS Record: 1200; 0162‐3257]

References to studies awaiting assessment

Ir a:

Laird 1997 {published data only}

Laird PD. The effect of music on cognitive/communicative skills with students diagnosed with autism, autistic like characteristics and other related pervasive developmental disorders (master's thesis). Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1997.

O'Dell 1998 {published data only}

O'Dell AW. Effects of paired auditory and deep pressure stimulation on the stereotypical behaviors of children with autism (master's thesis). Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1998.

Wood 1991 {published data only}

Wood SR. A study of the effects of music on attending behavior of children with autistic‐like syndrome (master's thesis). San Jose State University, 1991.

Kim 2005 {unpublished data only}

Kim, J. Joint attention and attunement in improvisational music therapy with the autistic child. Aalborg University2005.

Alderson 2004

Alderson P, Green S, Higgins JPT. Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook 4.2.2 [updated December 2003]. The Cochrane Library. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004.

Aldridge 2002

Aldridge D, Fachner J. Music Therapy World Info‐CD ROM IV. Witten‐Herdecke: University Witten‐Herdecke, 2002.

Alvin 1991

Alvin J, Warwick A. Music therapy for the autistic child. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

AMTA 1999

American Music Therapy Association. Music therapy research: Quantitative and qualitative foundations CD‐ROM I. 1964‐1998. Silver Spring, MD: American Music Therapy Association, 1999.

APA 1994

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV). 4th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.

APA 2000

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV‐TR). 4th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.

Asperger 1979

Asperger H. Problems of infantile autism. Communication 1979;13(3):45‐52.

Ball 2004

Ball CM. Music therapy for children with autistic spectrum disorder. Bazian Ltd2004, issue November 11.

Baron‐Cohen 1995

Baron‐Cohen S. Mindblindedness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1995.

Bruscia 1998

Bruscia KE. Defining music therapy. 2nd Edition. Gilsum, NH: Barcelona Publishers, 1998.

Chakrabarti 2001

Chakrabarti S, Fombonne E. Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children. JAMA 2001;285(24):3093‐9.

Cohen 1988

Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd Edition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988.

Diggle 2002

Diggle T, McConachie H R, Randle VRL. Parent‐mediated early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorder (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1.

Elbourne 2002

Elbourne DR, Altman DA, Higgins JPT, Curtin F, Worthington HV, Vail A. Meta‐analyses involving cross‐over trials: Methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:140‐149.

Fombonne 1999

Fombonne E. The epidemiology of autism: A review. Psychological Medicine 1999;29(4):769‐786.

Gold 2004

Gold C. The use of effect sizes in music therapy research. Music Therapy Perspectives 2004;22(2):91‐95.

Gold 2005

Gold C, Heldal TO, Dahle T, Wigram T. Music therapy for schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐like illnesses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2.

Higgins 2002

Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21:1539‐1558.

Howlin 1998

Howlin P. Children with Autism and Asperger Syndrome: A Guide for Practitioners and Carers. Chichester, New York: Wiley, 1998.

Kendall 2004

Kendall P, Holmbeck G, Verduin T. Methodology, design, and evaluation in psychotherapy research. In: Lambert MJ editor(s). Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. 5th Edition. New York, NY: Wiley, 2004:16‐43.

Lambert 2004

Lambert MJ, Ogles BM. The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In: Lambert MJ editor(s). Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. 5th Edition. New York, NY: Wiley, 2004:139‐193.

Ozonoff 2005

Ozonoff S, Goodlin‐Jones BL, Solomon M. Evidence‐based assessment of autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2005;34(3):523‐40.

Rolvsjord 2005

Rolvsjord R, Gold C, Stige B. Research rigour and therapeutic flexibility: Rationale for a therapy manual developed for a randomised controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy 2005;14(1):15‐32.

Schumacher 1999a

Schumacher K. Musiktherapie und Säuglingsforschung. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1999.

Schumacher 1999b

Schumacher K, Calvet‐Kruppa C. The AQR ‐ an analysis system to evaluate the quality of relationship during music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy 1999;8(2):188‐191.

Stern 1985

Stern DN. The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. New York: Basic Books, 1985.

Stern 1989

Stern DN. The representation of relational patterns: Developmental considerations. In: Sameroff AJ, Emde RN editor(s). Relationship disturbances in early childhood. New York: Basic Books, 1989.

Trevarthen 1999a

Trevarthen C. Musicality and the intrinsic motive pulse: Evidence from human psychobiology and infant communication. Musicae Scientiae 1999;Special issue 1999‐2000:155‐215.

Trevarthen 1999b

Trevarthen C. How music heals. In: Wigram T, Backer J editor(s). Clinical Applications of Music Therapy in Developmental Disability, Paediatrics and Neurology. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1999:7‐10.

Whipple 2004

Whipple J. Music in intervention for children and adolescents with autism: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Music Therapy 2004;41(2):90‐106.

WHO 1992

World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.

Wigram 2002

Wigram T. Indications in music therapy: Evidence from assessment that can identify the expectations of music therapy as a treatment for autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Meeting the challenge of evidence based practice. British Journal of Music Therapy 2002;16(1):5‐28.

Wigram 2006

Wigram T, Gold C. Music therapy in the assessment and treatment of autistic spectrum disorder: Clinical application and research evidence. Child: Care, Health and Development In press.

Wing 1997

Wing L. Syndromes of autism and atypical development. In: Cohen D, Volkmar F editor(s). Handook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. 2nd Edition. New York: John Wiley, 1997:148‐172.

Wing 2002

Wing L, Leekam SR, Libby SJ, Gould J, Larcombe M. The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: background, inter‐rater reliability and clinical use. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2002;43:307‐325.

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Brownell 2002

Methods

Allocation: quasi‐randomised, possibly randomised ('counterbalanced')
Blindness: independent assessor (teacher), blinding not reported.
Duration: 4 weeks.
Design: crossover.

Participants

Diagnosis: autism.
N=4.
Age: range 6‐9.
Sex: 4 M, 0 F.
Setting: elementary school.

Interventions

1. structured receptive MT (songs with social stories). 5 individual daily sessions. N=4.
2. structured receptive "story therapy" (reading of social stories). 5 individual daily sessions. N=4.
3. no intervention. 2 x 5 days. N=4.

Outcomes

Repetitive behaviours outside therapy sessions (in classroom). Inter‐rater reliability 0.86 to 0.94

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment?

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Buday 1995

Methods

Allocation: randomised.
Blindness: assessor blinded to the nature of the hypothesis and to treatment condition.
Duration: 2 weeks.
Design: crossover.

Participants

Diagnosis: autism
N=10.
Age: range 4‐9.
Sex: 8 M, 2 F.
Setting: public school.

Interventions

1. structured receptive MT (songs used to teach signs). 5 individual sessions. N=10.
2. "rhythm therapy" (rhythmic speech used to teach signs). 5 individual sessions. N=10.

Outcomes

Imitating behaviour in sessions (rating of a video recording with sound turned off to ensure blinding of raters; inter‐rater agreement 98%).
a) sign imitation
b) speech imitation

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment?

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear
Farmer 2003

Methods

Allocation: randomised.
Blindness: not known.
Duration: 5 days.
Design: parallel group.

Participants

Diagnosis: autism.
N=10.
Age: range 2‐5.
Sex: 9 M, 1 F.
Setting: homes and therapy centres.

Interventions

1. MT sessions (combined active and receptive: guitar playing, songs. N=5
2. Placebo (no music) sessions. N=5.
Mostly individual sessions of 20 minutes

Outcomes

responses within sessions (inter‐rater agreement 91%).
a) verbal responses
b) gestural responses

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment?

Unclear risk

B ‐ Unclear

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Study

Reason for exclusion

Applebaum 1979

not intervention study (assessment)

Bettison 1996

not MT (AIT/only music listening)

Blackstock 1978

not intervention study (assessment)

Bonnel 2003

not intervention study (assessment)

Brown 1994

not RCT/CCT (case series)

Brown 2003

not intervention study (assessment)

Bruscia 1982

not RCT/CCT (case study)

Carroll 1983

not MT (only sung instructions)

Chilcote‐Doner 1982

not MT (rhythmic strobe and drumbeat)

Clauss 1994

not RCT/CCT (case series, ABACA design)

Dawson 1998

not intervention study (assessment)

Diez 1989

not intervention study (assessment)

Edelson 1999

not MT (AIT/only music listening)

Edgerton 1994

not RCT/CCT (case series)

Frissell 2001

not intervention study (assessment)

Goldstein 1964

not RCT/CCT (case study)

Gore 2002

not usable (unclear outcome measure)

Griggs 1997

not RCT/CCT (case study), not intervention study (assessment)

Hadsell 1988

not RCT/CCT (case series), not ASD (Rett syndrome)

Hairston 1990

not RCT/CCT (case series)

Heaton 1999

not intervention study (assessment)

Heaton 2003

not intervention study (assessment)

Kolko 1980

not intervention study (assessment)

Krauss 1982

not RCT/CCT (case series), not ASD (apraxia, language delay)

Lee 2004

not RCT/CCT (case series)

Litchman 1976

not MT (listening to recorded nursery rhymes)

Ma 2001

not RCT/CCT (case series)

Mahlberg 1973

not RCT/CCT (case study)

Miller 1979

not RCT/CCT (case study)

Mottron 2000

not intervention study (assessment)

Mudford 2000

not MT (AIT/only music listening)

O'Connell 1974

not RCT/CCT (case study)

O'Loughlin 2000

not RCT/CCT ‐ includes 3 case series where all received the same treatment (no. 1, 3, 4) and 1 case series with an ABA design (no. 2).

Pasiali 2004

not RCT/CCT (case series, ABAB design)

Rao 2001

not MT (headphones with vs. without music)

Saperston 1973

not RCT/CCT (case study)

Schmidt 1976

not RCT/CCT (case series, AB design)

Starr 1998

not RCT/CCT (case series)

Staum 1984

not RCT/CCT (case study)

Stevens 1969

not RCT/CCT (case series)

Thaut 1987

not intervention study (assessment)

Thaut 1988

not intervention study (assessment)

Toolan 1994

not RCT/CCT (case series)

Watson 1979

not RCT/CCT (case series, ABCA design)

Wimpory 1995

not RCT/CCT (case study)

Characteristics of ongoing studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Kim 2005

Trial name or title

Joint attention and attunement in improvisational music therapy with the autistic child

Methods

Participants

Diagnosis: Autism (diagnostic consents by two child psychiatrists).
Exclusion criteria: diagnostic comorbidity; previous experience of music therapy or play therapy.
N=15.
Age: range 3‐7.

Interventions

1. Music therapy: 12 individual sessions over 3 months.
2. Free play: 12 sessions over 3 months.
Psychiatric medication allowed to change during trial period.
Crossover RCT.

Outcomes

Pre/post (at baseline, crossover, and end of trial):
1. Mother‐child free play interaction at home (MPI profile). Pre/post
2. Early Social Communication Scale (ESCS, Mundy et al, 1986, 2003),
3. Pervasive developmental disorder behavior inventory (PDDBI‐C, Cohen & Subhalter, 1999)
Within sessions:
4. Treatment measurement: Every session videotaped. Treatment manual used.

Starting date

2003

Contact information

Jinah Kim, Aalborg University, Denmark. Email: [email protected]

Notes

Data and analyses

Open in table viewer
Comparison 1. Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Communicative skills: gestural Show forest plot

2

SMD (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.50 [0.22, 0.79]
Analysis 1.1
Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 1 Communicative skills: gestural.

Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 1 Communicative skills: gestural.

2 Communicative skills: verbal Show forest plot

2

SMD (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.15, 0.57]
Analysis 1.2
Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 2 Communicative skills: verbal.

Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 2 Communicative skills: verbal.

3 Behavioural problems (end of therapy) Show forest plot

1

SMD (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.14 [‐0.42, 0.14]
Analysis 1.3
Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 3 Behavioural problems (end of therapy).

Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 3 Behavioural problems (end of therapy).

4 Behavioural problems (using all measurements from 2nd day on) Show forest plot

1

SMD (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.24 [‐0.45, ‐0.03]
Analysis 1.4
Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 4 Behavioural problems (using all measurements from 2nd day on).

Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 4 Behavioural problems (using all measurements from 2nd day on).

Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 1 Communicative skills: gestural.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 1 Communicative skills: gestural.

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Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 2 Communicative skills: verbal.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 2 Communicative skills: verbal.

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Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 3 Behavioural problems (end of therapy).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 3 Behavioural problems (end of therapy).

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Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 4 Behavioural problems (using all measurements from 2nd day on).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy, Outcome 4 Behavioural problems (using all measurements from 2nd day on).

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva
Comparison 1. Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Communicative skills: gestural Show forest plot

2

SMD (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.50 [0.22, 0.79]

2 Communicative skills: verbal Show forest plot

2

SMD (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.15, 0.57]

3 Behavioural problems (end of therapy) Show forest plot

1

SMD (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.14 [‐0.42, 0.14]

4 Behavioural problems (using all measurements from 2nd day on) Show forest plot

1

SMD (Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.24 [‐0.45, ‐0.03]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Music therapy vs. "placebo" therapy
Ir a la tabla de la revisión