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Referencias

References to studies included in this review

Ir a:

Adair 1993a {published data only}

Adair L, Popkin BM, Vanderslice J, Akin J, Guilkey D, Black R, et al. Growth dynamics during the first two years of life: a prospective study in the Philippines. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;47:42‐51.
Brown K, Dewey K, Allen L. Complementary Feeding of Young children in Developing Countries: a Review of Current Scientific Knowledge. Geneva: WHO, 1998:30‐2.

Ahn 1980 {published data only}

Ahn CH, MacLean WC. Growth of the exclusively breast‐fed infant. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1980;33:183‐92.

Akeson 1996a {published data only}

Akeson PMK, Axelsson IE, Raiha NCR. Growth and nutrient intake in three‐ to twelve‐ month‐old infants fed human milk or formulas with varying protein concentrations. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1998;26:1‐8.
Akeson PMK, Axelsson IE, Raiha NCR. Human milk and standard infant formula together with high quality supplementary foods is sufficient for normal growth during infancy. Pediatric Research 1996;39 Suppl:313A.
Akeson PMK, Axelsson IE, Raiha NCR. Protein and amino acid metabolism in three‐ to twelve‐month‐old infants fed human milk or formulas with varying protein concentrations. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1998;26:297‐304.

Brown 1991a {published data only}

Brown K, Dewey K, Allen L. Complementary Feeding of Young children in Developing Countries: a Review of Current Scientific Knowledge. Geneva: WHO, 1998:30‐2.
Brown KH. The relationship between diarrhoeal prevalence and growth of poor infants varies with their age and usual energy intake (abstract). FASEB Journal 1991;5:A1079.

Castillo 1996 {published data only}

Castillo C, Atalah E, Riumallo J, Castro R. Breast‐feeding and the nutritional status of nursing children in Chile. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization 1996;30:125‐33.

Cohen 1994a {published and unpublished data}

Cohen RJ, Brown KH, Canahuati J, Rivera LL, Dewey KG. Determinants of growth from birth to 12 months among breast‐fed Honduran infants in relation to age of introduction of complementary foods. Pediatrics 1995;96:504‐10.
Cohen RJ, Brown KH, Canahuati J, Rivera LL, Dewey KG. Effects of age of introduction of complementary foods on infant breast milk intake, total energy intake, and growth: a randomised intervention study in Honduras. Lancet 1994;344:288‐93.
Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Brown KH, Rivera LL. Effects of exclusive breastfeeding for four versus six months on maternal nutritional status and infant motor development: results of two randomized trials in Honduras. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131:262‐7.
Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera LL, Brown KH. Effects of age of introduction of complementary foods on iron status of breast‐fed infants in Honduras. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;67:878‐84.
Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera LL, Canahuati J, Brown KH. Do exclusively breast‐fed infants require extra protein?. Pediatric Research 1996;39:303‐7.
Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera LL, Canahuati J, Brown KH. Effects of age at introduction of complementary foods to breast‐fed infants on duration of lactational amenorrhea in Honduran women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;65:1403‐9.

Dewey 1999a {published and unpublished data}

Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Brown KH, Rivera LL. Age of introduction of complementary foods and growth of term, low‐birth‐weight, breast‐fed infants: a randomized intervention study in Honduras. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69:679‐86.
Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Brown KH, Rivera LL. Effects of exclusive breastfeeding for four versus six months on maternal nutritional status and infant motor development: results of two randomized trials in Honduras. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131:262‐7.
Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera LL, Brown KH. Effects of age of introduction of complementary foods on micronutrient status of term, low‐birthweight, breastfed infants in Honduras. FASEB Journal 1998;12:A648.

Duijts 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}

Duijts L, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Moll HA. Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of infectious diseases in infancy. Pediatrics 2010;126:e18‐e25.

Duncan 1993 {published and unpublished data}

Duncan B, Ey J, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD, Taussig LM. Exclusive breast‐feeding for at least 4 months protects against otitis media. Pediatrics 1993;91:867‐72.

Heinig 1993 {published data only}

Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG. Intake and growth of breast‐fed and formula‐fed infants in relation to the timing of introduction of complementary foods: the DARLING study. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1993;82:999‐1006.

Huffman 1987 {published and unpublished data}

Huffman SL, Ford K, Allen HA, Streble P. Nutrition and fertility in Bangladesh: breastfeeding and post partum amenorrhea. Population Studies 1987;41:447‐62.

Kajosaari 1983 {published data only}

Kajosaari M. Atopy prevention in childhood: the role of diet: prospective 5‐year follow‐up of high‐risk infants with six months exclusive breastfeeding and solid food elimination. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 1994;5(6 Suppl):26‐8.
Kajosaari M. Atopy prophylaxis in high‐risk infants. Prospective 5‐year follow‐up study of children with six months exclusive breastfeeding and solid food elimination. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1991;310:453‐8.
Kajosaari M, Saarinen UM. Prophylaxis of atopic disease by six months' total solid food elimination. Evaluation of 135 exclusively breast‐fed infants of atopic families. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1983;72:411‐4.

Khadivzadeh 2004 {published data only}

Khadivzadeh T, Parsal S. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding on infant growth and morbidity. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2004;10(3):289‐94.

Khan 1984 {published data only}

Khan MU. Breastfeeding, growth and diarrhoea in rural Bangladesh children. Human Nutrition. Clinical Nutrition 1984;38:113‐9.

Kramer 2000a {published and unpublished data}

Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Matush L, et al. for the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT) Study Group. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008;65(5):578‐84.
Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, et al. Breastfeeding and infant growth: biology or bias?. Pediatric Research 2000;47:151A.
Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, et al. Promotion of breastfeeding intervention trial (PROBIT): a cluster‐randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. In: Koletzko B, Michaelsen KF, Hernell O editor(s). Short and Long Term Effects of Breast Feeding on Child Health. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000:327‐45.
Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, et al. Promotion of breastfeeding intervention trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. JAMA 2001;285:413‐20.
Kramer MS, Guo T, Platt RW, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Collet JP, et al. Infant growth and health outcomes associated with 3 compared with 6 mo of exclusive breastfeeding. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:291‐5.
Kramer MS, Matush L, Bogdanovich N, Aboud F, Mazer B, Fombonne E, et al. Health and development outcomes in 6.5‐y‐old children breastfed exclusively for 3 or 6 months. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;90:1070‐4.
Kramer MS, Matush L, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Bogdanovich N, Sevkovskaya Z, et al. for the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT) Study Group. Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child height, weight, adiposity, and blood pressure at age 6.5 years:  New evidence from a large randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86:1717‐21.
Kramer MS, Matush L, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Bogdanovich N, Sevkovskaya Z, et al. for the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT) Study Group . Does prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding reduce the risk of allergy and asthma?  New evidence from a large randomized trial. BMJ 2007;335:815‐20.
Kramer MS, Moodie EEM, Dahhou M, Platt RW . Breastfeeding and infant size: evidence of reverse causality. American Journal of Epidemiology 2011;173:978‐83.

Oddy 1999 {published and unpublished data}

Oddy W, Holt P, Sly P, Read A, Landau L, Stanley F, et al. Association between breast feeding and asthma in 6 year old children: findings of a prospective birth cohort study. BMJ 1999;319:815‐9.

Onayade 2004 {published data only}

Onayade AA, Abiona TC, Abayomi IO, Makanjuola ROA. The first six month growth and illness of exclusively and non‐exclusively breast‐fed infants in Nigeria. East African Medical Journal 2004;81(3):146‐53.

Pisacane 1995 {published data only}

Piscane A, de Vizla B, Valiante A, Vaccaro F, Russo M, Grillo G, et al. Iron status in breast‐fed infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1995;127:429‐31.

Rao 1992 {published data only}

Rao S, Kanade AN. Prolonged breast‐feeding and malnutrition among rural Indian children below 3 years of age. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;46:187‐95.

Savilahti 1987a {published data only}

Heiskanen K, Salmenpera L, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. Infant vitamin B‐6 status changes with age and with formula feeding. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;60:907‐10.
Kallio MJ, Salmenpera L, Siimes MA, Perheentupa J, Miettinen TA. Exclusive breast‐feeding and weaning: effect on serum cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations in infants during the first year of life. Pediatrics 1992;89:663‐6.
Savilahti E, Tainio VM, Salmenpera L, Siimes MA, Perheentupa J. Prolonged exclusive breast feeding and heredity as determinants in infantile atopy. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1987;62:269‐73.

Simondon 1997a {published and unpublished data}

Simondon KB, Delanay V, Diallo A, Elguero E, Simondon F. Lactational amenorrhea is associated with child age at the time of introduction of complementary food: a prospective cohort study in rural Senegal, West Africa. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:154‐61.
Simondon KB, Simondon F. Age at introduction of complementary food and physical growth from 2 to 9 months in rural Senegal. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;51:703‐7.

WHO 1994a {published and unpublished data}

Brown K, Dewey K, Allen L. Complementary feeding of young children in developing countries: a review of current scientific knowledge. Geneva: WHO, 1998:28‐9.
Dewey KG, Peerson JM, Brown KH, Krebs NF, Michaelsen KF, Persson LA, et al. Growth of breast‐fed infants deviates from current reference data: a pooled analysis of US, Canadian, and European data sets. Pediatrics 1995;96:495‐503.
WHO Working Group on Infant Growth. An Evaluation of Infant Growth: Document WHO/NUT/94.8. Geneva: WHO, 1994.
WHO Working Group on Infant Growth. An evaluation of infant growth: the use and interpretation of anthropometry in infants. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1995;73:165‐74.

WHO 1997 {published and unpublished data}

Frongillo EA, de Onis M, Garza C, the World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for the Natural Regulation of Fertility. Effects of timing of complementary foods on post‐natal growth. Experimental Biology, New Orleans, April 1997. FASEB Journal 1997;11:A574.
WHO Working Group on the Growth Reference Protocol, WHO Task Force on Methods for the Natural Regulation of Fertility. Growth of healthy infants and the timing, type and frequency of complementary foods. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76(3):620‐7.

References to studies excluded from this review

Ir a:

Chantry 2006 {published data only}

Chantry CJ, Howard CR, Auinger P. Full breastfeeding and associated decrease in respiratory tract infection in US children. Pediatrics 2006;117(2):425‐31.

Chantry 2007 {published data only}

Chantry CJ, Howard CR, Auinger P. Full breastfeeding duration and risk for iron deficiency in U.S. infants. Breastfeeding Medicine 2007;2(2):63‐73.

Evelein 2011 {published data only}

Evelein AMV, Geerts CC, Visseren FLJ, Bots ML, Van der Ent CK, Grobbee DE, et al. The association between breastfeeding and the cardiovascular system in early childhood. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;93:712‐8.

Ly 2006 {published data only}

Ly CT, Diallo A, Simondon F, Simondon KB. Early short‐term infant food supplementation, maternal weight loss and duration of breast‐feeding: a randomised controlled trial in rural Senegal. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;60:265‐71.

Meinzen‐Derr 2006 {published data only}

Meinzen‐Derr JK, Guerrero ML, Altaye M, Ortega‐Gallegos H, Ruiz‐Palacios GM, Morrow AL. Risk of infant anemia is associated with exclusive breast‐feeding and maternal anemia in a Mexican cohort. Journal of Nutrition 2006;136:452‐8.

Rebhan 2009 {published data only}

Rebhan B, Kohlhuber M, Schwegler U, Fromme H, Abou‐Dakn M, et al. Breastfeeding duration and exclusivity associated with infants' health and growth: data from a prospective cohort study in Bavaria, Germany. Acta Paediatrica 2009;98(6):974‐80.

Wang 2005 {published data only}

Wang X, Wang Y, Kang C. Feeding practices in 105 counties in rural China. Child Care, Health and Development 2005;31(4):417‐23.

Weyermann 2006 {published data only}

Weyermann M, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight in childhood: a prospective birth cohort study from Germany. International Journal of Obesity 2006;30:1281‐7.

Adair 1993b

Adair L, Popkin BM, Vanderslice J, Akin J, Guilkey D, Black R, et al. Growth dynamics during the first two years of life: a prospective study in the Philippines. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;47:42‐51.

Akeson 1996b

Akeson PMK, Axelsson IE, Raiha NCR. Human milk and standard infant formula together with high quality supplementary foods is sufficient for normal growth during infancy. Pediatric Research 1996;39 Suppl:313A.

Akeson 1998a

Akeson PMK, Axelsson IE, Raiha NCR. Growth and nutrient intake in three‐ to twelve‐ month‐old infants fed human milk or formulas with varying protein concentrations. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1998;26:1‐8.

Akeson 1998b

Akeson PMK, Axelsson IE, Raiha NCR. Protein and amino acid metabolism in three‐ to twelve‐month‐old infants fed human milk or formulas with varying protein concentrations. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1998;26:297‐304.

Anderson 1999

Anderson J, Johnstone B, Remley D. Breast‐feeding and cognitive development: a meta‐analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;70:525‐35.

Bauchner 1986

Bauchner H, Leventhal J, Shapiro E. Studies of breast‐feeding and infections: How good is the evidence?. JAMA 1986;256:887‐92.

Brown 1991b

Brown KH. The relationship between diarrhoeal prevalence and growth of poor infants varies with their age and usual energy intake (abstract). FASEB Journal 1991;5:A1079.

Brown 1998

Brown K, Dewey K, Allen L. Complementary Feeding of Young Children in Developing Countries: a Review of Current Scientific Knowledge. Geneva: WHO, 1998:30‐2.

Chandra 1991

Chandra RK, Hamed A. Cumulative incidence of atopic disorders in high risk infants fed whey hydrolysate, soy, and conventional cow milk formulas. Annals of Allergy 1991;67(2 Pt 1):129‐32.

Cohen 1994b

Cohen RJ, Brown KH, Canahuati J, Rivera LL, Dewey KG. Effects of age of introduction of complementary foods on infant breast milk intake, total energy intake, and growth: a randomised intervention study in Honduras. Lancet 1994;344:288‐93.

Cohen 1995

Cohen RJ, Brown KH, Canahuati J, Rivera LL, Dewey KG. Determinants of growth from birth to 12 months among breast‐fed Honduran infants in relation to age of introduction of complementary foods. Pediatrics 1995;96:504‐10.

De Onis 2006a

De Onis M, Garza C, Onyango AW, Martorell R. WHO Child Growth Standards. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 2006;Suppl 450:1‐101.

De Onis 2006b

De Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Garza C, Yang H, for the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. Comparison of the World Health Organization and the National Center for Health Statistics/WHO international growth reference: implications for child health programmes. Public Health Nutrition 2006;9(7):942‐7.

Dewey 1995

Dewey KG, Pierson JM, Brown KH, Krebs NF, Michaelson KF, Persson LA, et al. Growth of breast‐fed infants deviates from current reference data:  a pooled analysis of US, Canada, and European data sets. Pediatrics 1995;96:495‐503.

Dewey 1996

Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera LL, Canahuati J, Brown KH. Do exclusively breast‐fed infants require extra protein?. Pediatric Research 1996;39:303‐7.

Dewey 1997

Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera LL, Canahuati J, Brown KH. Effects of age at introduction of complementary foods to breast‐fed infants on duration of lactational amenorrhea in Honduran women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;65:1403‐9.

Dewey 1998a

Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera LL, Brown KH. Effects of age of introduction of complementary foods on iron status of breast‐fed infants in Honduras. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;67:878‐84.

Dewey 1998b

Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera LL, Brown KH. Effects of age of introduction of complementary foods on micronutrient status of term, low‐birthweight, breastfed infants in Honduras. FASEB Journal 1998;12:A648.

Dewey 1999b

Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Brown KH, Rivera LL. Age of introduction of complementary foods and growth of term, low‐birth‐weight, breast‐fed infants: a randomized intervention study in Honduras. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69:679‐86.

Dewey 2001

Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Brown KH, Rivera LL. Effects of exclusive breastfeeding for four versus six months on maternal nutritional status and infant motor development: results of two randomized trials in Honduras. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131:262‐7.

Fewtrell 2011

Fewtrell M, Wilson DC, Booth I, Lucas A. Six months of exclusive breastfeeding; how good is the evidence?. BMJ2011; Vol. 342:bmj.c5955.

Frongillo 1997a

Frongillo EA, de Onis M, Garza C, the World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for the Natural Regulation of Fertility. Effects of timing of complementary foods on post‐natal growth. Experimental Biology, New Orleans, April 1997. FASEB Journal 1997;11:A574.

Gdalevich 2001a

Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, David M, Mimouni M. Breast‐feeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective studies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2001;45:520‐7.

Gdalevich 2001b

Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, Mimouni M. Breast‐feeding and the risk of bronchial asthma in childhood: a systematic review with meta‐analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Pediatrics 2001;139:261‐6.

Haschke 2000

Haschke F, van't Hof M, Euro‐growth study groups. Euro‐Growth references for breast‐fed boys and girls: influence of breast‐feeding and solids on growth until 36 months of age. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2000;31:S60‐S71.

Heiskanen 1994

Heiskanen K, Salmenpera L, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. Infant vitamin B‐6 status changes with age and with formula feeding. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;60:907‐10.

Hill 1977

Hill A. A Short Textbook of Medical Statistics. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1977.

Ip 2007

Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 153, AHRQ Publication No. 07‐E0072007.

Jadad 1996

Jadad A, Moore R, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds J, Gavaghan D, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?. Controlled Clinical Trials 1996;17:1‐12.

Kajosaari 1991

Kajosaari M. Atopy prophylaxis in high‐risk infants. Prospective 5‐year follow‐up study of children with six months exclusive breastfeeding and solid food elimination. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1991;310:453‐8.

Kajosaari 1994

Kajosaari M. Atopy prevention in childhood: the role of diet: prospective 5‐year follow‐up of high‐risk infants with six months exclusive breastfeeding and solid food elimination. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 1994;5(6 Suppl):26‐8.

Kallio 1992

Kallio MJ, Salmenpera L, Siimes MA, Perheentupa J, Miettinen TA. Exclusive breast‐feeding and weaning: effect on serum cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations in infants during the first year of life. Pediatrics 1992;89:663‐6.

Kramer 2000b

Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, et al. Breastfeeding and infant growth: biology or bias?. Pediatric Research 2000;47:151A.

Kramer 2000c

Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, et al. Promotion of breastfeeding intervention trial (PROBIT): a cluster‐randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. In: Koletzko B, Michaelsen KF, Hernell O editor(s). Short and Long Term Effects of Breast Feeding on Child Health. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000:327‐45.

Kramer 2001

Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, et al. Promotion of breastfeeding intervention trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. JAMA 2001;285:413‐20.

Owen 2005a

Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Davey Smith G, Cook DG. Effect of infant feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: a quantitative review of published evidence. Pediatrics 2005;115:1367‐77.

Owen 2005b

Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Davey Smith G, Gillman MW, Cook DG. The effect of breastfeeding on mean body mass index throughout life: a quantitative review of published and unpublished observational evidence. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;82:1298‐307.

Sauls 1979

Sauls H. Potential effect of demographic and other variables in studies comparing morbidity of breast‐fed and bottle‐fed infants. Pediatrics 1979;64:523‐7.

Savilahti 1987b

Savilahti E, Tainio VM, Salmenpera L, Siimes MA, Perheentupa J. Prolonged exclusive breast feeding and heredity as determinants in infantile atopy. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1987;62:269‐73.

Simondon 1997b

Simondon KB, Simondon F. Age at introduction of complementary food and physical growth from 2 to 9 months in rural Senegal. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;51:703‐7.

Simondon 2003

Simondon KB, Delanay V, Diallo A, Elguero E, Simondon F. Lactational amenorrhea is associated with child age at the time of introduction of complementary food: a prospective cohort study in rural Senegal, West Africa. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:154‐61.

WHO 1991

World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing breast‐feeding practices: Document WHO/CDD/SER. Vol. 91, Geneva: WHO, 1991:14.

WHO 1994b

WHO Working Group on Infant Growth. An evaluation of infant growth: Document WHO/NUT/94.8. Geneva: WHO, 1994.

WHO 1995

WHO Working Group on Infant Growth. An evaluation of infant growth: the use and interpretation of anthropometry in infants. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1995;73:165‐74.

WHO 2001a

WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. Lancet 2001;355:451‐5.

WHO 2001b

World Health Organization. Infant and young child nutrition. 54th World Health Assembly (WHA 54.2). Geneva: WHO, 2001.

WHO 2002

WHO Working Group on the Growth Reference Protocol, WHO Task Force on Methods for the Natural Regulation of Fertility. Growth of healthy infants and the timing, type and frequency of complementary foods. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76(3):620‐7.

References to other published versions of this review

Ir a:

Kramer 2009

Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003517]

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Adair 1993a

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: A.
Follow‐up: A.
Blinding: A for weight, B for length.

Participants

1204 Filipino infants.

Interventions

EBF = little or no nutritive foods or fluids other than BF for 6 months (n = 370).
MBF = BF with introduction of nutritive foods or liquids at 4 months (n = 834).

Outcomes

Weight and length gain 4‐6 months.

Notes

Multivariate analysis did not affect outcome comparison, but data not presented.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Ahn 1980

Methods

Design: retrospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: B.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A for weight, B for length.

Participants

96 healthy U.S. infants living in Baltimore‐Washington area who were EBF for at least 6 months.

Interventions

EBF = BF with no solids or liquids other than human milk for > 6 months (n = 50).
MBF = EBF for <= 6 months, then MBF until > 6 months (n = 46).

Outcomes

Weight and length gain in first 12 months.

Notes

1. No quantitative data provided.
2. Data requested on weight and length gain and illnesses in first year.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Akeson 1996a

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: C.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A for weight and blood analyses, B for length.

Participants

44 healthy Swedish infants EBF for the first 3 months.

Interventions

EBF = BF + < 125 ml/day of formula for >= 6 months (n = 26).
MBF = EBF for >= 3 months, then BF >= 2 times/day + > 125 ml/day of formula for >= 6 months (n = 18).

Outcomes

Weight and length gain 4‐8 months, 6‐9, and 8‐12 months; total and essential amino acid concentrations at 6 months.

Notes

1. N's in tables not provided for weight and length.
2. Identical data for length gain for the 2 groups at 8‐12 months: misprint?

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Brown 1991a

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: B.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A for weight, B for length.

Participants

36 poor, peri‐urban Peruvian infants.

Interventions

EBF = little or no nutritive foods or fluids other than BF for 6 months (n = 15).
MBF = BF with introduction of nutritive foods and fluids at 4 months (n = 21).

Outcomes

Weight and length gain 4‐6 months.

Notes

Multivariate analysis did not affect outcome comparison, but data not presented.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Castillo 1996

Methods

Design: cross‐sectional.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: C.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A for weight, B for length.

Participants

1122 Chilean children 3.0‐5.9 months of age.

Interventions

EBF = BF only (unclear if water, juices, or other liquids permitted) (n = 974).
MBF = EBF for >= 2.9 months, then BF + solid food (n = 148).

Outcomes

Low WAZ, LAZ, high WLZ.

Notes

1. Cannot use data quantitatively, because prevalences, confidence intervals, and SEs not provided.
2. Low WAZ and LAZ defined as <‐ 1, high WLZ as >+ 1.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Cohen 1994a

Methods

Design: controlled trial.
Quality assessment
Randomization: C.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A for weight and maternal postpartum weight loss, B for length, developmental milestones, and lactational amenorrhea.
Jadad scale
Randomization: 0/2.
Double‐blinding: 0/2.
Withdrawals: 1/1.
Total Jadad scale score: 1/5.

Participants

141 Honduran infants of low‐income families with poor sanitation.

Interventions

EBF = BF with no other liquids or solids until 6 months (n = 50).
MBF = introduction of complementary solid food at 4 months with either ad libitum nursing (SF) or maintenance of baseline nursing frequency (SF‐M) (n = 91).

Outcomes

Weight and length gain 4‐6 and 6‐12 months; WAZ, LAZ, and WLZ at 6 months; receipt of Fe supplements 6‐9 months; hemoglobin and ferritin at 6 months; % of days with fever, cough, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, hoarseness, and diarrhea; age first crawled, age first sat from lying position, walking by 12 months; maternal postpartum weight loss 4‐6 months; resumption of menses by 6 months.

Notes

1. Nonrandom allocation.
2. Cluster allocation by week of birth, while analyses done at individual level.
3. Analysis not based on intention to treat.
4. SF‐M and SF groups combined as MBF group.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

High risk

C ‐ Inadequate
Dewey 1999a

Methods

Design: controlled trial.
Quality assessment
Randomization: B.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A for weight, B for length.
Jadad scale
Randomization: 1/2.
Double‐blinding: 0/2.
Withdrawals: 1/1.
Total Jadad scale score: 2/5.

Participants

119 LBW Honduran term infants.

Interventions

EBF = BF with no other liquids or solids until 6 months (n = 59).
MBF = introduction of complementary solid food at 4 months with maintenance of baseline nursing frequency (n = 60).

Outcomes

Weight and length gain 4‐6 and 6‐12 months; WAZ, LAZ, and WLZ at 6 months; plasma zinc concentration at 6 months;
% of days with fever, cough, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, hoarseness, and diarrhea; age first crawled, age first sat from lying position, walking by 12 months; maternal postpartum weight loss 4‐6 months; resumption of menses by 6 months.

Notes

1. Cluster‐randomized by week of birth, while analyses done at individual level.
2. Analysis not based on intention to treat.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Low risk

A ‐ Adequate
Duijts 2010

Methods

Prospective, population‐based pregnancy/birth cohort study (Generation R Study from Rotterdam.)

Participants

1095 healthy Dutch singleton infants.

Interventions

EBF = BF without other milk or solids until 6 months (n = 58).

MBF = introduction of milk and/or solids between 4 and 6 months with continuation of partial BF until 6 months (n = 1037).

Outcomes

1 or more episodes of upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract infection in first 6 months and from 7‐12 months.

Notes

1. Outcomes based on mailed questionnaires (maternal report) sent at 6 and 12 months postpartum.

2. Of 7893 total infants enrolled in the cohort, breastfeeding, outcome, and covariate (potential confounder) data were available in only ˜3500 (44%) at 6 months and ˜3000 (38%) at 12 months.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not done
Duncan 1993

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: A.
Follow‐up: B.
Blinding: B.

Participants

279 healthy U.S. infants.

Interventions

EBF = EBF for >= 6 months (n = 138).
MBF = EBF for 4 months with introduction of formula or solid foods between 4 and 6 months (n = 141).

Outcomes

Number of episodes of OM, 1 or more episodes of OM, and frequent OM in first 12 months.

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Heinig 1993

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: C.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A for weight, B for length and sleeping time.

Participants

60 healthy U.S. infants living in Davis, CA.

Interventions

EBF = BF ± <= 120 ml/day of other milk or formula for >= 12 months and no solids < 6 months (n = 19).
MBF = BF ± <= 120 ml/day of other milk or formula for >= 12 months; solids introduced at 4‐6 months (n = 41).

Outcomes

Monthly weight and length gain at 6‐9 and 9‐12 months; total sleeping time at 9 months.

Notes

1. Data on weight and length gain 4‐6 months included in pooled analysis of WHO 1994.
2. No quantitative data presented on morbidity.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Huffman 1987

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: C.
Follow‐up: B.
Blinding: A.

Participants

1018 Bangladeshi women with live births.

Interventions

EBF = BF with no other liquids or solids for >= 7 months (n = 647).
MBF = EBF for 4 months with introduction of liquid or solid supplements before 7 months (n = 371).

Outcomes

Duration of lactational amenorrhea.

Notes

1. Over 95% of study women BF > 16 months, so all MBF women assumed to continue BF >= 6 months.
2. Multivariate (Cox) regression controlled for maternal education, parity, religion, and weight, but reference group EBF < 1 month.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Kajosaari 1983

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: B.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: C.

Participants

135 healthy Finnish infants of atopic parents.

Interventions

EBF = BF without cow milk‐based formula; occasional water permitted; solids introduced at about 6 months (n = 70).
MBF = BF with introduction of solids at about 3 months (n = 65).

Outcomes

Atopic eczema and food allergy at 1 year; any atopy, atopic eczema, pollen allergy, asthma, food allergy, and allergy to animal dander at 5 years.

Notes

Discrepancy between 1‐ and 5‐year follow‐up reports regarding sample sizes per group (inverted from 1 report to the other).

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Khadivzadeh 2004

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: A.
Follow‐up: A.
Blinding: A for weight, B for morbidity measures.

Participants

193 healthy, term Iranian infants followed at 1 of 5 randomly urban health centres.

Interventions

EBF = no other liquid or solid before 6 months (n = 98).
MBF = EBF for 4 months, then complementary foods.

Outcomes

Weight and length gains; incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal infection during the period of 4 to 6 months.

Notes

1. EBF and MBF infants 'matched' for sex and for weight and length at 4 months, but matching criteria for weight and length not provided.
2. 2 EBF and 5 MBF infants excluded for "noncompliance" with self‐selected group assignment.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Khan 1984

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: C.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A for weight, B for length.

Participants

48 rural Bangladeshi children.

Interventions

EBF = no other liquid or semi‐solid food (water permitted) and introduction of supplementation between 12 and 15 months.
MBF = BF + introduction of supplements between 6 and 15 months.

Outcomes

Weight and length through 24 months; number of diarrheal episodes; average duration of diarrhea.

Notes

1. Graphical presentation of data only without SDs, thus precluding quantitative reporting.
2. Misprint in legend for Figure 2.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Kramer 2000a

Methods

Design: prospective cohort nested within randomized trial.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: A.
Follow‐up: A.
Blinding: A for weight, B for length and head circumference.

Participants

3483 healthy, term Belarussian infants.

Interventions

EBF = no liquids or solids other than breast milk for >= 6 months (n = 621).
MBF = EBF for 3 months with introduction of nonbreast milk liquids or solids, or both, by 6 months (n = 2862).

Outcomes

Monthly weight and length gain 3‐6, 6‐9, and 9‐12 months; WAZ, LAZ, WLZ, and head circumference at 6, 9, and 12 months; death; occurrence of and hospitalization for gastrointestinal and respiratory infection; atopic eczema and recurrent wheezing in first 12 months; height, weight, adiposity, allergy symptoms and diagnoses, skin‐prick tests, dental caries, IQ, teacher's academic ratings, and parent's and teacher's assessments of behaviour at 6.5 years.

Notes

Outcomes analyzed using multilevel regression accounting for clustering and controlling for geographic region, urban vs rural location, parental education, family atopic history, and maternal smoking during pregnancy.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Oddy 1999

Methods

Design: prospective cohort within randomized trial.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: C.
Follow‐up: A for 1‐year outcomes, B for asthma at 6 years, C for skin‐prick tests at 6 years.
Blinding: B.

Participants

510 Australian infants.

Interventions

EBF = no nonbreast milk or solids for >= 6 months (n = 246).
MBF = EBF for 4 months, with introduction of nonbreast milk or solids, or both, at 4‐6 months (n = 264).

Outcomes

Occurrence of and hospitalization for upper and lower respiratory tract infection and recurrent wheezing in first 12 months; asthma and skin‐prick tests at 6 years.

Notes

1. Published article includes multivariate control for confounders, but data included here are raw and unpublished.
2. Current asthma at 6 years defined as doctor‐diagnosed + wheeze in previous year without a cold + receipt of asthma medication.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Onayade 2004

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: C.
Follow‐up: A for illness episodes, C for weight.
Blinding: A for weight, B for morbidity measures.

Participants

309 healthy, term infants born in Nigerian urban university teaching hospital.

Interventions

EBF = no other liquid or solid for >= 6 months (n = 264).
MBF = EBF for 4 to < 6 months, then water, formula, or cereal (n = 45).

Outcomes

Respiratory infection, gastrointestinal infection, weight, and length.

Notes

1. Only 34 of 45 MBF infants had recorded weights an lengths.
2. Error in Table 4: recorded n = 266 (vs 264 total) EBF infants with recorded weight and length.
3. No control for apparent (but small) sociodemographic differences between groups.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Pisacane 1995

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: C.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A.

Participants

30 term, appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age Italian infants recruited at 6 months and BF for first year of life.

Interventions

EBF = BF only without any other fluids or solids for >= 7 months (n = 9).
MBF = EBF for 4‐6 months with other foods introduced before 7 months (n = 21).

Outcomes

Hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations at 12 months.

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Rao 1992

Methods

Design: cross‐sectional.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: C.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A for weight, B for length.

Participants

31 poor East Indian children < 3 years living under poor hygienic conditions.

Interventions

EBF = no supplementation with other milk or traditional solid foods for 6‐12 months (n = 11).
MBF = EBF for 6 months, then supplementation with other milk or traditional foods from 6‐12 months (n = 20).

Outcomes

Weight‐for‐age < 75% of reference mean.

Notes

1. Study population included all children < 3 years living in 3 villages.
2. Data extracted for males only, because large proportion of females not initially EBF for >= 6 months.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Savilahti 1987a

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: C.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A.

Participants

26 healthy Finnish infants.

Interventions

EBF = BF without supplementary formula or solid foods for 9 months (n = 7).
MBF = BF with introduction of solids at 6 months (n = 19).

Outcomes

VLDL, LDL, HDL2, HDL3, apoprotein B, and total triglyceride concentration at 9 months.

Notes

Atopic outcomes not compared in EBF vs MBF groups as defined here.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
Simondon 1997a

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: A for monthly weight and length gain 4‐6 months, C for other outcomes.
Follow‐up: B.
Blinding: A for weight and length.

Participants

370 Senegalese infants recruited at 2‐3 months.

Interventions

EBF = breast milk and water only until at least 6‐7 months (n = 154).
MBF = breast milk, water, and introduction of complementary food between 4 and 7 months of age (n = 216).

Outcomes

Monthly weight and length gain 4‐6 and 6‐9 months; WAZ, LAZ, WLZ, and mid‐upper arm circumference at 4‐5, 6‐7, and 9‐10 months; duration of lactational amenorrhea.

Notes

1. EBF = 'very late' group, MBF = 'early' and 'late' groups combined.
2. Monthly weight and length gains 4‐6 months based on multivariate control for maternal size and education and z‐score at 2‐3 months.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
WHO 1994a

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: C.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A for weight, B for length.

Participants

Pooled sample of healthy developed‐country infants (n = 358).

Interventions

EBF = BF ± other liquids for >= 6 months (n = 200).
MBF = BF ± other liquids for >= 4 months with other milk ± solids introduced between 4 and 6 months (n = 158).

Outcomes

Monthly weight and length gain 4‐6 months.

Notes

Multivariate control for initial weight and length, but data not presented.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used
WHO 1997

Methods

Design: prospective cohort.
Quality assessment
Control for confounding: A.
Follow‐up: C.
Blinding: A for weight, B for length.

Participants

Pooled sample of mid‐to high‐SES infants from 2 developed and 3 developing countries (n = 556).

Interventions

EBF = BF ± noncaloric liquids for >= 6 months (n = 179).
MBF = BF ± caloric liquids or solids introduced at 4‐6 months (n = 377).

Outcomes

Monthly weight and length gain 4‐8 months.

Notes

1. Multilevel regression used to control for maternal size and education and infant size and growth < 4 months.
2. Large losses to follow‐up; retained sample 'similar' to full sample, but details not provided.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

D ‐ Not used

BF: breastfeeding
EBF: exclusive breastfeeding
HDL2: high‐density lipoprotein‐2
HDL3: high‐density lipoprotein‐3
LAZ: length‐for‐age z‐score
LBW: low birthweight
LDL: low density lipoprotein
MBF: mixed breastfeeding
OM: otitis media
SD: standard deviation
SE: standard error
SES: socioeconomic status
VLDL: very low density lipoprotein
vs: versus
WAZ: weight‐for‐age z‐score
WLZ: weight‐for‐length z‐score

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Study

Reason for exclusion

Chantry 2006

The group with full breastfeeding from 4 to < 6 months did not necessarily continue mixed (partial) breastfeeding to at least 6 months.

Chantry 2007

The group with full breastfeeding from 4 to < 6 months did not necessarily continue mixed (partial) breastfeeding to at least 6 months.

Evelein 2011

The group with exclusive breastfeeding from 3‐6 months did not necessarily continue mixed (partial) breastfeeding to at least 6 months.

Ly 2006

Both intervention and control groups were free to consume locally available complementary foods prior to 4 months and during the intervention period from 4 to 7 months.

Meinzen‐Derr 2006

The group with exclusive breastfeeding from 4‐6 months did not necessarily continue mixed (partial) breastfeeding to at least 6 months.

Rebhan 2009

The group with full/exclusive breastfeeding from 4‐6 months did not necessarily continue mixed (partial) breastfeeding to at least 6 months.

Wang 2005

Those infants in the control group (mixed breastfeeding at ages 4‐6 months) were not necessarily exclusively breastfed until 4 months.

Weyermann 2006

Comparing the 533 total (207+326) infants who were breastfed to any extent for at least 6 months with the 599 (277+322) who were exclusively breastfed for at least 3 months, it appears as if 66 (599‐533) of the 277 infants listed as exclusively breastfed for 3‐< 6 months discontinued breastfeeding before 6 months (see Table 1),

Data and analyses

Open in table viewer
Comparison 1. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Monthly weight gain from 4‐6 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

2

265

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

20.78 [‐21.99, 63.54]
Analysis 1.1
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain from 4‐6 months (g/mo).

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain from 4‐6 months (g/mo).

2 Monthly weight gain from 6‐12 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

2

233

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐2.62 [‐25.85, 20.62]
Analysis 1.2
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain from 6‐12 months (g/mo).

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain from 6‐12 months (g/mo).

3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

2

265

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.04, 0.24]
Analysis 1.3
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo).

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo).

4 Monthly length gain 6‐12 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

2

233

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.10, 0.02]
Analysis 1.4
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 6‐12 months (cm/mo).

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 6‐12 months (cm/mo).

5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.18 [‐0.06, 0.41]
Analysis 1.5
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

6 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [‐0.11, 0.33]
Analysis 1.6
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 6 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 6 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

7 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.09 [‐0.13, 0.31]
Analysis 1.7
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 7 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 7 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months.

8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.14 [0.74, 6.24]
Analysis 1.8
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

9 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.18 [0.56, 2.50]
Analysis 1.9
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 9 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 9 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.38 [0.17, 10.98]
Analysis 1.10
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

11 Receipt of Fe supplements 6‐9 months Show forest plot

1

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.91, 1.58]
Analysis 1.11
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 11 Receipt of Fe supplements 6‐9 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 11 Receipt of Fe supplements 6‐9 months.

12 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 6 months Show forest plot

1

139

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐5.0 [‐8.46, ‐1.54]
Analysis 1.12
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 12 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 12 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 6 months.

13 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 6 months Show forest plot

1

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.91, 1.58]
Analysis 1.13
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 13 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 13 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 6 months.

14 Hemoglobin concentration < 103 g/L at 6 months Show forest plot

1

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.29 [0.75, 2.23]
Analysis 1.14
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 14 Hemoglobin concentration < 103 g/L at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 14 Hemoglobin concentration < 103 g/L at 6 months.

15 Hematocrit (%) at 6 months Show forest plot

1

139

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.20 [‐2.15, ‐0.25]
Analysis 1.15
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 15 Hematocrit (%) at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 15 Hematocrit (%) at 6 months.

16 Hematocrit < 33% at 6 months Show forest plot

1

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.50 [0.85, 2.64]
Analysis 1.16
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 16 Hematocrit < 33% at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 16 Hematocrit < 33% at 6 months.

17 Plasma ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 6 months Show forest plot

1

135

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐18.9 [‐37.31, ‐0.49]
Analysis 1.17
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 17 Plasma ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 17 Plasma ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 6 months.

18 Plasma ferritin concentration < 12 mcg/L at 6 months Show forest plot

1

135

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.34 [0.86, 6.35]
Analysis 1.18
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 18 Plasma ferritin concentration < 12 mcg/L at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 18 Plasma ferritin concentration < 12 mcg/L at 6 months.

19 Plasma ferritin concentration < 15 mcg/L at 6 months Show forest plot

1

135

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.93 [1.13, 7.56]
Analysis 1.19
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 19 Plasma ferritin concentration < 15 mcg/L at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 19 Plasma ferritin concentration < 15 mcg/L at 6 months.

20 Plasma zinc concentration < 70 mcg/dL at 6 months Show forest plot

1

101

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.75 [0.43, 1.33]
Analysis 1.20
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 20 Plasma zinc concentration < 70 mcg/dL at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 20 Plasma zinc concentration < 70 mcg/dL at 6 months.

21 % of days with fever 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.26 [‐1.29, 1.81]
Analysis 1.21
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 21 % of days with fever 4‐6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 21 % of days with fever 4‐6 months.

22 % of days with cough 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

2.33 [‐6.00, 12.65]
Analysis 1.22
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 22 % of days with cough 4‐6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 22 % of days with cough 4‐6 months.

23 % of days with nasal congestion 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [‐4.41, 4.63]
Analysis 1.23
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 23 % of days with nasal congestion 4‐6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 23 % of days with nasal congestion 4‐6 months.

24 % of days with nasal discharge 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.72 [‐6.81, 5.38]
Analysis 1.24
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 24 % of days with nasal discharge 4‐6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 24 % of days with nasal discharge 4‐6 months.

25 % of days with hoarseness 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.19 [‐1.17, 0.79]
Analysis 1.25
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 25 % of days with hoarseness 4‐6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 25 % of days with hoarseness 4‐6 months.

26 % of days with diarrhea 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.15 [‐0.35, 2.65]
Analysis 1.26
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 26 % of days with diarrhea 4‐6 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 26 % of days with diarrhea 4‐6 months.

27 % of days with fever 6‐12 months Show forest plot

2

258

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.39 [‐2.80, 2.02]
Analysis 1.27
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 27 % of days with fever 6‐12 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 27 % of days with fever 6‐12 months.

28 % of days with nasal congestion 6‐12 months Show forest plot

2

258

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.11 [‐0.12, 6.35]
Analysis 1.28
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 28 % of days with nasal congestion 6‐12 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 28 % of days with nasal congestion 6‐12 months.

29 % of days with diarrhea 6‐12 months Show forest plot

2

258

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.74 [‐2.34, 0.86]
Analysis 1.29
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 29 % of days with diarrhea 6‐12 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 29 % of days with diarrhea 6‐12 months.

30 Age first crawled (mo) Show forest plot

2

240

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.80 [‐1.26, ‐0.34]
Analysis 1.30
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 30 Age first crawled (mo).

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 30 Age first crawled (mo).

31 Age first sat from lying position (mo) Show forest plot

2

238

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.22 [‐0.91, 0.46]
Analysis 1.31
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 31 Age first sat from lying position (mo).

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 31 Age first sat from lying position (mo).

32 Did not walk by 12 months Show forest plot

2

233

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.50, 1.55]
Analysis 1.32
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 32 Did not walk by 12 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 32 Did not walk by 12 months.

33 Maternal postpartum weight loss 4‐6 months (kg) Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.42 [0.02, 0.82]
Analysis 1.33
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 33 Maternal postpartum weight loss 4‐6 months (kg).

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 33 Maternal postpartum weight loss 4‐6 months (kg).

34 Maternal resumption of menses 6 months postpartum Show forest plot

2

189

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.58 [0.33, 1.03]
Analysis 1.34
Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 34 Maternal resumption of menses 6 months postpartum.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 34 Maternal resumption of menses 6 months postpartum.

Open in table viewer
Comparison 2. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Monthly weight gain 4‐6 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

4

1803

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐10.10 [‐27.68, 7.48]
Analysis 2.1
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain 4‐6 months (g/mo).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain 4‐6 months (g/mo).

2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐6.0 [‐54.15, 42.15]
Analysis 2.2
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo).

3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

4

1803

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.04 [‐0.02, 0.11]
Analysis 2.3
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo).

4 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.04 [‐0.06, 0.14]
Analysis 2.4
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo).

5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [‐0.09, 0.35]
Analysis 2.5
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months.

6 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.09 [‐0.15, 0.33]
Analysis 2.6
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months.

7 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.04 [‐0.14, 0.22]
Analysis 2.7
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 7 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 7 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months.

8 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [‐0.09, 0.31]
Analysis 2.8
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 8 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 8 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months.

9 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [‐0.09, 0.31]
Analysis 2.9
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 9 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6‐7 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 9 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6‐7 months.

10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.21, 0.23]
Analysis 2.10
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9‐10 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9‐10 months.

11 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.92 [0.54, 1.58]
Analysis 2.11
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 11 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 11 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.

12 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.64, 1.36]
Analysis 2.12
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 12 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 12 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.

13 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.57, 2.53]
Analysis 2.13
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 13 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 13 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.

14 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.21 [0.62, 2.37]
Analysis 2.14
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 14 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 14 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.

15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.42 [0.12, 1.50]
Analysis 2.15
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.

16 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.82 [0.39, 1.71]
Analysis 2.16
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 16 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 16 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.

17 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 6‐7 months (cm) Show forest plot

1

370

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.04, 0.44]
Analysis 2.17
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 17 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 6‐7 months (cm).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 17 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 6‐7 months (cm).

18 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 9‐10 months (cm) Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.16, 0.36]
Analysis 2.18
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 18 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 9‐10 months (cm).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 18 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 9‐10 months (cm).

19 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection at 4‐6 months Show forest plot

1

193

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.21, 0.78]
Analysis 2.19
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 19 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection at 4‐6 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 19 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection at 4‐6 months.

20 One or more episodes of respiratory infection at 4‐6 months Show forest plot

1

193

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.68 [0.43, 1.06]
Analysis 2.20
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 20 One or more episodes of respiratory infection at 4‐6 months.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 20 One or more episodes of respiratory infection at 4‐6 months.

21 Resumption of menses by 6‐7 months postpartum Show forest plot

1

686

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.19 [0.05, 0.79]
Analysis 2.21
Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 21 Resumption of menses by 6‐7 months postpartum.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 21 Resumption of menses by 6‐7 months postpartum.

Open in table viewer
Comparison 3. Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developing countries, observational studies

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Weight‐for‐age < 75% of reference mean Show forest plot

1

31

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.61 [0.26, 1.43]
Analysis 3.1
Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Weight‐for‐age < 75% of reference mean.

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Weight‐for‐age < 75% of reference mean.

Open in table viewer
Comparison 4. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Monthly weight gain 3‐8 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

4

4388

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐7.95 [‐31.84, 15.93]
Analysis 4.1
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain 3‐8 months (g/mo).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain 3‐8 months (g/mo).

2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

2

3432

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

21.11 [‐44.70, 86.91]
Analysis 4.2
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo).

3 Monthly weight gain 8‐12 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

3

3450

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.82 [‐16.72, 13.08]
Analysis 4.3
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 Monthly weight gain 8‐12 months (g/mo).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 Monthly weight gain 8‐12 months (g/mo).

4 Monthly length gain 3‐8 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

4

4385

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.03 [‐0.11, 0.06]
Analysis 4.4
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 3‐8 months (cm/mo).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 3‐8 months (cm/mo).

5 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

2

3430

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.10, 0.01]
Analysis 4.5
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo).

6 Monthly length gain 8‐12 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

3

3448

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.09 [0.03, 0.14]
Analysis 4.6
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Monthly length gain 8‐12 months (cm/mo).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Monthly length gain 8‐12 months (cm/mo).

7 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3455

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.09 [‐0.16, ‐0.02]
Analysis 4.7
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 7 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 7 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3400

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.18, ‐0.02]
Analysis 4.8
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months.

9 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3458

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.09 [‐0.17, ‐0.01]
Analysis 4.9
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 9 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 9 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months.

10 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3454

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.12 [‐0.20, ‐0.04]
Analysis 4.10
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 10 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 10 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

11 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3398

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.14 [‐0.22, ‐0.06]
Analysis 4.11
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 11 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 11 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months.

12 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3458

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.02 [‐0.10, 0.06]
Analysis 4.12
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 12 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 12 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months.

13 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3454

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.07, 0.11]
Analysis 4.13
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 13 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 13 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months.

14 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3398

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.03 [‐0.06, 0.12]
Analysis 4.14
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 14 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 14 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9 months.

15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3458

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.08 [‐0.17, 0.01]
Analysis 4.15
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 12 months.

16 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3461

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.92 [0.04, 19.04]
Analysis 4.16
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 16 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 16 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

17 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3408

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.52 [0.16, 14.62]
Analysis 4.17
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 17 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 17 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.

18 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3466

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.15 [0.13, 10.31]
Analysis 4.18
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 18 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 18 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.

19 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3460

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.53 [0.84, 2.78]
Analysis 4.19
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 19 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 19 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

20 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3406

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.46 [0.80, 2.64]
Analysis 4.20
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 20 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 20 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.

21 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3466

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.66 [0.23, 1.87]
Analysis 4.21
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 21 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 21 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.

22 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3460

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.31 [0.02, 5.34]
Analysis 4.22
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 22 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 22 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

23 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3406

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.14 [0.24, 5.37]
Analysis 4.23
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 23 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 23 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.

24 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3466

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.15 [0.13, 10.31]
Analysis 4.24
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 24 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 24 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.

25 Head circumference at 6 months (cm) Show forest plot

1

3440

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.23, 0.03]
Analysis 4.25
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 25 Head circumference at 6 months (cm).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 25 Head circumference at 6 months (cm).

26 Head circumference at 9 months (cm) Show forest plot

1

3389

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.07 [‐0.06, 0.20]
Analysis 4.26
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 26 Head circumference at 9 months (cm).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 26 Head circumference at 9 months (cm).

27 Head circumference at 12 months (cm) Show forest plot

1

3450

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.19 [0.06, 0.32]
Analysis 4.27
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 27 Head circumference at 12 months (cm).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 27 Head circumference at 12 months (cm).

28 Sleeping time at 9 months (min/day) Show forest plot

1

50

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [‐36.65, 38.65]
Analysis 4.28
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 28 Sleeping time at 9 months (min/day).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 28 Sleeping time at 9 months (min/day).

29 Total essential amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months Show forest plot

1

44

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

22.0 [‐59.60, 103.60]
Analysis 4.29
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 29 Total essential amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 29 Total essential amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months.

30 Total amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months Show forest plot

1

44

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

73.0 [‐118.22, 264.22]
Analysis 4.30
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 30 Total amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 30 Total amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months.

31 Atopic eczema in first 12 months Show forest plot

2

3618

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.27, 1.59]
Analysis 4.31
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 31 Atopic eczema in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 31 Atopic eczema in first 12 months.

32 Food allergy at 1 year (by history) Show forest plot

1

135

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.19 [0.08, 0.48]
Analysis 4.32
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 32 Food allergy at 1 year (by history).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 32 Food allergy at 1 year (by history).

33 Food allergy at 1 year (by double challenge) Show forest plot

1

135

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.77 [0.25, 2.41]
Analysis 4.33
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 33 Food allergy at 1 year (by double challenge).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 33 Food allergy at 1 year (by double challenge).

34 Two or more episodes of wheezing in first 12 months Show forest plot

2

3993

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.49, 1.28]
Analysis 4.34
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 34 Two or more episodes of wheezing in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 34 Two or more episodes of wheezing in first 12 months.

35 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 12 months Show forest plot

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

8.0 [4.03, 11.97]
Analysis 4.35
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 35 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 35 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 12 months.

36 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 12 months Show forest plot

1

30

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [0.01, 1.80]
Analysis 4.36
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 36 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 36 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 12 months.

37 Serum ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 12 months Show forest plot

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.70 [‐6.30, 15.70]
Analysis 4.37
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 37 Serum ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 37 Serum ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 12 months.

38 Serum ferritin concentration < 10 mcg/L at 12 months Show forest plot

1

30

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.42 [0.12, 1.54]
Analysis 4.38
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 38 Serum ferritin concentration < 10 mcg/L at 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 38 Serum ferritin concentration < 10 mcg/L at 12 months.

39 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

3483

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.46, 0.97]
Analysis 4.39
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 39 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 39 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months.

40 Hospitalization for gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

3483

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.42, 1.49]
Analysis 4.40
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 40 Hospitalization for gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 40 Hospitalization for gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months.

41 One or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

510

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.96, 1.20]
Analysis 4.41
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 41 One or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 41 One or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

42 Two or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

2

3993

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.82, 1.02]
Analysis 4.42
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 42 Two or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 42 Two or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

43 Four or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

510

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.82 [0.52, 1.29]
Analysis 4.43
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 43 Four or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 43 Four or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

44 One or more episodes of lower respiratory tract infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

510

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.86, 1.33]
Analysis 4.44
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 44 One or more episodes of lower respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 44 One or more episodes of lower respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

45 Two or more episodes of respiratory tract infection (upper or lower) in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

3483

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.90 [0.79, 1.03]
Analysis 4.45
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 45 Two or more episodes of respiratory tract infection (upper or lower) in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 45 Two or more episodes of respiratory tract infection (upper or lower) in first 12 months.

46 Hospitalization for respiratory tract infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

2

3993

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.75 [0.60, 0.94]
Analysis 4.46
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 46 Hospitalization for respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 46 Hospitalization for respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

47 Number of episodes of otitis media in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

279

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.49, 0.41]
Analysis 4.47
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 47 Number of episodes of otitis media in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 47 Number of episodes of otitis media in first 12 months.

48 One or more episodes of otitis media in first 12 months Show forest plot

2

3762

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.28 [1.04, 1.57]
Analysis 4.48
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 48 One or more episodes of otitis media in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 48 One or more episodes of otitis media in first 12 months.

49 Frequent otitis media in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

279

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.43, 1.52]
Analysis 4.49
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 49 Frequent otitis media in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 49 Frequent otitis media in first 12 months.

50 Death in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

3483

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.30 [0.21, 25.37]
Analysis 4.50
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 50 Death in first 12 months.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 50 Death in first 12 months.

51 Any dental caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years Show forest plot

1

2948

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.94, 1.03]
Analysis 4.51
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 51 Any dental caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 51 Any dental caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years.

52 Any incisor caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years Show forest plot

1

2948

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.72, 1.16]
Analysis 4.52
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 52 Any incisor caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 52 Any incisor caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years.

53 Height at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.40, 0.60]
Analysis 4.53
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 53 Height at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 53 Height at 6.5 years.

54 Leg length at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.14, 0.54]
Analysis 4.54
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 54 Leg length at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 54 Leg length at 6.5 years.

55 Head circumference at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.04, 0.24]
Analysis 4.55
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 55 Head circumference at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 55 Head circumference at 6.5 years.

56 BMI at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [0.02, 0.38]
Analysis 4.56
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 56 BMI at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 56 BMI at 6.5 years.

57 Triceps skinfold thickness at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.90 [0.51, 1.29]
Analysis 4.57
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 57 Triceps skinfold thickness at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 57 Triceps skinfold thickness at 6.5 years.

58 Subscapular skinfold thickness Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [0.25, 0.75]
Analysis 4.58
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 58 Subscapular skinfold thickness.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 58 Subscapular skinfold thickness.

59 Waist circumference at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.42, 0.42]
Analysis 4.59
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 59 Waist circumference at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 59 Waist circumference at 6.5 years.

60 Hip circumference at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [0.05, 0.95]
Analysis 4.60
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 60 Hip circumference at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 60 Hip circumference at 6.5 years.

61 Systolic blood pressure at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.30 [0.39, 2.21]
Analysis 4.61
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 61 Systolic blood pressure at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 61 Systolic blood pressure at 6.5 years.

62 Diastolic blood pressure at 6.5 years (mm Hg) Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.29, 1.71]
Analysis 4.62
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 62 Diastolic blood pressure at 6.5 years (mm Hg).

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 62 Diastolic blood pressure at 6.5 years (mm Hg).

63 Atopic eczema at 5‐7 years Show forest plot

2

3584

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.47, 1.58]
Analysis 4.63
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 63 Atopic eczema at 5‐7 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 63 Atopic eczema at 5‐7 years.

64 Hay fever at 5‐7 years Show forest plot

2

3584

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.39, 1.65]
Analysis 4.64
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 64 Hay fever at 5‐7 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 64 Hay fever at 5‐7 years.

65 Asthma at 5‐7 years Show forest plot

3

4023

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.72, 1.44]
Analysis 4.65
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 65 Asthma at 5‐7 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 65 Asthma at 5‐7 years.

66 Food allergy at 5 years Show forest plot

1

113

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.61 [0.12, 3.19]
Analysis 4.66
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 66 Food allergy at 5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 66 Food allergy at 5 years.

67 Allergy to animal dander at 5 years Show forest plot

1

113

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.24, 2.72]
Analysis 4.67
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 67 Allergy to animal dander at 5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 67 Allergy to animal dander at 5 years.

68 Positive skin‐prick test to house dust mite at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2320

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.62, 1.20]
Analysis 4.68
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 68 Positive skin‐prick test to house dust mite at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 68 Positive skin‐prick test to house dust mite at 6.5 years.

69 Positive skin‐prick test to cat dander at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2320

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.60, 1.24]
Analysis 4.69
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 69 Positive skin‐prick test to cat dander at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 69 Positive skin‐prick test to cat dander at 6.5 years.

70 Positive skin‐prick test to birch pollen at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2320

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.55, 1.18]
Analysis 4.70
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 70 Positive skin‐prick test to birch pollen at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 70 Positive skin‐prick test to birch pollen at 6.5 years.

71 Positive skin‐prick test to mixed northern grasses at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2320

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.71 [0.50, 1.01]
Analysis 4.71
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 71 Positive skin‐prick test to mixed northern grasses at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 71 Positive skin‐prick test to mixed northern grasses at 6.5 years.

72 Positive skin‐prick test to Alternaria at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2320

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.74 [0.47, 1.17]
Analysis 4.72
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 72 Positive skin‐prick test to Alternaria at 6.5 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 72 Positive skin‐prick test to Alternaria at 6.5 years.

73 Any positive skin‐prick test at 6‐7 years Show forest plot

2

2651

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.81, 1.11]
Analysis 4.73
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 73 Any positive skin‐prick test at 6‐7 years.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 73 Any positive skin‐prick test at 6‐7 years.

74 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: vocabulary Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [‐0.57, 1.57]
Analysis 4.74
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 74 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: vocabulary.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 74 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: vocabulary.

75 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: similarities Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [‐0.56, 1.16]
Analysis 4.75
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 75 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: similarities.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 75 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: similarities.

76 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: matrices Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.20 [‐1.07, 0.67]
Analysis 4.76
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 76 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: matrices.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 76 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: matrices.

77 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: block designs Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.30 [0.40, 2.20]
Analysis 4.77
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 77 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: block designs.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 77 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: block designs.

78 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: verbal IQ Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [‐0.95, 1.95]
Analysis 4.78
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 78 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: verbal IQ.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 78 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: verbal IQ.

79 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: performance IQ Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [‐0.55, 2.15]
Analysis 4.79
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 79 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: performance IQ.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 79 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: performance IQ.

80 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: full‐scale IQ Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [‐0.58, 2.18]
Analysis 4.80
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 80 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: full‐scale IQ.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 80 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: full‐scale IQ.

81 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: reading Show forest plot

1

2196

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.19, ‐0.01]
Analysis 4.81
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 81 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: reading.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 81 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: reading.

82 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: writing Show forest plot

1

2196

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.12 [‐0.20, ‐0.04]
Analysis 4.82
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 82 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: writing.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 82 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: writing.

83 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: mathematics Show forest plot

1

2196

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.12, 0.04]
Analysis 4.83
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 83 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: mathematics.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 83 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: mathematics.

84 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: other subjects Show forest plot

1

2196

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.17, ‐0.03]
Analysis 4.84
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 84 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: other subjects.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 84 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: other subjects.

85 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [‐0.16, 0.76]
Analysis 4.85
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 85 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 85 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties.

86 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.09, 0.29]
Analysis 4.86
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 86 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 86 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms.

87 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.13, 0.13]
Analysis 4.87
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 87 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 87 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems.

88 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.01, 0.41]
Analysis 4.88
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 88 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 88 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention.

89 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.05, 0.25]
Analysis 4.89
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 89 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 89 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems.

90 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.05, 0.25]
Analysis 4.90
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 90 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 90 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior.

91 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.46, 0.66]
Analysis 4.91
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 91 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 91 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties.

92 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.18, 0.18]
Analysis 4.92
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 92 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 92 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms.

93 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.17, 0.17]
Analysis 4.93
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 93 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 93 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems.

94 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.37, 0.17]
Analysis 4.94
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 94 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 94 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention.

95 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.08, 0.28]
Analysis 4.95
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 95 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 95 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems.

96 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.33, 0.13]
Analysis 4.96
Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 96 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior.

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 96 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior.

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Comparison 5. Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Very low density lipoprotein concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.05 [‐0.10, 0.20]
Analysis 5.1
Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Very low density lipoprotein concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Very low density lipoprotein concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

2 Low density lipoproteinconcentration (mmol/L) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.88, 0.68]
Analysis 5.2
Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Low density lipoproteinconcentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Low density lipoproteinconcentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

3 High‐density lipoprotein‐2 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.08 [‐0.05, 0.21]
Analysis 5.3
Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 High‐density lipoprotein‐2 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 High‐density lipoprotein‐2 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

4 High‐density lipoprotein‐3 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]
Analysis 5.4
Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 High‐density lipoprotein‐3 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 High‐density lipoprotein‐3 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

5 Apoprotein B concentration (mg/dL) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

5.0 [‐14.93, 24.93]
Analysis 5.5
Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Apoprotein B concentration (mg/dL) at 9 months.

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Apoprotein B concentration (mg/dL) at 9 months.

6 Total triglyceride concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.3 [‐0.23, 0.83]
Analysis 5.6
Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Total triglyceride concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Total triglyceride concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain from 4‐6 months (g/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain from 4‐6 months (g/mo).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain from 6‐12 months (g/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain from 6‐12 months (g/mo).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 6‐12 months (cm/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 6‐12 months (cm/mo).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 6 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 6 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 7 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 7 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 9 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 9 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 11 Receipt of Fe supplements 6‐9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 11 Receipt of Fe supplements 6‐9 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 12 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 12 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 13 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 13 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 14 Hemoglobin concentration < 103 g/L at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 14 Hemoglobin concentration < 103 g/L at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 15 Hematocrit (%) at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.15

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 15 Hematocrit (%) at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 16 Hematocrit < 33% at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.16

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 16 Hematocrit < 33% at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 17 Plasma ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.17

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 17 Plasma ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 18 Plasma ferritin concentration < 12 mcg/L at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.18

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 18 Plasma ferritin concentration < 12 mcg/L at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 19 Plasma ferritin concentration < 15 mcg/L at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.19

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 19 Plasma ferritin concentration < 15 mcg/L at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 20 Plasma zinc concentration < 70 mcg/dL at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.20

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 20 Plasma zinc concentration < 70 mcg/dL at 6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 21 % of days with fever 4‐6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.21

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 21 % of days with fever 4‐6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 22 % of days with cough 4‐6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.22

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 22 % of days with cough 4‐6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 23 % of days with nasal congestion 4‐6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.23

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 23 % of days with nasal congestion 4‐6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 24 % of days with nasal discharge 4‐6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.24

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 24 % of days with nasal discharge 4‐6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 25 % of days with hoarseness 4‐6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.25

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 25 % of days with hoarseness 4‐6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 26 % of days with diarrhea 4‐6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.26

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 26 % of days with diarrhea 4‐6 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 27 % of days with fever 6‐12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.27

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 27 % of days with fever 6‐12 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 28 % of days with nasal congestion 6‐12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.28

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 28 % of days with nasal congestion 6‐12 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 29 % of days with diarrhea 6‐12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.29

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 29 % of days with diarrhea 6‐12 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 30 Age first crawled (mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.30

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 30 Age first crawled (mo).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 31 Age first sat from lying position (mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.31

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 31 Age first sat from lying position (mo).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 32 Did not walk by 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.32

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 32 Did not walk by 12 months.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 33 Maternal postpartum weight loss 4‐6 months (kg).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.33

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 33 Maternal postpartum weight loss 4‐6 months (kg).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 34 Maternal resumption of menses 6 months postpartum.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.34

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials, Outcome 34 Maternal resumption of menses 6 months postpartum.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain 4‐6 months (g/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain 4‐6 months (g/mo).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 7 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 7 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 8 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 8 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 9 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6‐7 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.9

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 9 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6‐7 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9‐10 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.10

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9‐10 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 11 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.11

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 11 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 12 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.12

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 12 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 13 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.13

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 13 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 14 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.14

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 14 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.15

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 16 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.16

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 16 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 17 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 6‐7 months (cm).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.17

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 17 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 6‐7 months (cm).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 18 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 9‐10 months (cm).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.18

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 18 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 9‐10 months (cm).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 19 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection at 4‐6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.19

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 19 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection at 4‐6 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 20 One or more episodes of respiratory infection at 4‐6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.20

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 20 One or more episodes of respiratory infection at 4‐6 months.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 21 Resumption of menses by 6‐7 months postpartum.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.21

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 21 Resumption of menses by 6‐7 months postpartum.

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Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Weight‐for‐age < 75% of reference mean.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developing countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Weight‐for‐age < 75% of reference mean.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain 3‐8 months (g/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Monthly weight gain 3‐8 months (g/mo).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 Monthly weight gain 8‐12 months (g/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 Monthly weight gain 8‐12 months (g/mo).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 3‐8 months (cm/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.4

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 Monthly length gain 3‐8 months (cm/mo).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.5

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Monthly length gain 8‐12 months (cm/mo).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.6

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Monthly length gain 8‐12 months (cm/mo).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 7 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.7

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 7 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.8

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 9 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.9

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 9 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 10 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.10

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 10 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 11 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.11

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 11 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 12 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.12

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 12 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 13 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.13

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 13 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 14 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.14

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 14 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9 months.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.15

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 16 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.16

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 16 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 17 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.17

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 17 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 18 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.18

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 18 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 19 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.19

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 19 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 20 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.20

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 20 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 21 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.21

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 21 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 22 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.22

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 22 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 23 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.23

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 23 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 24 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.24

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 24 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 25 Head circumference at 6 months (cm).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.25

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 25 Head circumference at 6 months (cm).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 26 Head circumference at 9 months (cm).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.26

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 26 Head circumference at 9 months (cm).

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 27 Head circumference at 12 months (cm).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.27

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 27 Head circumference at 12 months (cm).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 28 Sleeping time at 9 months (min/day).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.28

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 28 Sleeping time at 9 months (min/day).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 29 Total essential amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.29

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 29 Total essential amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 30 Total amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.30

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 30 Total amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 31 Atopic eczema in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.31

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 31 Atopic eczema in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 32 Food allergy at 1 year (by history).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.32

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 32 Food allergy at 1 year (by history).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 33 Food allergy at 1 year (by double challenge).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.33

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 33 Food allergy at 1 year (by double challenge).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 34 Two or more episodes of wheezing in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.34

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 34 Two or more episodes of wheezing in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 35 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.35

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 35 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 36 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.36

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 36 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 37 Serum ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.37

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 37 Serum ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 38 Serum ferritin concentration < 10 mcg/L at 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.38

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 38 Serum ferritin concentration < 10 mcg/L at 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 39 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.39

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 39 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 40 Hospitalization for gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.40

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 40 Hospitalization for gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 41 One or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.41

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 41 One or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 42 Two or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.42

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 42 Two or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 43 Four or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.43

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 43 Four or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 44 One or more episodes of lower respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.44

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 44 One or more episodes of lower respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 45 Two or more episodes of respiratory tract infection (upper or lower) in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.45

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 45 Two or more episodes of respiratory tract infection (upper or lower) in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 46 Hospitalization for respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.46

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 46 Hospitalization for respiratory tract infection in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 47 Number of episodes of otitis media in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.47

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 47 Number of episodes of otitis media in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 48 One or more episodes of otitis media in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.48

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 48 One or more episodes of otitis media in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 49 Frequent otitis media in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.49

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 49 Frequent otitis media in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 50 Death in first 12 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.50

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 50 Death in first 12 months.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 51 Any dental caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.51

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 51 Any dental caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 52 Any incisor caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.52

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 52 Any incisor caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 53 Height at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.53

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 53 Height at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 54 Leg length at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.54

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 54 Leg length at 6.5 years.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 55 Head circumference at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.55

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 55 Head circumference at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 56 BMI at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.56

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 56 BMI at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 57 Triceps skinfold thickness at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.57

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 57 Triceps skinfold thickness at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 58 Subscapular skinfold thickness.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.58

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 58 Subscapular skinfold thickness.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 59 Waist circumference at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.59

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 59 Waist circumference at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 60 Hip circumference at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.60

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 60 Hip circumference at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 61 Systolic blood pressure at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.61

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 61 Systolic blood pressure at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 62 Diastolic blood pressure at 6.5 years (mm Hg).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.62

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 62 Diastolic blood pressure at 6.5 years (mm Hg).

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 63 Atopic eczema at 5‐7 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.63

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 63 Atopic eczema at 5‐7 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 64 Hay fever at 5‐7 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.64

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 64 Hay fever at 5‐7 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 65 Asthma at 5‐7 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.65

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 65 Asthma at 5‐7 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 66 Food allergy at 5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.66

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 66 Food allergy at 5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 67 Allergy to animal dander at 5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.67

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 67 Allergy to animal dander at 5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 68 Positive skin‐prick test to house dust mite at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.68

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 68 Positive skin‐prick test to house dust mite at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 69 Positive skin‐prick test to cat dander at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.69

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 69 Positive skin‐prick test to cat dander at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 70 Positive skin‐prick test to birch pollen at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.70

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 70 Positive skin‐prick test to birch pollen at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 71 Positive skin‐prick test to mixed northern grasses at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.71

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 71 Positive skin‐prick test to mixed northern grasses at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 72 Positive skin‐prick test to Alternaria at 6.5 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.72

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 72 Positive skin‐prick test to Alternaria at 6.5 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 73 Any positive skin‐prick test at 6‐7 years.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.73

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 73 Any positive skin‐prick test at 6‐7 years.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 74 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: vocabulary.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.74

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 74 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: vocabulary.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 75 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: similarities.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.75

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 75 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: similarities.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 76 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: matrices.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.76

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 76 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: matrices.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 77 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: block designs.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.77

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 77 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: block designs.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 78 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: verbal IQ.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.78

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 78 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: verbal IQ.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 79 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: performance IQ.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.79

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 79 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: performance IQ.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 80 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: full‐scale IQ.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.80

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 80 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: full‐scale IQ.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 81 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: reading.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.81

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 81 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: reading.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 82 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: writing.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.82

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 82 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: writing.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 83 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: mathematics.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.83

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 83 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: mathematics.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 84 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: other subjects.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.84

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 84 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: other subjects.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 85 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.85

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 85 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 86 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.86

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 86 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 87 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.87

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 87 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 88 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.88

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 88 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 89 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.89

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 89 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 90 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.90

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 90 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 91 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.91

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 91 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 92 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.92

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 92 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 93 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.93

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 93 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 94 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.94

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 94 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 95 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.95

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 95 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems.

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Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 96 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.96

Comparison 4 Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 96 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior.

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Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Very low density lipoprotein concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 1 Very low density lipoprotein concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

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Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Low density lipoproteinconcentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.2

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 2 Low density lipoproteinconcentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

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Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 High‐density lipoprotein‐2 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.3

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 3 High‐density lipoprotein‐2 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

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Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 High‐density lipoprotein‐3 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.4

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 4 High‐density lipoprotein‐3 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

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Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Apoprotein B concentration (mg/dL) at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.5

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 5 Apoprotein B concentration (mg/dL) at 9 months.

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Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Total triglyceride concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.6

Comparison 5 Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies, Outcome 6 Total triglyceride concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months.

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Comparison 1. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Monthly weight gain from 4‐6 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

2

265

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

20.78 [‐21.99, 63.54]

2 Monthly weight gain from 6‐12 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

2

233

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐2.62 [‐25.85, 20.62]

3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

2

265

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.04, 0.24]

4 Monthly length gain 6‐12 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

2

233

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.10, 0.02]

5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.18 [‐0.06, 0.41]

6 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [‐0.11, 0.33]

7 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.09 [‐0.13, 0.31]

8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.14 [0.74, 6.24]

9 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.18 [0.56, 2.50]

10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.38 [0.17, 10.98]

11 Receipt of Fe supplements 6‐9 months Show forest plot

1

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.91, 1.58]

12 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 6 months Show forest plot

1

139

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐5.0 [‐8.46, ‐1.54]

13 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 6 months Show forest plot

1

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.91, 1.58]

14 Hemoglobin concentration < 103 g/L at 6 months Show forest plot

1

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.29 [0.75, 2.23]

15 Hematocrit (%) at 6 months Show forest plot

1

139

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.20 [‐2.15, ‐0.25]

16 Hematocrit < 33% at 6 months Show forest plot

1

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.50 [0.85, 2.64]

17 Plasma ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 6 months Show forest plot

1

135

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐18.9 [‐37.31, ‐0.49]

18 Plasma ferritin concentration < 12 mcg/L at 6 months Show forest plot

1

135

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.34 [0.86, 6.35]

19 Plasma ferritin concentration < 15 mcg/L at 6 months Show forest plot

1

135

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.93 [1.13, 7.56]

20 Plasma zinc concentration < 70 mcg/dL at 6 months Show forest plot

1

101

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.75 [0.43, 1.33]

21 % of days with fever 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.26 [‐1.29, 1.81]

22 % of days with cough 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

2.33 [‐6.00, 12.65]

23 % of days with nasal congestion 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [‐4.41, 4.63]

24 % of days with nasal discharge 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.72 [‐6.81, 5.38]

25 % of days with hoarseness 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.19 [‐1.17, 0.79]

26 % of days with diarrhea 4‐6 months Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.15 [‐0.35, 2.65]

27 % of days with fever 6‐12 months Show forest plot

2

258

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.39 [‐2.80, 2.02]

28 % of days with nasal congestion 6‐12 months Show forest plot

2

258

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.11 [‐0.12, 6.35]

29 % of days with diarrhea 6‐12 months Show forest plot

2

258

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.74 [‐2.34, 0.86]

30 Age first crawled (mo) Show forest plot

2

240

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.80 [‐1.26, ‐0.34]

31 Age first sat from lying position (mo) Show forest plot

2

238

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.22 [‐0.91, 0.46]

32 Did not walk by 12 months Show forest plot

2

233

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.50, 1.55]

33 Maternal postpartum weight loss 4‐6 months (kg) Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.42 [0.02, 0.82]

34 Maternal resumption of menses 6 months postpartum Show forest plot

2

189

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.58 [0.33, 1.03]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 versus 4 months, developing countries, controlled trials
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Comparison 2. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Monthly weight gain 4‐6 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

4

1803

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐10.10 [‐27.68, 7.48]

2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐6.0 [‐54.15, 42.15]

3 Monthly length gain 4‐6 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

4

1803

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.04 [‐0.02, 0.11]

4 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.04 [‐0.06, 0.14]

5 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [‐0.09, 0.35]

6 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.09 [‐0.15, 0.33]

7 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.04 [‐0.14, 0.22]

8 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [‐0.09, 0.31]

9 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [‐0.09, 0.31]

10 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.21, 0.23]

11 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.92 [0.54, 1.58]

12 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.64, 1.36]

13 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.57, 2.53]

14 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.21 [0.62, 2.37]

15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6‐7 months Show forest plot

1

370

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.42 [0.12, 1.50]

16 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9‐10 months Show forest plot

1

319

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.82 [0.39, 1.71]

17 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 6‐7 months (cm) Show forest plot

1

370

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.04, 0.44]

18 Mid‐upper arm circumference at 9‐10 months (cm) Show forest plot

1

319

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.16, 0.36]

19 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection at 4‐6 months Show forest plot

1

193

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.21, 0.78]

20 One or more episodes of respiratory infection at 4‐6 months Show forest plot

1

193

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.68 [0.43, 1.06]

21 Resumption of menses by 6‐7 months postpartum Show forest plot

1

686

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.19 [0.05, 0.79]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 versus 3‐4 months, developing countries, observational studies
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 3. Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developing countries, observational studies

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Weight‐for‐age < 75% of reference mean Show forest plot

1

31

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.61 [0.26, 1.43]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developing countries, observational studies
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 4. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Monthly weight gain 3‐8 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

4

4388

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐7.95 [‐31.84, 15.93]

2 Monthly weight gain 6‐9 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

2

3432

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

21.11 [‐44.70, 86.91]

3 Monthly weight gain 8‐12 months (g/mo) Show forest plot

3

3450

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.82 [‐16.72, 13.08]

4 Monthly length gain 3‐8 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

4

4385

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.03 [‐0.11, 0.06]

5 Monthly length gain 6‐9 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

2

3430

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.10, 0.01]

6 Monthly length gain 8‐12 months (cm/mo) Show forest plot

3

3448

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.09 [0.03, 0.14]

7 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3455

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.09 [‐0.16, ‐0.02]

8 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3400

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.18, ‐0.02]

9 Weight‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3458

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.09 [‐0.17, ‐0.01]

10 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3454

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.12 [‐0.20, ‐0.04]

11 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3398

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.14 [‐0.22, ‐0.06]

12 Length‐for‐age z‐score at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3458

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.02 [‐0.10, 0.06]

13 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3454

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.07, 0.11]

14 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3398

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.03 [‐0.06, 0.12]

15 Weight‐for‐length z‐score at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3458

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.08 [‐0.17, 0.01]

16 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3461

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.92 [0.04, 19.04]

17 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3408

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.52 [0.16, 14.62]

18 Weight‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3466

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.15 [0.13, 10.31]

19 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3460

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.53 [0.84, 2.78]

20 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3406

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.46 [0.80, 2.64]

21 Length‐for‐age z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3466

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.66 [0.23, 1.87]

22 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 6 months Show forest plot

1

3460

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.31 [0.02, 5.34]

23 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 9 months Show forest plot

1

3406

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.14 [0.24, 5.37]

24 Weight‐for‐length z‐score < ‐2 at 12 months Show forest plot

1

3466

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.15 [0.13, 10.31]

25 Head circumference at 6 months (cm) Show forest plot

1

3440

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.23, 0.03]

26 Head circumference at 9 months (cm) Show forest plot

1

3389

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.07 [‐0.06, 0.20]

27 Head circumference at 12 months (cm) Show forest plot

1

3450

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.19 [0.06, 0.32]

28 Sleeping time at 9 months (min/day) Show forest plot

1

50

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [‐36.65, 38.65]

29 Total essential amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months Show forest plot

1

44

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

22.0 [‐59.60, 103.60]

30 Total amino acid concentration (umol/L) at 6 months Show forest plot

1

44

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

73.0 [‐118.22, 264.22]

31 Atopic eczema in first 12 months Show forest plot

2

3618

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.27, 1.59]

32 Food allergy at 1 year (by history) Show forest plot

1

135

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.19 [0.08, 0.48]

33 Food allergy at 1 year (by double challenge) Show forest plot

1

135

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.77 [0.25, 2.41]

34 Two or more episodes of wheezing in first 12 months Show forest plot

2

3993

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.49, 1.28]

35 Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) at 12 months Show forest plot

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

8.0 [4.03, 11.97]

36 Hemoglobin concentration < 110 g/L at 12 months Show forest plot

1

30

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [0.01, 1.80]

37 Serum ferritin concentration (mcg/L) at 12 months Show forest plot

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.70 [‐6.30, 15.70]

38 Serum ferritin concentration < 10 mcg/L at 12 months Show forest plot

1

30

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.42 [0.12, 1.54]

39 One or more episodes of gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

3483

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.46, 0.97]

40 Hospitalization for gastrointestinal infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

3483

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.42, 1.49]

41 One or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

510

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.96, 1.20]

42 Two or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

2

3993

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.82, 1.02]

43 Four or more episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

510

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.82 [0.52, 1.29]

44 One or more episodes of lower respiratory tract infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

510

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.86, 1.33]

45 Two or more episodes of respiratory tract infection (upper or lower) in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

3483

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.90 [0.79, 1.03]

46 Hospitalization for respiratory tract infection in first 12 months Show forest plot

2

3993

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.75 [0.60, 0.94]

47 Number of episodes of otitis media in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

279

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.49, 0.41]

48 One or more episodes of otitis media in first 12 months Show forest plot

2

3762

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.28 [1.04, 1.57]

49 Frequent otitis media in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

279

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.43, 1.52]

50 Death in first 12 months Show forest plot

1

3483

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.30 [0.21, 25.37]

51 Any dental caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years Show forest plot

1

2948

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.94, 1.03]

52 Any incisor caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth) at 6 years Show forest plot

1

2948

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.72, 1.16]

53 Height at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.40, 0.60]

54 Leg length at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.14, 0.54]

55 Head circumference at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.04, 0.24]

56 BMI at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [0.02, 0.38]

57 Triceps skinfold thickness at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.90 [0.51, 1.29]

58 Subscapular skinfold thickness Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [0.25, 0.75]

59 Waist circumference at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.42, 0.42]

60 Hip circumference at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [0.05, 0.95]

61 Systolic blood pressure at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.30 [0.39, 2.21]

62 Diastolic blood pressure at 6.5 years (mm Hg) Show forest plot

1

2951

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.29, 1.71]

63 Atopic eczema at 5‐7 years Show forest plot

2

3584

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.47, 1.58]

64 Hay fever at 5‐7 years Show forest plot

2

3584

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.39, 1.65]

65 Asthma at 5‐7 years Show forest plot

3

4023

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.72, 1.44]

66 Food allergy at 5 years Show forest plot

1

113

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.61 [0.12, 3.19]

67 Allergy to animal dander at 5 years Show forest plot

1

113

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.24, 2.72]

68 Positive skin‐prick test to house dust mite at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2320

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.62, 1.20]

69 Positive skin‐prick test to cat dander at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2320

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.60, 1.24]

70 Positive skin‐prick test to birch pollen at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2320

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.55, 1.18]

71 Positive skin‐prick test to mixed northern grasses at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2320

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.71 [0.50, 1.01]

72 Positive skin‐prick test to Alternaria at 6.5 years Show forest plot

1

2320

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.74 [0.47, 1.17]

73 Any positive skin‐prick test at 6‐7 years Show forest plot

2

2651

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.81, 1.11]

74 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: vocabulary Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [‐0.57, 1.57]

75 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: similarities Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [‐0.56, 1.16]

76 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: matrices Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.20 [‐1.07, 0.67]

77 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: block designs Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.30 [0.40, 2.20]

78 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: verbal IQ Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [‐0.95, 1.95]

79 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: performance IQ Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [‐0.55, 2.15]

80 Wechsler cognitive ability test at 6.5 years: full‐scale IQ Show forest plot

1

2944

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [‐0.58, 2.18]

81 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: reading Show forest plot

1

2196

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.19, ‐0.01]

82 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: writing Show forest plot

1

2196

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.12 [‐0.20, ‐0.04]

83 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: mathematics Show forest plot

1

2196

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.12, 0.04]

84 Teacher's academic rating at 6.5 years: other subjects Show forest plot

1

2196

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.17, ‐0.03]

85 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [‐0.16, 0.76]

86 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.09, 0.29]

87 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.13, 0.13]

88 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.01, 0.41]

89 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.05, 0.25]

90 Parent's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior Show forest plot

1

2941

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.05, 0.25]

91 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: total difficulties Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.46, 0.66]

92 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: emotional symptoms Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.18, 0.18]

93 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: conduct problems Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.17, 0.17]

94 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: hyperactivity/inattention Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.37, 0.17]

95 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: peer problems Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.08, 0.28]

96 Teacher's behavior rating at 6.5 years: prosocial behavior Show forest plot

1

2525

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.33, 0.13]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 4. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6‐7 months versus 3‐4 months, developed countries, observational studies
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 5. Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Very low density lipoprotein concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.05 [‐0.10, 0.20]

2 Low density lipoproteinconcentration (mmol/L) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.88, 0.68]

3 High‐density lipoprotein‐2 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.08 [‐0.05, 0.21]

4 High‐density lipoprotein‐3 concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]

5 Apoprotein B concentration (mg/dL) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

5.0 [‐14.93, 24.93]

6 Total triglyceride concentration (mmol/L) at 9 months Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.3 [‐0.23, 0.83]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 5. Exclusive breastfeeding for > 6 months versus 6 months, developed countries, observational studies
Ir a la tabla de la revisión