Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Zarko Alfirevic; Anthony J Kelly; Therese Dowswell

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003246.pub2

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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.

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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

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Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

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Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 9 Uterine rupture.

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Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

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Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

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Analysis 1.16

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

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Analysis 1.19

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 19 Nausea.

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Analysis 1.20

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 20 Vomiting.

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Analysis 1.21

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 21 Diarrhoea.

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Analysis 1.23

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 1.26

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 26 Woman not satisfied.

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Analysis 1.28

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

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Analysis 1.29

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

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Analysis 1.30

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.

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Analysis 1.31

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

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Analysis 1.32

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

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Analysis 1.33

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.

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Analysis 1.34

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 34 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

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Analysis 1.35

Comparison 1 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.

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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.

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Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

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Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

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Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 2.10

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 2.11

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 2.13

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 2.14

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

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Analysis 2.16

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

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Analysis 2.23

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 2.28

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

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Analysis 2.29

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

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Analysis 2.31

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

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Analysis 2.32

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

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Analysis 2.33

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.

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Analysis 2.34

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 34 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

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Analysis 2.35

Comparison 2 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.

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Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

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Analysis 3.10

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 3.11

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 3.12

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

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Analysis 3.13

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 3.14

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

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Analysis 3.16

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

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Analysis 3.32

Comparison 3 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

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Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 1 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 2 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.

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Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 3 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

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Analysis 4.4

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 4 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 4.11

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 4.13

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 4.16

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

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Analysis 4.23

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 4.28

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

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Analysis 4.29

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

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Analysis 4.31

Comparison 4 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

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Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours.

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Analysis 5.2

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 5.3

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 5.4

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

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Analysis 5.5

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 5.6

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 6 Uterine rupture.

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Analysis 5.7

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 7 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 5.8

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 8 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 5.9

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 9 Meconium‐stained liquor.

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Analysis 5.10

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 10 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 5.11

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 11 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

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Analysis 5.12

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 12 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

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Analysis 5.13

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 13 Nausea.

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Analysis 5.14

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 14 Vomiting.

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Analysis 5.15

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 15 Diarrhoea.

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Analysis 5.16

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 16 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 5.17

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 17 Woman not satisfied.

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Analysis 5.18

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 18 Chorioamnionitis.

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Analysis 5.19

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 19 Endometritis.

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Analysis 5.20

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 20 Maternal antibiotics.

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Analysis 5.21

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 21 Neonatal infection.

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Analysis 5.22

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 22 Neonatal antibiotics.

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Analysis 5.24

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 24 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.

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Analysis 5.25

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 25 Neonatal jaundice.

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Analysis 5.26

Comparison 5 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 26 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

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Analysis 6.3

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 6.4

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death.

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Analysis 6.8

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 6.10

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 6.11

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 6.12

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

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Analysis 6.13

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 6.14

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

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Analysis 6.16

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies.

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Analysis 6.20

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Vomiting.

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Analysis 6.23

Comparison 6 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 7.3

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 7.4

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death.

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Analysis 7.8

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 7.10

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 7.11

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 7.13

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 7.14

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

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Analysis 7.20

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 20 Vomiting.

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Analysis 7.23

Comparison 7 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 8.3

Comparison 8 Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx : all women, previous CS, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 9.1

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

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Analysis 9.2

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 9.3

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 9.4

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

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Analysis 9.5

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

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Analysis 9.6

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

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Analysis 9.8

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 9.9

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 9 Uterine rupture.

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Analysis 9.10

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 9.11

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 9.12

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

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Analysis 9.13

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 9.14

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

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Analysis 9.16

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations.

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Analysis 9.18

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

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Analysis 9.19

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

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Analysis 9.20

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

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Analysis 9.21

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

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Analysis 9.23

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 9.26

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

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Analysis 9.28

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

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Analysis 9.29

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

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Analysis 9.30

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.

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Analysis 9.31

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

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Analysis 9.32

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

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Analysis 9.33

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.

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Analysis 9.35

Comparison 9 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.

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Analysis 10.1

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

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Analysis 10.2

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 10.3

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 10.4

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

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Analysis 10.5

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

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Analysis 10.6

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

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Analysis 10.8

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 10.10

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 10.11

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 10.12

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

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Analysis 10.13

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 10.16

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations.

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Analysis 10.19

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

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Analysis 10.20

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

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Analysis 10.21

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

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Analysis 10.23

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 10.26

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

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Analysis 10.29

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Analysis 10.30

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Analysis 10.31

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Analysis 10.32

Comparison 10 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Analysis 11.2

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 11.3

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 11.5

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

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Analysis 11.6

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

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Analysis 11.8

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 11.11

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 11.13

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 11.18

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

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Analysis 11.19

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

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Analysis 11.23

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Analysis 11.26

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

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Analysis 11.35

Comparison 11 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.

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Analysis 12.1

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 1 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours.

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Analysis 12.2

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 2 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 12.3

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 3 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

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Analysis 12.5

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 5 Uterine hyperstimulation.

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Analysis 12.11

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 12.13

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 12.35

Comparison 12 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.

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Analysis 13.1

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

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Analysis 13.2

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 13.3

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 13.4

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

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Analysis 13.5

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

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Analysis 13.6

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours.

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Analysis 13.8

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 13.9

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 9 Uterine rupture.

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Analysis 13.10

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 13.11

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 13.12

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 12 Meconium‐stained liquor.

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Analysis 13.13

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 13.14

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

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Analysis 13.16

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations.

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Analysis 13.19

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

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Analysis 13.20

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

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Analysis 13.21

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

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Analysis 13.23

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 13.26

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

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Analysis 13.28

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

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Analysis 13.29

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

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Analysis 13.30

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 30 Maternal antibiotics.

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Analysis 13.31

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

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Analysis 13.32

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 32 Neonatal antibiotics.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Analysis 13.33

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 33 Neonatal jaundice.

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Analysis 13.35

Comparison 13 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.

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Analysis 14.1

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

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Analysis 14.2

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 14.3

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 14.4

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

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Analysis 14.8

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 14.10

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 14.11

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 14.13

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 14.14

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

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Analysis 14.19

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

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Analysis 14.20

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

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Analysis 14.21

Comparison 14 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

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Analysis 15.2

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 15.3

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 15.4

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

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Analysis 15.8

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 15.10

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 10 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 15.11

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 15.13

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 15.14

Comparison 15 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission.

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Analysis 16.1

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

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Analysis 16.2

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 16.3

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 16.5

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 5 Serious maternal morbidity or death.

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Analysis 16.6

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

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Analysis 16.8

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 16.11

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 16.13

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 16.16

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 16 Perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations.

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Analysis 16.18

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

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Analysis 16.19

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

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Analysis 16.20

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

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Analysis 16.21

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

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Analysis 16.23

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 16.26

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

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Analysis 16.28

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

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Analysis 16.29

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

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Analysis 16.31

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

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Analysis 16.35

Comparison 16 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.

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Analysis 17.1

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

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Analysis 17.2

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 17.3

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 17.6

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

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Analysis 17.8

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 17.11

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 17.13

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 17.18

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

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Analysis 17.20

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

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Analysis 17.21

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

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Analysis 17.23

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 23 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 17.26

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 26 Women not satisfied.

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Analysis 17.28

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

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Analysis 17.29

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

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Analysis 17.31

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

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Analysis 17.35

Comparison 17 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix, Outcome 35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.

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Analysis 18.1

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

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Analysis 18.2

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 18.8

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 18.13

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 18.18

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

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Analysis 18.20

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

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Analysis 18.21

Comparison 18 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

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Analysis 19.1

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

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Analysis 19.2

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 19.3

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 19.4

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 4 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours.

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Analysis 19.5

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 19.6

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 6 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 19.7

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 7 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute.

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Analysis 19.8

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 8 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 19.11

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 11 Postpartum haemorrhage.

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Analysis 19.13

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 13 Women not satisfied.

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Analysis 19.18

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

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Analysis 19.19

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

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Analysis 19.20

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

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Analysis 19.21

Comparison 19 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

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Analysis 20.3

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 20.11

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 20.13

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 20.28

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 28 Chorioamnionitis.

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Analysis 20.29

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 29 Endometritis.

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Analysis 20.31

Comparison 20 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes, Outcome 31 Neonatal infection.

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Analysis 21.1

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours.

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Analysis 21.2

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 21.3

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 21.8

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 21.11

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 21.13

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.

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Analysis 21.18

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 18 Maternal side effects (all).

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Analysis 21.19

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 19 Maternal nausea.

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Analysis 21.20

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 20 Maternal vomiting.

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Analysis 21.21

Comparison 21 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae, Outcome 21 Maternal diarrhoea.

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Analysis 22.3

Comparison 22 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all multiparae, Outcome 3 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 22.11

Comparison 22 Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all multiparae, Outcome 11 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 23.1

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 1 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes.

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Analysis 23.2

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 2 Caesarean section.

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Analysis 23.3

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 3 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death.

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Analysis 23.4

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 4 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours.

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Analysis 23.5

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes.

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Analysis 23.6

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 6 Epidural analgesia.

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Analysis 23.7

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 7 Instrumental vaginal delivery.

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Analysis 23.8

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 8 Perinatal death.

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Analysis 23.9

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 9 Vomiting.

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Analysis 23.10

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 10 Diarrhoea.

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Analysis 23.11

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 11 Chorioamnionitis.

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Analysis 23.12

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 12 Endometritis.

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Analysis 23.13

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 13 Neonatal infection.

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Analysis 23.14

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 14 Neonatal jaundice.

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Analysis 23.15

Comparison 23 Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women, Outcome 15 Apgar score less than 7 at 1 minute.

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Table 1. Sensitivity analysis: oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx; trials with adequate vs uncertain or inadequate allocation concealment

	Risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals: all women	RR adequate allocation concealment	RR uncertain or inadequate allocation concealment
Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hrs	0.16 (0.10 to 0.25)	0.14 (0.07 to 0.29)	0.17 (0.09 to 0.33)
Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes	0.16 (0.01 to 3.34)	0.16 (0.01 to 3.34)	No studies
Caesarean section	1.14 (0.95 to 1.37)	1.14 (0.95 to 1.37)	1.11 (0.82 to 1.49)
Serious neonatal morbidity or death	0.63 (0.26 to 1.51)	0.38 (0.11 to 1.29)	1.31 (0.33 to 5.22)
Serious maternal morbidity or death	Not estimable	No studies	Not estimable

Table 1. Sensitivity analysis: oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx; trials with adequate vs uncertain or inadequate allocation concealment

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Table 2. Sensitivity analysis: oxytocin vs vaginal PGE2; trials with adequate vs uncertain or inadequate allocation concealment

	Risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals: all women	RR adequate allocation concealment	RR uncertain or inadequate allocation concealment
Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hrs	2.06 (1.13 to 3.74)	No studies	2.06 (1.13 to 3.74)
Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes	0.35 (0.04 to 3.28)	0.35 (0.04 to 3.28)	Not estimable
Caesarean section	1.11 (0.94 to 1.30)	1.02 (0.82 to 1.26)	1.25 (0.98 to 1.59)
Serious neonatal morbidity or death	3.00 (0.31 to 28.82)	3.00 (0.31 to 28.82)	No studies
Serious maternal morbidity or death	0.37 (0.02 to 8.93)	0.37 (0.02 to 8.93)	No studies

Table 2. Sensitivity analysis: oxytocin vs vaginal PGE2; trials with adequate vs uncertain or inadequate allocation concealment

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Table 3. Sensitivity analysis: oxytocin vs intracervical PGE2; studies with adequate vs uncertain or poor allocation concealment

	Risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals: all women	RR adequate allocation concealment	RR uncertain or inadequate allocation concealment
Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hrs	1.47 (1.10 to 1.96)	1.42 (1.01 to 1.99)	1.57 (0.91 to 2.71)
Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes	2.02 (0.38 to 10.75)	No studies	2.02 (0.38 to 10.75)
Caesarean section	1.37 (1.08 to 1.74)	1.57 (1.15 to 2.14)	1.05 (0.74 to 1.49)
Serious neonatal morbidity or death	Not estimable	No studies	Not estimable
Serious maternal morbidity or death	No studies	No studies	No studies

Table 3. Sensitivity analysis: oxytocin vs intracervical PGE2; studies with adequate vs uncertain or poor allocation concealment

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Comparison 1. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours Show forest plot	3	399	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.16 [0.10, 0.25]

2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.16 [0.01, 3.34]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	24	6620	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.17 [1.01, 1.35]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies Show forest plot	10	4816	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.63 [0.26, 1.51]

5 Serious maternal morbidity or death Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	2	2571	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.01 [0.37, 10.94]

9 Uterine rupture Show forest plot	1	3782	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.03, 16.40]

10 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	10	5150	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.10 [1.04, 1.17]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	14	5275	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.06 [0.94, 1.19]

12 Meconium‐stained liquor Show forest plot	3	2661	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.83 [0.64, 1.08]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	11	4858	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.44, 1.11]

14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission Show forest plot	7	4387	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.68, 0.92]

16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies Show forest plot	8	4506	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.39 [0.09, 1.64]

19 Nausea Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.16 [0.01, 3.34]

20 Vomiting Show forest plot	1	2521	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.00 [0.29, 3.46]

21 Diarrhoea Show forest plot	1	2521	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

23 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	3	2611	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.24 [0.85, 1.81]

26 Woman not satisfied Show forest plot	1	2521	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.33, 0.56]

28 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot	14	5515	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.57, 0.85]

29 Endometritis Show forest plot	10	4817	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.51, 1.01]

30 Maternal antibiotics Show forest plot	3	3091	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.57, 0.85]

31 Neonatal infection Show forest plot	14	5226	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.44, 0.95]

32 Neonatal antibiotics Show forest plot	6	4544	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.49, 0.73]

33 Neonatal jaundice Show forest plot	2	431	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.43, 1.80]

34 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Show forest plot	1	154	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.86 [0.24, 3.10]

35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	5	3126	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.82, 1.19]

Comparison 1. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women

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Comparison 2. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours Show forest plot	1	182	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.17 [0.09, 0.33]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	13	1366	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.20 [0.89, 1.62]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies Show forest plot	5	645	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.63 [0.09, 4.57]

5 Serious maternal morbidity or death Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	1	50	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	4	531	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.73, 1.16]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	6	631	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.21 [0.83, 1.76]

12 Meconium‐stained liquor	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	5	787	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.09, 1.50]

14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission Show forest plot	1	242	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.30 [0.12, 0.80]

16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies Show forest plot	4	491	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.01, 7.72]

23 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	2	90	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.0 [0.38, 10.60]

28 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot	6	1029	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.83 [0.59, 1.16]

29 Endometritis Show forest plot	6	867	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.36, 1.28]

31 Neonatal infection Show forest plot	7	809	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.35 [0.13, 0.96]

32 Neonatal antibiotics Show forest plot	1	242	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.32 [0.11, 0.95]

33 Neonatal jaundice Show forest plot	2	431	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.43, 1.80]

34 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Show forest plot	1	154	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.86 [0.24, 3.10]

35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	3	481	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.27 [0.52, 3.07]

Comparison 2. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, unfavourable cervix

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Comparison 3. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	1	201	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.25, 3.85]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.13, 69.52]

10 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	1	201	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.11 [0.76, 1.60]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	1	201	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.58, 1.70]

12 Meconium‐stained liquor Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.33 [0.34, 5.21]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	1	201	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.97 [0.12, 72.06]

14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission Show forest plot	1	201	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.65 [0.62, 4.37]

16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.13, 69.52]

32 Neonatal antibiotics Show forest plot	1	201	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.23 [0.71, 7.00]

Comparison 3. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, favourable cervix

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Comparison 4. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Caesarean section Show forest plot	4	171	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.24 [0.62, 2.50]

2 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	1	50	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.13, 70.30]

3 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.01, 7.72]

4 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	1	50	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	2	90	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.01, 7.72]

16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.01, 7.72]

23 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	2	90	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.0 [0.38, 10.60]

28 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

29 Endometritis Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.2 [0.01, 3.92]

31 Neonatal infection Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.2 [0.01, 3.92]

Comparison 4. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, intact membranes

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Comparison 5. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours Show forest plot	3	399	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.16 [0.10, 0.25]

2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.16 [0.01, 3.34]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	20	6459	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.19 [1.02, 1.38]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies Show forest plot	9	4776	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.53 [0.21, 1.37]

5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	2	2561	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.01 [0.37, 10.94]

6 Uterine rupture Show forest plot	1	3782	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.03, 16.40]

7 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	10	5150	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.10 [1.04, 1.17]

8 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	12	5195	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.05 [0.93, 1.18]

9 Meconium‐stained liquor Show forest plot	2	2621	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.62, 1.07]

10 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	12	4958	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.44, 1.07]

11 Neonatal intensive care unit admission Show forest plot	7	4387	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.68, 0.92]

12 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies Show forest plot	7	4466	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.17 [0.02, 1.37]

13 Nausea Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.16 [0.01, 3.34]

14 Vomiting Show forest plot	1	2521	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.00 [0.29, 3.46]

15 Diarrhoea Show forest plot	1	2521	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	2	2561	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.18 [0.80, 1.73]

17 Woman not satisfied Show forest plot	1	2521	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.33, 0.56]

18 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot	14	5515	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.57, 0.85]

19 Endometritis Show forest plot	10	4817	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.51, 1.01]

20 Maternal antibiotics Show forest plot	3	3091	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.57, 0.85]

21 Neonatal infection Show forest plot	14	5226	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.44, 0.95]

22 Neonatal antibiotics Show forest plot	6	4544	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.49, 0.73]

23 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
24 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	4	3076	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.81, 1.18]

25 Neonatal jaundice Show forest plot	2	431	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.43, 1.80]

26 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Show forest plot	1	154	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.86 [0.24, 3.10]

Comparison 5. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all women, ruptured membranes

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Comparison 6. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	12	3494	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.11 [0.93, 1.34]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death Show forest plot	4	3007	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.15, 3.70]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	1	1493	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.02 [0.18, 22.22]

10 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	4	2778	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.09 [1.02, 1.16]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	7	2932	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.91, 1.18]

12 Meconium‐stained liquor Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.33 [0.34, 5.21]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	2	251	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.10 [0.33, 29.20]

14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission Show forest plot	3	1740	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.70 [0.56, 0.87]

16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital anomalies Show forest plot	2	484	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.13, 69.52]

20 Vomiting Show forest plot	1	1493	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.35 [0.30, 5.99]

23 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	1	1493	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.16 [0.74, 1.83]

Comparison 6. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all primiparae

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Comparison 7. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	9	1791	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.21 [0.81, 1.80]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death Show forest plot	1	1532	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.39 [0.02, 8.20]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	1	1028	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.99 [0.18, 21.90]

10 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	2	1400	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.14 [0.98, 1.33]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	5	1495	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.02 [0.71, 1.48]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	1	43	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission Show forest plot	2	1069	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.46, 0.91]

20 Vomiting Show forest plot	1	1028	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.50 [0.05, 5.48]

23 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	1	1028	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.33 [0.63, 2.78]

Comparison 7. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx: all multiparae

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Comparison 8. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx : all women, previous CS

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	1	31	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.78 [0.51, 6.18]

Comparison 8. Oxytocin alone vs placebo/expectant mx : all women, previous CS

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Comparison 9. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours Show forest plot	3	260	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.77 [1.31, 2.38]

2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	8	843	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.35 [0.04, 3.28]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	26	4514	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.11 [0.94, 1.30]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations Show forest plot	3	2759	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.00 [0.31, 28.82]

5 Serious maternal morbidity or death Show forest plot	3	175	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.02, 8.93]

6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours Show forest plot	5	323	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.42 [1.43, 4.09]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	12	3681	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.86 [0.51, 1.48]

9 Uterine rupture Show forest plot	1	2517	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	6	2949	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.09 [1.01, 1.17]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	18	3894	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.00 [0.88, 1.15]

12 Meconium‐stained liquor Show forest plot	3	2801	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.65, 1.08]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	16	3791	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.62 [0.36, 1.05]

14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission Show forest plot	5	2845	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.70, 1.04]

16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations Show forest plot	3	2757	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Maternal side effects (all) Show forest plot	3	223	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.64 [0.29, 1.41]

19 Maternal nausea Show forest plot	4	260	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.23 [0.05, 1.07]

20 Maternal vomiting Show forest plot	4	2622	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.26, 2.14]

21 Maternal diarrhoea Show forest plot	3	2602	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.20 [0.01, 4.16]

23 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	3	2692	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.00 [0.73, 1.37]

26 Women not satisfied Show forest plot	3	2663	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.30 [0.96, 1.77]

28 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot	4	2742	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.47, 0.92]

29 Endometritis Show forest plot	6	2805	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.54, 1.32]

30 Maternal antibiotics Show forest plot	2	2567	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.83 [0.64, 1.08]

31 Neonatal infection Show forest plot	7	2948	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.42, 1.09]

32 Neonatal antibiotics Show forest plot	2	2564	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.53, 0.87]

33 Neonatal jaundice Show forest plot	1	36	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.11, 4.52]

35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	4	2698	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.85, 1.26]

Comparison 9. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women

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Comparison 10. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours Show forest plot	2	58	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.33 [1.61, 6.89]

2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	2	209	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.01, 8.69]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	15	1041	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.24 [0.93, 1.65]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations Show forest plot	2	242	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Serious maternal morbidity or death Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours Show forest plot	4	236	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.35 [1.38, 4.01]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	5	540	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.32 [0.62, 2.81]

10 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	2	90	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.43, 1.31]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	9	609	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.82, 1.47]

12 Meconium‐stained liquor Show forest plot	1	189	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.37, 1.41]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	6	473	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.22 [0.35, 13.95]

16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations Show forest plot	2	242	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Maternal nausea Show forest plot	2	67	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.02, 7.32]

20 Maternal vomiting Show forest plot	3	105	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.04, 3.02]

21 Maternal diarrhoea Show forest plot	2	85	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

23 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	1	90	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.34 [0.46, 3.91]

26 Women not satisfied Show forest plot	1	58	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.32 [0.68, 7.89]

29 Endometritis Show forest plot	2	63	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.14, 65.90]

30 Maternal antibiotics Show forest plot	1	50	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.78 [0.14, 4.29]

31 Neonatal infection Show forest plot	2	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.13, 69.52]

32 Neonatal antibiotics Show forest plot	1	50	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.17 [0.01, 3.07]

Comparison 10. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix

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Comparison 11. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	1	98	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.01, 7.99]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	2	183	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.12 [0.54, 8.37]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Serious maternal morbidity or death Show forest plot	1	85	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.02, 8.93]

6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours Show forest plot	1	85	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.37 [0.14, 80.36]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	2	183	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.41 [0.10, 1.67]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	2	183	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.64 [0.31, 1.32]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	2	183	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.01, 7.99]

16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
18 Maternal side effects (all) Show forest plot	1	85	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.13, 4.26]

19 Maternal nausea Show forest plot	1	98	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.2 [0.02, 1.65]

23 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	1	85	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.27 [0.54, 2.97]

26 Women not satisfied Show forest plot	1	88	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	7.67 [0.98, 59.74]

35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	1	98	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.18, 3.18]

Comparison 11. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, favourable cervix

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Comparison 12. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours Show forest plot	1	60	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.67 [1.21, 5.88]

2 Caesarean section Show forest plot	6	494	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.55 [1.05, 2.30]

3 Serious maternal morbidity or death Show forest plot	1	50	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Uterine hyperstimulation Show forest plot	1	158	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.28 [0.48, 3.45]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	3	351	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.80 [0.53, 1.20]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	2	149	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.59 [0.08, 4.36]

35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	1	50	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.19, 3.01]

Comparison 12. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, intact membranes

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Comparison 13. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours Show forest plot	1	20	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.25 [1.02, 4.94]

2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	6	738	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	14	3635	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.02 [0.85, 1.23]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations Show forest plot	2	2557	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.00 [0.31, 28.82]

5 Serious maternal morbidity or death Show forest plot	1	40	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours Show forest plot	1	90	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.30, 2.25]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	5	2879	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.64 [0.24, 1.70]

9 Uterine rupture Show forest plot	1	2517	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	6	2949	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.09 [1.01, 1.17]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	9	3160	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.04 [0.90, 1.21]

12 Meconium‐stained liquor Show forest plot	3	2801	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.65, 1.08]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	10	3367	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.62 [0.35, 1.11]

14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission Show forest plot	5	2845	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.70, 1.04]

16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations Show forest plot	2	2555	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Maternal nausea Show forest plot	3	162	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.29 [0.03, 2.60]

20 Maternal vomiting Show forest plot	3	2584	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.27, 2.61]

21 Maternal diarrhoea Show forest plot	1	2517	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.20 [0.01, 4.16]

23 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	2	2607	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.96 [0.68, 1.36]

26 Women not satisfied Show forest plot	1	2517	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.16 [0.84, 1.60]

28 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot	4	2742	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.47, 0.92]

29 Endometritis Show forest plot	5	2762	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.54, 1.32]

30 Maternal antibiotics Show forest plot	2	2567	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.83 [0.64, 1.08]

31 Neonatal infection Show forest plot	7	2948	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.42, 1.09]

32 Neonatal antibiotics Show forest plot	2	2564	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.53, 0.87]

33 Neonatal jaundice Show forest plot	1	36	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.11, 4.52]

35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	2	2550	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.05 [0.86, 1.28]

Comparison 13. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes

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Comparison 14. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours Show forest plot	1	20	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.25 [1.02, 4.94]

2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	3	152	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	9	1917	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.79, 1.21]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations Show forest plot	1	1492	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	3	152	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.44 [0.26, 22.80]

10 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	3	182	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.18 [0.94, 1.49]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	8	1867	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.05 [0.90, 1.23]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	3	87	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.63 [0.28, 9.58]

14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission Show forest plot	2	114	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.12, 3.81]

19 Maternal nausea Show forest plot	2	67	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.02, 7.32]

20 Maternal vomiting Show forest plot	2	67	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.02, 7.32]

21 Maternal diarrhoea Show forest plot	1	47	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 14. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2: all primiparae

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Comparison 15. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	2	104	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	4	1172	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.30 [0.73, 2.30]

4 Serious neonatal morbidity/perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations Show forest plot	1	1027	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.01, 8.12]

5 Serious maternal morbidity or death	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	2	104	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.15 [0.06, 23.88]

10 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	2	104	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.48, 1.64]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	3	1127	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.26 [0.85, 1.87]

12 Meconium‐stained liquor	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	1	16	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.15 [0.06, 23.88]

14 Neonatal intensive care unit admission Show forest plot	1	16	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.15 [0.06, 23.88]

16 Perinatal death, excluding major congenital malformations	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
23 Postpartum haemorrhage	0	0	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 15. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGE2, all multiparae

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Comparison 16. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours Show forest plot	2	258	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.47 [1.10, 1.96]

2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	2	265	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.02 [0.38, 10.75]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	14	1331	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.37 [1.08, 1.74]

5 Serious maternal morbidity or death Show forest plot	1	118	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours Show forest plot	3	421	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	5.03 [2.46, 10.30]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	3	333	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.61 [0.13, 2.76]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	9	817	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.12 [0.82, 1.52]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	6	701	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.05 [0.86, 4.87]

16 Perinatal death excluding major congenital malformations Show forest plot	1	118	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Maternal side effects (all) Show forest plot	2	258	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Maternal nausea Show forest plot	2	256	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.17 [0.02, 1.35]

20 Maternal vomiting Show forest plot	3	414	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.25 [0.03, 2.19]

21 Maternal diarrhoea Show forest plot	2	258	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

23 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	2	105	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.2 [0.56, 8.69]

26 Women not satisfied Show forest plot	1	98	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.12, 1.06]

28 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot	4	477	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.57 [0.79, 3.16]

29 Endometritis Show forest plot	2	198	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.81 [0.17, 19.38]

31 Neonatal infection Show forest plot	4	414	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.23, 4.94]

35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	1	75	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.04, 2.62]

Comparison 16. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women

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Comparison 17. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours Show forest plot	2	214	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.44 [1.09, 1.89]

2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	2	221	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.02 [0.38, 10.75]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	10	1003	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.44 [1.12, 1.86]

6 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours Show forest plot	2	321	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.52 [1.15, 5.53]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	3	289	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.61 [0.13, 2.76]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	7	637	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.11 [0.80, 1.54]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	5	539	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.05 [0.86, 4.87]

18 Maternal side effects (all) Show forest plot	2	214	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20 Maternal vomiting Show forest plot	3	370	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.25 [0.03, 2.19]

21 Maternal diarrhoea Show forest plot	2	214	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

23 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	1	75	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.0 [0.43, 9.20]

26 Women not satisfied Show forest plot	1	98	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.12, 1.06]

28 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot	3	359	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.60 [0.72, 3.57]

29 Endometritis Show forest plot	1	80	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

31 Neonatal infection Show forest plot	3	296	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.93 [0.27, 13.65]

35 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	1	75	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.04, 2.62]

Comparison 17. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, unfavourable cervix

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Comparison 18. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours Show forest plot	1	44	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	7.56 [0.43, 132.48]

2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	1	44	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	1	44	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	1	44	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Maternal side effects (all) Show forest plot	1	44	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20 Maternal vomiting Show forest plot	1	44	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21 Maternal diarrhoea Show forest plot	1	44	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 18. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, favourable cervix

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Comparison 19. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours Show forest plot	1	200	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.43 [0.96, 2.12]

2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	2	365	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.02 [0.38, 10.75]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	7	614	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.44 [1.05, 1.97]

4 Cervix unfavourable/unchanged after 12‐24 hours Show forest plot	2	265	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	7.24 [3.04, 17.25]

5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	2	275	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.39 [0.02, 7.88]

6 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	5	419	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.49, 1.57]

7 Apgar score < 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	1	75	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.04, 2.62]

8 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	2	365	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	4.05 [0.89, 18.50]

11 Postpartum haemorrhage Show forest plot	2	105	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.2 [0.56, 8.69]

13 Women not satisfied Show forest plot	1	98	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.12, 1.06]

18 Maternal side effects (all) Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Maternal nausea Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20 Maternal vomiting Show forest plot	1	144	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21 Maternal diarrhoea Show forest plot	1	144	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 19. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, intact membranes

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Comparison 20. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	5	459	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.50 [0.92, 2.44]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	2	140	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.41 [0.90, 2.22]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	2	178	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

28 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot	3	319	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.72 [0.79, 3.75]

29 Endometritis Show forest plot	2	198	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.51 [0.38, 6.01]

31 Neonatal infection Show forest plot	4	414	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.23, 4.94]

Comparison 20. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all women, ruptured membranes

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Comparison 21. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.57 [0.91, 2.71]

2 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	4	355	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.28 [0.81, 2.02]

8 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	2	197	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.17 [0.54, 2.53]

13 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Maternal side effects (all) Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Maternal nausea Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20 Maternal vomiting Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21 Maternal diarrhoea Show forest plot	1	100	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 21. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all primiparae

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Comparison 22. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all multiparae

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
3 Caesarean section Show forest plot	2	157	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.48, 2.12]

11 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.39 [0.08, 1.84]

Comparison 22. Oxytocin alone vs intracervical PGE2: all multiparae

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Comparison 23. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes Show forest plot	1	23	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Caesarean section Show forest plot	3	280	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.19 [0.65, 2.18]

3 Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death Show forest plot	2	225	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Cervix unfavourable or unchanged after 12/24 hours Show forest plot	1	62	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.54 [0.50, 4.73]

5 Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes Show forest plot	3	291	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.63 [0.20, 1.96]

6 Epidural analgesia Show forest plot	2	225	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.99 [1.31, 3.03]

7 Instrumental vaginal delivery Show forest plot	2	225	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.52, 1.35]

8 Perinatal death Show forest plot	2	225	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Vomiting Show forest plot	3	291	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.09 [0.40, 11.05]

10 Diarrhoea Show forest plot	3	291	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.06 [0.00, 0.98]

11 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot	2	225	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.77 [0.05, 10.85]

12 Endometritis Show forest plot	1	202	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.44 [0.33, 6.29]

13 Neonatal infection Show forest plot	1	202	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Neonatal jaundice Show forest plot	2	225	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.51 [1.09, 5.81]

15 Apgar score less than 7 at 1 minute Show forest plot	2	225	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.14 [0.64, 2.05]

Comparison 23. Oxytocin alone vs vaginal PGFalpha: all women

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