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Flow of citations through the search and screening procedures, studies included in the review, and comparisons addressed
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Flow of citations through the search and screening procedures, studies included in the review, and comparisons addressed

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Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 3

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 1 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 1 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 3 Length of stay (inpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 3 Length of stay (inpatients only).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 4 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 4 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 5 Clinical score ‐ all (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 5 Clinical score ‐ all (inpatients).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 6 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 6 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 7 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 7 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (inpatients).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 8 Respiratory rate ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 8 Respiratory rate ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 9 Respiratory rate ‐ all (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 9 Respiratory rate ‐ all (inpatients).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 10 Heart rate ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 10 Heart rate ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 11 Heart rate ‐ all (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 11 Heart rate ‐ all (inpatients).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 12 Hospital readmissions (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 12 Hospital readmissions (inpatients).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 13 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 13 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (outpatients).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 14 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 14 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (inpatients).

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 15 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) ‐ subgroup analysis 'synergism'.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.15

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 15 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) ‐ subgroup analysis 'synergism'.

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 16 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) only low overall RoB.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.16

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 16 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) only low overall RoB.

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 17 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only) ‐ subgroup analysis 'synergism'.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.17

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 17 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only) ‐ subgroup analysis 'synergism'.

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 18 Length of stay (inpatients only) only low overall RoB.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.18

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 18 Length of stay (inpatients only) only low overall RoB.

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Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 19 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients) only low RoB.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.19

Comparison 1 Epinephrine versus placebo, Outcome 19 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients) only low RoB.

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 1 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 1 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 3 Length of stay (inpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 3 Length of stay (inpatients only).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 4 Length of stay (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 4 Length of stay (outpatients only).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 5 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 5 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 6 Clinical score ‐ all (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 6 Clinical score ‐ all (inpatients).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 7 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 7 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 8 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 8 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (inpatients).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 9 Respiratory rate ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.9

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 9 Respiratory rate ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 10 Respiratory rate ‐ all (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.10

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 10 Respiratory rate ‐ all (inpatients).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 11 Heart rate ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.11

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 11 Heart rate ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 12 Heart rate ‐ all (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.12

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 12 Heart rate ‐ all (inpatients).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 13 Hospital readmissions (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.13

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 13 Hospital readmissions (inpatients).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 14 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.14

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 14 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (outpatients).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 15 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.15

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 15 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (inpatients).

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 16 Length of stay (inpatients only) only low RoB overall.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.16

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 16 Length of stay (inpatients only) only low RoB overall.

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 17 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) only low RoB overall.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.17

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 17 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) only low RoB overall.

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Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 18 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients) only low RoB.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.18

Comparison 2 Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol, Outcome 18 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients) only low RoB.

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Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 1 Admissions (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 1 Admissions (outpatients only).

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Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only).

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Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 3 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 3 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 4 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 4 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 5 Respiratory rate ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 5 Respiratory rate ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 6 Heart rate ‐ all (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.6

Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 6 Heart rate ‐ all (outpatients).

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Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 7 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) (outpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.7

Comparison 3 Epinephrine versus steroid, Outcome 7 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) (outpatients).

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Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 1 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 1 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only).

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Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only).

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Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 3 Clinical score (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 3 Clinical score (outpatients only).

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Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 4 Oxygen saturation (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.4

Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 4 Oxygen saturation (outpatients only).

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Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 5 Respiratory rate (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.5

Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 5 Respiratory rate (outpatients only).

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Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 6 Heart rate (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.6

Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 6 Heart rate (outpatients only).

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Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 7 Return visits (outpatients only).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.7

Comparison 4 Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo, Outcome 7 Return visits (outpatients only).

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Comparison 5 Epinephrine and steroid versus salbutamol, Outcome 1 Clinical score ‐ all scores (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Epinephrine and steroid versus salbutamol, Outcome 1 Clinical score ‐ all scores (inpatients).

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Comparison 5 Epinephrine and steroid versus salbutamol, Outcome 2 Respiratory rate ‐ all (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.2

Comparison 5 Epinephrine and steroid versus salbutamol, Outcome 2 Respiratory rate ‐ all (inpatients).

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Comparison 5 Epinephrine and steroid versus salbutamol, Outcome 3 Heart rate ‐ all (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.3

Comparison 5 Epinephrine and steroid versus salbutamol, Outcome 3 Heart rate ‐ all (inpatients).

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Comparison 6 Epinephrine versus salbutamol and ipratropium bromide, Outcome 1 Clinical score (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Epinephrine versus salbutamol and ipratropium bromide, Outcome 1 Clinical score (inpatients).

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Comparison 6 Epinephrine versus salbutamol and ipratropium bromide, Outcome 2 Oxygen saturation (inpatients).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Epinephrine versus salbutamol and ipratropium bromide, Outcome 2 Oxygen saturation (inpatients).

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Summary of findings for the main comparison. Epinephrine versus placebo for acute viral bronchiolitis

Epinephrine versus placebo for acute viral bronchiolitis

Patient or population: patients with acute viral bronchiolitis
Settings: outpatients and inpatients
Intervention: epinephrine versus placebo

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No. of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control

Epinephrine versus placebo

Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only)

Study population

RR 0.67
(0.5 to 0.89)

995
(5 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderate

185 per 1000

124 per 1000
(92 to 165)

Medium‐risk population

190 per 1000

127 per 1000
(95 to 169)

Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only)

Study population

RR 0.81
(0.63 to 1.03)

875
(3 studies)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low

251 per 1000

203 per 1000
(158 to 259)

Medium‐risk population

255 per 1000

207 per 1000
(161 to 263)

Length of stay (inpatients only)

The mean length of stay (inpatients only) in the intervention groups was
0.35 lower
(0.87 lower to 0.17 higher)

292
(2 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderate

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Epinephrine versus placebo for acute viral bronchiolitis
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Summary of findings 2. Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol for acute viral bronchiolitis

Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol for acute viral bronchiolitis

Patient or population: patients with acute viral bronchiolitis
Settings: outpatients and inpatients
Intervention: epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No. of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control

Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol

Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only)

Study population

RR 0.67
(0.41 to 1.09)

444
(7 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderate

225 per 1000

151 per 1000
(92 to 245)

Medium‐risk population

133 per 1000

89 per 1000
(55 to 145)

Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only)

Study population

RR 1.05
(0.71 to 1.54)

212
(2 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderate

262 per 1000

275 per 1000
(186 to 403)

Medium‐risk population

167 per 1000

175 per 1000
(119 to 257)

Length of stay (inpatients only)

The mean length of stay (inpatients only) in the intervention groups was
0.28 lower
(0.46 to 0.09 lower)

261
(4 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderate

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 2. Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol for acute viral bronchiolitis
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Summary of findings 3. Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo for acute viral bronchiolitis

Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo for acute viral bronchiolitis

Patient or population: patients with acute viral bronchiolitis
Settings: outpatients
Intervention: epinephrine and steroid versus placebo

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No. of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control

Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo

Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only)

Study population

RR 0.64
(0.4 to 1.04)

401
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low

179 per 1000

115 per 1000
(72 to 186)

Medium‐risk population

179 per 1000

115 per 1000
(72 to 186)

Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only)

Study population

RR 0.64
(0.44 to 0.95)

400
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low

264 per 1000

169 per 1000
(116 to 251)

Medium‐risk population

264 per 1000

169 per 1000
(116 to 251)

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 3. Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo for acute viral bronchiolitis
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Summary of findings 4. Epinephrine versus steroid for acute viral bronchiolitis

Epinephrine versus steroid for acute viral bronchiolitis

Patient or population: patients with acute viral bronchiolitis
Settings: outpatients
Intervention: epinephrine versus steroid

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No. of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control

Epinephrine versus steroid

Admissions (outpatients only)

Study population

RR 1.12
(0.66 to 1.88)

444
(2 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderate

136 per 1000

152 per 1000
(90 to 256)

Medium‐risk population

73 per 1000

82 per 1000
(48 to 137)

Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only)

Study population

RR 1.08
(0.77 to 1.52)

399
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderate

236 per 1000

255 per 1000
(182 to 359)

Medium‐risk population

236 per 1000

255 per 1000
(182 to 359)

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 4. Epinephrine versus steroid for acute viral bronchiolitis
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 1. GRADE strength of evidence

Population

Outcome

Number of studies

Number of participants

GRADE domains

Strength of evidence

Intervention favored

Risk of bias

Consistency

Directness

Precision

Epinephrine versus placebo

Inpatient

Length of stay

2

292

medium

consistent

direct

imprecise

moderate

no difference

Clinical score (60 minutes)

2

232

medium

consistent

direct

imprecise

moderate

no difference

Outpatient

Admissions (Day 1)

4

920

low

consistent

direct

imprecise

moderate

epinephrine

Admissions (up to Day 7)

1

800

low

unknown

direct

imprecise

low

no difference

Clinical score (60 minutes)

4

900

low

consistent

direct

precise

high

epinephrine

Clinical score (120 minutes)

1

30

medium

unknown

direct

imprecise

low

epinephrine

Epinephrine versus salbutamol

Inpatient

Length of stay

4

261

medium

consistent

direct

precise

moderate

epinephrine

Clinical score (60 minutes)

4

148

medium

inconsistent

direct

precise

low

epinephrine

Clinical score (120 minutes)

1

140

medium

unknown

direct

imprecise

low

epinephrine

Outpatient

Admissions (Day 1)

7

444

low

consistent

direct

imprecise

moderate

no difference

Admissions (up to Day 7)

2

212

low

consistent

direct

imprecise

moderate

no difference

Clinical score (60 minutes)

7

397

low

consistent

direct

precise

moderate

no difference

Clinical score (120 minutes)

5

356

low

consistent

direct

precise

moderate

no difference

Clinical score (12 to 24 hours)

1

69

medium

unknown

direct

imprecise

low

no difference

Clinical score (3 to 10 days)

1

69

medium

unknown

direct

imprecise

low

epinephrine

Epinephrine + dexamethasone versus placebo

Outpatient

Admissions (Day 1)

1

401

low

unknown

direct

imprecise

low

no difference

Admissions (up to Day 7)

1

401

low

unknown

direct

imprecise

low

epinephrine + dexamethasone

Clinical score (60 minutes)

1

399

low

unknown

direct

precise

moderate

epinephrine + dexamethasone

Epinephrine + dexamethasone versus salbutamol

Outpatient

Clinical score (120 minutes)

1

35

medium

unknown

direct

imprecise

low

no difference

Clinical score (12 to 24 hours)

1

35

medium

unknown

direct

imprecise

low

no difference

Clinical score (3 to 10 days)

1

35

medium

unknown

direct

imprecise

low

epinephrine + dexamethasone
Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. GRADE strength of evidence
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 2. Adverse events

Comparison

Adverse event

Total (N)

Study

Results

Number of events/total (%)

Notes

Epi versus placebo

Epi versus salbutamol

Cardiovascular

Arrhythmias

111

Ralston 2005

1) saline placebo

2) racemic albuterol sulfate

3) racemic epi

0/25 (0)

2/23 (9)

0/17 (0)

tachycardia

Bertrand 2001

1) salbutamol

2) epi

NR

0/16 (0)

tachycardia

John 2006

1) epi

2) salbutamol

0/15 (0)

0/15 (0)

tachyarrhythmia

Hypertension /

others

54

Bertrand 2001

1) salbutamol

2) epi

NR

0/16 (0)

hypertension

Abul‐Ainine 2002

1) levo‐adrenaline

2) saline placebo

0/19 (0)

0/19 (0)

vomiting, pallor, tremor, arrhythmia

General

Tremor

981

Anil 2010

1) epi + 0.9% saline

2) epi + 3% saline

3) salbutamol + 0.9% saline

4) salbutamol + 3% saline

0/38 (0)

0/39 (0)

0/36 (0)

0/36 (0)

Kuyucu 2004

1) epi + dex

2) salbutamol + dex

3) epi + placebo

4) salbutamol + placebo

0/23 (0)

0/23 (0)

0/11 (0)

0/12 (0)

Plint 2009

1) epi + dex

2) epi + placebo

3) placebo + dex

4) placebo + placebo

4/200 (2)

4/199 (2)

5/200 (2.5)

2/201 (1)

Mull 2004

1) racemic epi

2) albuterol sulfate

0/34 (0)

0/32 (0)

Bertrand 2001

1) salbutamol

2) epi

NR

0/16 (0)

John 2006

1) epi

2) salbutamol

0/15 (0)

0/15 (0)

Pallor / flushing

965

Kuyucu 2004

1) epi + dex

2) salbutamol + dex

3) epi + placebo

4) salbutamol + placebo

0/23 (0)

0/23 (0)

0/11 (0)

0/12 (0)

Plint 2009

1) epi + dex

2) epi + placebo

3) placebo + dex

4) placebo + placebo

23/200 (11.5)

22/199 (11.1)

15/200 (7.5)

16/201 (8)

John 2006

1) epi

2) salbutamol

0/15 (0)

0/15 (0)

Mull 2004

1) racemic epi

2) albuterol sulfate

1/34 (3)

0/32 (0)

Vomiting

935

Mull 2004

1) racemic epi

2) albuterol sulfate

1/34 (3)

5/32 (15.6)

Kuyucu 2004

1) epi + dex

2) salbutamol + dex

3) epi + placebo

4) salbutamol + placebo

0/23 (0)

0/23 (0)

0/11 (0)

0/12 (0)

Plint 2009

1) epi + dex

2) epi + placebo

3) placebo + dex

4) placebo + placebo

2/200 (1)

4/199 (2)

5/200 (2.5)

3/201 (1.5)

Agitation / others

30

John 2006

1) epi

2) salbutamol

0/15 (0)

0/15 (0)

irritability

Dex: dexamethasone
Epi: epinephrine
NR: not reported

Figuras y tablas -
Table 2. Adverse events
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 1. Epinephrine versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) Show forest plot

6

995

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.50, 0.89]

2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only) Show forest plot

3

875

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.63, 1.03]

3 Length of stay (inpatients only) Show forest plot

2

292

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.35 [‐0.87, 0.17]

4 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

6

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 60 minutes

6

975

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.40 [‐0.58, ‐0.23]

4.2 120 minutes

2

105

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.73 [‐1.13, ‐0.33]

5 Clinical score ‐ all (inpatients) Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 60 minutes

2

232

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.49, 0.40]

6 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

5

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 60 minutes

5

949

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.61 [‐0.14, 1.36]

6.2 120 minutes

2

105

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐1.22, 1.13]

7 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (inpatients) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 60 minutes

1

38

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.4 [‐1.56, 0.76]

8 Respiratory rate ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

8.1 60 minutes

3

844

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐3.22 [‐7.10, 0.65]

9 Respiratory rate ‐ all (inpatients) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

9.1 60 minutes

1

38

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

2.80 [‐2.97, 8.57]

10 Heart rate ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

4

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

10.1 60 minutes

4

901

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

7.85 [5.63, 10.06]

10.2 120 minutes

2

105

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

1.76 [‐5.96, 9.47]

11 Heart rate ‐ all (inpatients) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

11.1 60 minutes

2

225

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

13.06 [1.19, 24.92]

12 Hospital readmissions (inpatients) Show forest plot

2

292

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.29 [0.05, 1.86]

12.1 2 to 10 days

1

98

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.14 [0.01, 2.59]

12.2 10 to 30 days

1

194

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.48 [0.04, 5.20]

13 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (outpatients) Show forest plot

2

800

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.81, 1.19]

13.1 10 to 30 days

2

800

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.81, 1.19]

14 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (inpatients) Show forest plot

1

98

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.76, 1.39]

14.1 2 to 10 days

1

98

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.76, 1.39]

15 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) ‐ subgroup analysis 'synergism' Show forest plot

6

995

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.50, 0.89]

15.1 Protocolized use of steroid

1

400

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.74 [0.45, 1.23]

15.2 No protocolized use of steroid

5

595

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.62 [0.40, 0.94]

16 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) only low overall RoB Show forest plot

3

842

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.77 [0.56, 1.07]

17 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only) ‐ subgroup analysis 'synergism' Show forest plot

2

800

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.78 [0.59, 1.05]

17.1 Protocolized use of steroid

1

400

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.45, 0.98]

17.2 No protocolized use of steroid

1

400

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.90 [0.64, 1.26]

18 Length of stay (inpatients only) only low overall RoB Show forest plot

1

98

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.15 [‐1.05, 0.76]

19 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients) only low RoB Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

19.1 60 minutes

2

796

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.32 [‐0.46, ‐0.18]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Epinephrine versus placebo
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 2. Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) Show forest plot

9

444

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.41, 1.09]

2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only) Show forest plot

3

212

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.05 [0.71, 1.54]

3 Length of stay (inpatients only) Show forest plot

4

261

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.28 [‐0.46, ‐0.09]

4 Length of stay (outpatients only) Show forest plot

1

42

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.46 [‐0.27, 1.20]

5 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

10

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 60 minutes

8

397

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.12 [‐0.32, 0.08]

5.2 120 minutes

7

356

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.31, 0.11]

5.3 12 to 24 hours

2

69

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.21 [‐0.86, 0.44]

5.4 3 to 10 days

2

69

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.50 [‐0.98, ‐0.02]

6 Clinical score ‐ all (inpatients) Show forest plot

4

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 60 minutes

4

248

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.79 [‐1.45, ‐0.13]

6.2 120 minutes

1

140

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.52 [‐0.86, ‐0.18]

7 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

6

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 60 minutes

6

335

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.37 [‐1.18, 0.43]

7.2 120 minutes

5

287

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.14 [‐0.63, 0.34]

8 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (inpatients) Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

8.1 60 minutes

3

218

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

1.32 [0.51, 2.12]

8.2 120 minutes

1

140

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

1.5 [‐0.22, 3.22]

9 Respiratory rate ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

6

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

9.1 60 minutes

4

183

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐3.75 [‐7.43, ‐0.08]

9.2 120 minutes

4

177

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐2.59 [‐6.08, 0.89]

9.3 12 to 24 hours

2

69

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐3.44 [‐10.64, 3.76]

9.4 > 24 hours

2

69

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐6.88 [‐11.05, ‐2.71]

10 Respiratory rate ‐ all (inpatients) Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

10.1 60 minutes

3

218

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐5.20 [‐8.33, ‐2.07]

10.2 120 minutes

1

140

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

1.0 [‐4.30, 6.30]

11 Heart rate ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

7

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

11.1 60 minutes

5

248

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.30 [‐3.67, 4.27]

11.2 120 minutes

6

290

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

1.35 [‐4.76, 7.45]

11.3 12 to 24 hours

2

69

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐3.56 [‐16.58, 9.47]

11.4 3 to 10 days

2

69

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐3.97 [‐13.85, 5.91]

12 Heart rate ‐ all (inpatients) Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

12.1 60 minutes

3

218

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.89 [‐0.97, 2.76]

12.2 120 minutes

1

140

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐5.0 [‐10.30, 0.30]

13 Hospital readmissions (inpatients) Show forest plot

2

131

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.1 2 to 10 days

1

101

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.2 10 to 30 days

1

30

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (outpatients) Show forest plot

2

76

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.82 [0.28, 2.42]

14.1 2 to 10 days

1

41

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.05 [0.30, 3.64]

14.2 10 to 30 days

1

35

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.40 [0.05, 3.44]

15 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) ‐ (inpatients) Show forest plot

1

101

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.17 [0.84, 1.61]

15.1 10 to 30 days

1

101

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.17 [0.84, 1.61]

16 Length of stay (inpatients only) only low RoB overall Show forest plot

1

101

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.07 [‐1.01, 0.88]

17 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) only low RoB overall Show forest plot

3

148

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.66 [0.28, 1.56]

18 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients) only low RoB Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

18.1 60 minutes

3

135

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.23 [‐0.57, 0.11]

18.2 120 minutes

2

108

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.11 [‐0.64, 0.42]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Epinephrine versus salbutamol/albuterol
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 3. Epinephrine versus steroid

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Admissions (outpatients only) Show forest plot

2

444

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.12 [0.66, 1.88]

2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only) Show forest plot

1

399

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.77, 1.52]

3 Clinical score ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 60 minutes

2

442

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.31 [0.12, 0.50]

3.2 120 minutes

1

45

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.35 [‐0.27, 0.98]

3.3 3 to 6 hours

1

45

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.42 [‐0.20, 1.05]

4 Oxygen saturation ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 60 minutes

2

442

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.99 [‐1.46, ‐0.52]

4.2 120 minutes

1

45

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.07 [‐1.07, 0.94]

4.3 3 to 6 hours

1

45

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.58 [‐1.74, 0.57]

5 Respiratory rate ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 60 minutes

1

397

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.38 [‐1.44, 2.20]

6 Heart rate ‐ all (outpatients) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 60 minutes

2

442

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐7.56 [‐11.34, ‐3.79]

6.2 120 minutes

1

45

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.44 [‐7.59, 8.47]

6.3 3 to 6 hours

1

45

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.20 [‐8.09, 7.69]

7 Return visits (ED or any healthcare provider) (outpatients) Show forest plot

1

399

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.13 [0.93, 1.38]

7.1 10 to 30 days

1

399

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.13 [0.93, 1.38]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Epinephrine versus steroid
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 4. Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Admissions at enrollment or < 24 hours (outpatients only) Show forest plot

1

401

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.64 [0.40, 1.04]

2 Admissions overall up to 7 days (outpatients only) Show forest plot

1

400

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.44, 0.95]

3 Clinical score (outpatients only) Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 60 minutes

1

399

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.34 [‐0.54, ‐0.14]

4 Oxygen saturation (outpatients only) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 60 minutes

1

399

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.04 [‐0.53, 0.61]

5 Respiratory rate (outpatients only) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 60 minutes

1

399

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.16 [‐3.06, 0.74]

6 Heart rate (outpatients only) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 60 minutes

1

399

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

8.44 [4.85, 12.03]

7 Return visits (outpatients only) Show forest plot

1

400

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.12 [0.90, 1.38]

7.1 10 to 30 days

1

400

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.12 [0.90, 1.38]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 4. Epinephrine and steroid versus placebo
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 5. Epinephrine and steroid versus salbutamol

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Clinical score ‐ all scores (inpatients) Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 120 minutes

1

35

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.17 [‐0.87, 0.52]

1.2 12 to 24 hours

1

35

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.70, 0.70]

1.3 3 to 10 days

1

35

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.22 [‐1.98, ‐0.46]

2 Respiratory rate ‐ all (inpatients) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 120 minutes

1

35

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐9.51, 3.31]

2.2 12 to 24 hours

1

35

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐2.80 [‐9.96, 4.36]

2.3 > 24 hours

1

35

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐13.70 [‐20.56, ‐6.84]

3 Heart rate ‐ all (inpatients) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 120 minutes

1

35

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐3.20 [‐12.20, 5.80]

3.2 24 to 72 hours

1

35

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.40 [‐9.36, 6.56]

3.3 3 to 10 days

1

35

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐6.30 [‐14.21, 1.61]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 5. Epinephrine and steroid versus salbutamol
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 6. Epinephrine versus salbutamol and ipratropium bromide

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Clinical score (inpatients) Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 6 to 12 hours

1

60

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.60 [‐1.12, ‐0.09]

2 Oxygen saturation (inpatients) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 6 to 12 hours

1

60

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.37 [‐0.82, 1.56]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 6. Epinephrine versus salbutamol and ipratropium bromide
Ir a la tabla de la revisión