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Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
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Figure 1

Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
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Figure 2

Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.1 Pain improvement.
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Figure 3

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.1 Pain improvement.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.2 Pain score (mean change).
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Figure 4

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.2 Pain score (mean change).

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.3 Additional analgesia required.
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Figure 5

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.3 Additional analgesia required.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.4 Absence from school or work.
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Figure 6

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.4 Absence from school or work.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.5 Withdrawals from treatment.
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Figure 7

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.5 Withdrawals from treatment.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.6 Adverse events.
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Figure 8

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, outcome: 1.6 Adverse events.

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Forest plot of comparison: 2 Combined low dose OCP versus Combined low doseOCP, outcome: 2.1 Pain improvement.
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Figure 9

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Combined low dose OCP versus Combined low doseOCP, outcome: 2.1 Pain improvement.

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Forest plot of comparison: 2 Combined low dose OCP versus Combined low doseOCP, outcome: 2.2 Withdrawals from treatment.
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Figure 10

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Combined low dose OCP versus Combined low doseOCP, outcome: 2.2 Withdrawals from treatment.

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Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 1 Pain improvement.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 1 Pain improvement.

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Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 2 Pain score (mean change).
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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 2 Pain score (mean change).

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Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 Additional analgesia required.
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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 Additional analgesia required.

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Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 Absence from school or work.
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Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 Absence from school or work.

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Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 5 Withdrawals from treatment.
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Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 5 Withdrawals from treatment.

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Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 6 Adverse events.
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Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 6 Adverse events.

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Comparison 2 Combined low dose OCP versus Combined low doseOCP, Outcome 1 Pain improvement.
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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Combined low dose OCP versus Combined low doseOCP, Outcome 1 Pain improvement.

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Comparison 2 Combined low dose OCP versus Combined low doseOCP, Outcome 2 Withdrawals from treatment.
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Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Combined low dose OCP versus Combined low doseOCP, Outcome 2 Withdrawals from treatment.

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Comparison 1. Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain improvement Show forest plot

7

497

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.01 [1.32, 3.08]

1.1 low dose oestrogen and 1st/2nd generation progestagen

1

76

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.83 [0.69, 4.83]

1.2 low dose oestrogen and 3rd generation progestagen

1

73

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.3 medium dose oestrogen and 1st/2nd generation progestagen

5

348

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.06 [1.28, 3.30]

2 Pain score (mean change) Show forest plot

2

150

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.29 [‐0.46, ‐0.12]

2.1 Low dose oestrogen and 1st/2nd generation progesterone

1

74

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.50 [‐0.78, 3.78]

2.2 Low dose oestrogen and 3rd generation progestagen

1

76

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.3 [‐0.47, ‐0.13]

2.3 Medium dose oestrogen and 1st/2nd generation progestagen

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Additional analgesia required Show forest plot

2

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 low dose oestrogen and 1st/2nd generation progestagen

1

74

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.13, 0.85]

3.2 low dose oestrogen and 3rd generation progestagen

0

0

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.3 medium dose oestrogen and 1st/2nd generation progestagen

1

89

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.76 [0.66, 4.72]

4 Absence from school or work Show forest plot

2

148

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.39 [0.17, 0.88]

4.1 low dose oestrogen and 1st/2nd generation progestagen

1

59

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.18 [0.01, 3.92]

4.2 medium dose oestrogen and 1st/2nd generation progestagen

1

89

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.42 [0.18, 0.99]

5 Withdrawals from treatment Show forest plot

2

134

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.06 [0.18, 23.72]

5.1 low dose oestrogen and 1st/2nd generation progestagen

1

74

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.06 [0.18, 23.72]

5.2 low dose estrogen and 3rd generation progestagen

1

60

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.3 medium dose oestrogen and 1st/2nd generation progestagen

0

0

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Adverse events Show forest plot

3

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 Nausea

3

225

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.41, 2.03]

6.2 Headaches

2

135

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.56 [0.67, 3.67]

6.3 Weight gain

1

76

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.17 [0.71, 6.65]

6.4 Experienced any side effect

2

165

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.45 [0.71, 2.94]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Combined OCP versus placebo or no treatment
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Comparison 2. Combined low dose OCP versus Combined low doseOCP

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain improvement Show forest plot

3

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 3rd generation progestagens: 75mcg gestodene vs150mcg desogestrel

2

626

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.11 [0.79, 1.57]

1.2 2nd generation versus 3rd generation progestagens100mcg levonorgestrel vs 150mcg desogestrel

1

349

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.44 [0.23, 0.84]

2 Withdrawals from treatment Show forest plot

3

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 3rd generation progestagens: 75mcg gestodene vs150mcg desogestrel

2

626

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.15 [0.72, 1.83]

2.2 2nd generation versus 3rd generation progestagens: 100mcg levonorgestrel vs 150mcg desogestrel

1

349

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.41 [1.23, 15.77]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Combined low dose OCP versus Combined low doseOCP
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