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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 1 Death.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 1 Death.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 2 Clinically significant PDA.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 2 Clinically significant PDA.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 3 Hypovolemic shock.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 3 Hypovolemic shock.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 4 Change in plasma volume (ml/kg) from 48 to 96 hours of life.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 4 Change in plasma volume (ml/kg) from 48 to 96 hours of life.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 5 Change in cardiovascular stability index from 48 to 96 hours of life.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 5 Change in cardiovascular stability index from 48 to 96 hours of life.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 6 Dobutamine infusion rate (micrograms/kg/min) at the end of treatment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 6 Dobutamine infusion rate (micrograms/kg/min) at the end of treatment.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 7 Dopamine infusion rate (micrograms/kg/min) at the end of treatment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 7 Dopamine infusion rate (micrograms/kg/min) at the end of treatment.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 8 Change in colloid infusion rate (ml/kg/hour) at the end of treatment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 8 Change in colloid infusion rate (ml/kg/hour) at the end of treatment.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 9 Failure to extubate within 3 days after study entry.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 9 Failure to extubate within 3 days after study entry.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 10 Change in peak inspiratory pressure (cm H2O) during treatment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 10 Change in peak inspiratory pressure (cm H2O) during treatment.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 11 Change in mean airway pressure (cm H2O) during treatment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 11 Change in mean airway pressure (cm H2O) during treatment.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 12 Duration of mechanical ventilation (days).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 12 Duration of mechanical ventilation (days).

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 13 Change in FiO2 during treatment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 13 Change in FiO2 during treatment.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 14 Change in alveolar‐arterial O2 gradient (mm Hg) during treatment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 14 Change in alveolar‐arterial O2 gradient (mm Hg) during treatment.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 15 BPD.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.15

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 15 BPD.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 16 Death or BPD.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.16

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 16 Death or BPD.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 17 Duration of oxygen supplementation (days).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.17

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 17 Duration of oxygen supplementation (days).

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 18 IVH.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.18

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 18 IVH.

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 19 Severe IVH (grade III or IV).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.19

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 19 Severe IVH (grade III or IV).

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 20 Duration of hospitalization (days).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.20

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 20 Duration of hospitalization (days).

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 21 Significant handicap at one year (major neurologic defect and/or MDI/PDI <50).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.21

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 21 Significant handicap at one year (major neurologic defect and/or MDI/PDI <50).

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 22 Oligoanuria (urine output < 1 ml/kg/hour).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.22

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 22 Oligoanuria (urine output < 1 ml/kg/hour).

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 23 Hyponatremia (sodium < 130 mM/L).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.23

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 23 Hyponatremia (sodium < 130 mM/L).

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Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 24 Hyperkalemia (potassium > 6.5 mM/L).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.24

Comparison 1 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration, Outcome 24 Hyperkalemia (potassium > 6.5 mM/L).

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 1 Death.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 1 Death.

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 2 Clinically significant PDA.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 2 Clinically significant PDA.

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 Hypovolemic shock.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 Hypovolemic shock.

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 Failure to extubate within 3 days after study entry.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 Failure to extubate within 3 days after study entry.

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 5 Change in peak inspiratory pressure (cm H2O) during treatment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 5 Change in peak inspiratory pressure (cm H2O) during treatment.

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 6 Change in mean airway pressure (cm H2O) during treatment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 6 Change in mean airway pressure (cm H2O) during treatment.

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 7 Duration of mechanical ventilation (days).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 7 Duration of mechanical ventilation (days).

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 8 Change in FiO2 during treatment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 8 Change in FiO2 during treatment.

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 9 Change in alveolar‐arterial O2 gradient (mm Hg) during treatment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.9

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 9 Change in alveolar‐arterial O2 gradient (mm Hg) during treatment.

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 10 BPD.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.10

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 10 BPD.

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 11 Death or BPD.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.11

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 11 Death or BPD.

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 12 Duration of oxygen supplementation (days).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.12

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 12 Duration of oxygen supplementation (days).

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 13 IVH.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.13

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 13 IVH.

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 14 Severe IVH (grade III or IV).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.14

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 14 Severe IVH (grade III or IV).

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 15 Duration of hospitalization (days).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.15

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 15 Duration of hospitalization (days).

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 16 Significant handicap at one year (major neurologic defect and/or MDI/PDI <50).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.16

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 16 Significant handicap at one year (major neurologic defect and/or MDI/PDI <50).

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 17 Oligoanuria (urine output < 1 ml/kg/hour).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.17

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 17 Oligoanuria (urine output < 1 ml/kg/hour).

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 18 Hyponatremia (sodium < 130 mM/L).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.18

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 18 Hyponatremia (sodium < 130 mM/L).

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Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 19 Hyperkalemia (potassium > 6.5 mM/L).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.19

Comparison 2 Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 19 Hyperkalemia (potassium > 6.5 mM/L).

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Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 1 Death.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 1 Death.

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Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 2 Clinical diagnosis of PDA during the study.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 2 Clinical diagnosis of PDA during the study.

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Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 3 Clinical diagnosis of PDA (during the study or later).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 3 Clinical diagnosis of PDA (during the study or later).

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Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 4 BPD.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 4 BPD.

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Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 5 Death or BPD.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 5 Death or BPD.

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Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 6 IVH.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.6

Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 6 IVH.

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Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 7 Duration of mechanical ventilation in survivors (days).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.7

Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 7 Duration of mechanical ventilation in survivors (days).

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Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 8 Duration of hospitalization (days).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.8

Comparison 3 PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide, Outcome 8 Duration of hospitalization (days).

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Comparison 1. Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Death Show forest plot

6

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 All

6

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.35 [0.71, 2.56]

1.2 Postnatal age < 24 hours

4

167

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.47 [0.72, 2.97]

1.3 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

2

81

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.97 [0.21, 4.48]

1.4 Loop diuretics

5

198

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.30 [0.67, 2.52]

1.5 Theophylline

1

50

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.0 [0.19, 20.67]

1.6 Sensitivity

5

228

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.51, 2.24]

2 Clinically significant PDA Show forest plot

4

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 All

4

208

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.11 [0.72, 1.71]

2.2 Postnatal age < 24 hours

3

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.50, 1.48]

2.3 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

69

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.7 [0.82, 3.53]

2.4 Loop diuretics

3

161

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.67, 1.73]

2.5 Theophylline

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.25 [0.44, 3.54]

3 Hypovolemic shock Show forest plot

1

12

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.0 [0.20, 82.01]

3.1 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

12

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.0 [0.20, 82.01]

4 Change in plasma volume (ml/kg) from 48 to 96 hours of life Show forest plot

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐7.7 [‐11.74, ‐3.66]

4.1 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐7.7 [‐11.74, ‐3.66]

5 Change in cardiovascular stability index from 48 to 96 hours of life Show forest plot

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.77 [‐0.14, 1.68]

5.1 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.77 [‐0.14, 1.68]

6 Dobutamine infusion rate (micrograms/kg/min) at the end of treatment Show forest plot

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.10 [‐0.62, 6.82]

6.1 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.10 [‐0.62, 6.82]

7 Dopamine infusion rate (micrograms/kg/min) at the end of treatment Show forest plot

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.41 [‐0.07, 4.89]

7.1 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.41 [‐0.07, 4.89]

8 Change in colloid infusion rate (ml/kg/hour) at the end of treatment Show forest plot

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.86 [‐4.30, 2.58]

8.1 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.86 [‐4.30, 2.58]

9 Failure to extubate within 3 days after study entry Show forest plot

1

56

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.45, 0.93]

9.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

1

56

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.45, 0.93]

10 Change in peak inspiratory pressure (cm H2O) during treatment Show forest plot

1

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐6.62 [‐14.74, 1.50]

10.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

1

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐6.62 [‐14.74, 1.50]

11 Change in mean airway pressure (cm H2O) during treatment Show forest plot

2

125

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.16 [‐2.42, 0.09]

11.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

1

56

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.30 [‐2.81, 0.21]

11.2 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.85 [‐3.11, 1.41]

12 Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) Show forest plot

2

105

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐2.83 [‐4.49, ‐1.17]

12.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

1

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐5.0 [‐7.06, ‐2.94]

12.2 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [‐1.61, 4.01]

13 Change in FiO2 during treatment Show forest plot

2

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐0.13, 0.03]

13.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

2

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐0.13, 0.03]

14 Change in alveolar‐arterial O2 gradient (mm Hg) during treatment Show forest plot

3

161

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.62 [‐43.75, 40.51]

14.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

2

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐66.81 [‐131.24, ‐2.37]

14.2 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

47.06 [‐8.62, 102.74]

15 BPD Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

15.1 All

3

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.41, 1.59]

15.2 Postnatal age < 24 hours

3

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.41, 1.59]

15.3 Loop diuretics

2

92

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.49, 2.10]

15.4 Theophylline

1

50

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.29 [0.04, 2.44]

16 Death or BPD Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

16.1 All

2

87

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.32, 2.76]

16.2 Postnatal age <24 hours

2

87

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.32, 2.76]

16.3 Loop diuretics

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.55 [0.29, 22.31]

16.4 Theophylline

1

50

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.6 [0.16, 2.25]

17 Duration of oxygen supplementation (days) Show forest plot

3

161

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.50 [‐2.51, 1.50]

17.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

2

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.22 [‐2.40, 1.96]

17.2 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

69

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐2.10 [‐7.28, 3.08]

18 IVH Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

18.1 All

3

127

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.40, 1.44]

18.2 Postnatal age < 24 hours

3

127

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.40, 1.44]

18.3 Loop diuretics

2

80

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.90 [0.43, 1.88]

18.4 Theophylline

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.52 [0.15, 1.84]

18.5 Sensitivity

2

107

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.63 [0.32, 1.26]

19 Severe IVH (grade III or IV) Show forest plot

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.07, 15.72]

19.1 All studies

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.07, 15.72]

20 Duration of hospitalization (days) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

20.1 All

2

103

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.43 [‐10.71, 15.57]

20.2 Postnatal age < 24 hours

2

103

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.43 [‐10.71, 15.57]

20.3 Loop diuretics

1

56

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

6.60 [‐16.38, 29.58]

20.4 Theophylline

1

47

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.40 [‐15.62, 16.42]

21 Significant handicap at one year (major neurologic defect and/or MDI/PDI <50) Show forest plot

1

26

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.43 [0.09, 1.94]

21.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

1

26

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.43 [0.09, 1.94]

22 Oligoanuria (urine output < 1 ml/kg/hour) Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

22.1 All

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [0.02, 0.96]

22.2 Theophylline

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [0.02, 0.96]

23 Hyponatremia (sodium < 130 mM/L) Show forest plot

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.16, 6.80]

23.1 All

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.16, 6.80]

24 Hyperkalemia (potassium > 6.5 mM/L) Show forest plot

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.57 [0.29, 8.53]

24.1 All

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.57 [0.29, 8.53]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Routine diuretic administration versus placebo, no treatment or PRN diuretic administration
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 2. Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Death Show forest plot

5

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 All

5

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.47 [0.72, 2.97]

1.2 Postnatal age < 24 hours

4

167

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.47 [0.72, 2.97]

1.3 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

12

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.4 Loop diuretics

4

129

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.41 [0.67, 2.95]

1.5 Theophylline

1

50

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.0 [0.19, 20.67]

2 Clinically significant PDA Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 All

3

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.50, 1.48]

2.2 Postnatal age < 24 hours

3

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.50, 1.48]

2.3 Loop diuretics

2

92

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.72 [0.38, 1.38]

2.4 Theophylline

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.25 [0.44, 3.54]

3 Hypovolemic shock Show forest plot

1

12

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.0 [0.20, 82.01]

3.1 Postnatal age at least 24 hours

1

12

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.0 [0.20, 82.01]

4 Failure to extubate within 3 days after study entry Show forest plot

1

56

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.45, 0.93]

4.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

1

56

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.45, 0.93]

5 Change in peak inspiratory pressure (cm H2O) during treatment Show forest plot

1

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐6.62 [‐14.74, 1.50]

5.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

1

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐6.62 [‐14.74, 1.50]

6 Change in mean airway pressure (cm H2O) during treatment Show forest plot

1

56

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.30 [‐2.81, 0.21]

6.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

1

56

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.30 [‐2.81, 0.21]

7 Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) Show forest plot

1

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐5.0 [‐7.06, ‐2.94]

7.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

1

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐5.0 [‐7.06, ‐2.94]

8 Change in FiO2 during treatment Show forest plot

2

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐0.13, 0.03]

8.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

2

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐0.13, 0.03]

9 Change in alveolar‐arterial O2 gradient (mm Hg) during treatment Show forest plot

2

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐66.81 [‐131.24, ‐2.37]

9.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

2

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐66.81 [‐131.24, ‐2.37]

10 BPD Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

10.1 All

3

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.41, 1.59]

10.2 Postnatal age < 24 hours

3

139

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.41, 1.59]

10.3 Loop diuretics

2

92

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.49, 2.10]

10.4 Theophylline

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.26 [0.03, 2.16]

11 Death or BPD Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

11.1 All

2

87

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.32, 2.76]

11.2 Postnatal age <24 hours

2

87

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.32, 2.76]

11.3 Loop diuretics

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.55 [0.29, 22.31]

11.4 Theophylline

1

50

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.6 [0.16, 2.25]

12 Duration of oxygen supplementation (days) Show forest plot

2

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.22 [‐2.40, 1.96]

12.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

2

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.22 [‐2.40, 1.96]

13 IVH Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

13.1 All

3

127

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.40, 1.44]

13.2 Postnatal age < 24 hours

3

127

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.40, 1.44]

13.3 Loop diuretics

2

80

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.90 [0.43, 1.88]

13.4 Theophylline

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.52 [0.15, 1.84]

14 Severe IVH (grade III or IV) Show forest plot

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.07, 15.72]

14.1 All

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.07, 15.72]

15 Duration of hospitalization (days) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

15.1 All

2

103

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.43 [‐10.71, 15.57]

15.2 Postnatal age < 24 hours

2

103

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.43 [‐10.71, 15.57]

15.3 Loop diuretics

1

56

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

6.60 [‐16.38, 29.58]

15.4 Theophylline

1

47

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.40 [‐15.62, 16.42]

16 Significant handicap at one year (major neurologic defect and/or MDI/PDI <50) Show forest plot

1

26

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.43 [0.09, 1.94]

16.1 Postnatal age < 24 hours

1

26

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.43 [0.09, 1.94]

17 Oligoanuria (urine output < 1 ml/kg/hour) Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

17.1 All

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [0.02, 0.96]

17.2 Theophylline

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [0.02, 0.96]

18 Hyponatremia (sodium < 130 mM/L) Show forest plot

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.16, 6.80]

18.1 All

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.16, 6.80]

19 Hyperkalemia (potassium > 6.5 mM/L) Show forest plot

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.57 [0.29, 8.53]

19.1 All

1

47

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.57 [0.29, 8.53]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Routine diuretic administration versus placebo or no treatment
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 3. PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Death Show forest plot

1

66

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.62 [0.29, 1.29]

2 Clinical diagnosis of PDA during the study Show forest plot

1

66

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.25 [1.14, 4.44]

3 Clinical diagnosis of PDA (during the study or later) Show forest plot

1

66

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.0 [1.58, 5.68]

4 BPD Show forest plot

1

45

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.8 [0.18, 3.54]

5 Death or BPD Show forest plot

1

66

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.69 [0.38, 1.25]

6 IVH Show forest plot

1

66

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.18 [0.62, 2.25]

7 Duration of mechanical ventilation in survivors (days) Show forest plot

1

45

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.20 [‐1.31, 7.71]

8 Duration of hospitalization (days) Show forest plot

1

45

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐8.0 [‐33.33, 17.33]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. PRN furosemide versus PRN chlorothiazide
Ir a la tabla de la revisión