1 Insensible water loss(mL/kg/h) Show forest plot

3

53

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.94 [0.47, 1.41]

2 Oxygen consumption(mL/kg/min) Show forest plot

5

111

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.27 [‐0.09, 0.63]

3 Skinfold fat gain(mm/d) Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.04 [0.01, 0.07]

4 Metabolic rate(kcal/kg/h) Show forest plot

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [‐0.26, 0.52]

5 Weight gain(g/kg/d) Show forest plot

2

86

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.06 [‐0.94, 3.06]

6 Time to regain birthweight (days) Show forest plot

2

90

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [‐1.49, 3.21]

7 Infection ‐ suspected or proven Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.66, 1.30]

8 Infection ‐ positive blood culture Show forest plot

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.6 [0.16, 2.29]

9 Necrotising enterocolitis Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.78 [0.20, 3.00]

10 Patent ductus arteriosus Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.38, 2.62]

11 Retinopathy of prematurity‐ all stages Show forest plot

2

88

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.97 [0.59, 1.59]

12 Retinopathy of prematurity ‐ Stages III and IV Show forest plot

2

88

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.27 [0.28, 5.83]

13 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ all grades Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.31, 1.91]

14 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ Grades 3 and 4 Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 7.87]

15 Cerebral cystic lesions Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.04, 3.08]

16 Chronic lung disease Show forest plot

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.2 [0.01, 4.00]

17 Neonatal death Show forest plot

2

94

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.27 [0.05, 1.59]

18 Serum sodium >150mmol/L Show forest plot

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.0 [0.66, 13.69]

1 Insensible water loss Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

3

53

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.94 [0.47, 1.41]

1.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

14

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [‐0.10, 2.10]

1.3 Radiant warmers without heat shields vs incubators with heat shields

1

14

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.27 [0.02, 2.52]

1.4 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators with heat shields

1

13

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.24 [0.30, 2.18]

2 Oxygen consumption (mL/kg/min) Show forest plot

5

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

5

111

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.27 [‐0.09, 0.63]

2.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

14

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐0.84, 0.74]

2.3 Radiant warmers without heat shields vs incubators with heat shields

1

14

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐0.89, 0.79]

2.4 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators with heat shields

1

13

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.45 [‐1.33, 0.43]

3 Time to regain birthweight (days) Show forest plot

2

90

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [‐1.49, 3.21]

3.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.65 [‐4.58, 3.28]

3.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.70 [‐1.24, 4.64]

4 Infection ‐ suspected or proven Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.66, 1.30]

4.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

1

30

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.73 [0.41, 1.28]

4.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.06 [0.69, 1.62]

5 Infection ‐ positive blood culture Show forest plot

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.6 [0.16, 2.29]

5.1 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.6 [0.16, 2.29]

6 Necrotising enterocolitis Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.78 [0.20, 3.00]

6.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

1

30

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.0 [0.35, 25.68]

6.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.14 [0.01, 2.65]

7 Patent ductus arteriosus Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.38, 2.62]

7.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

1

30

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.5 [0.29, 7.73]

7.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.8 [0.24, 2.69]

8 Retinopathy of prematurity ‐ all stages Show forest plot

2

88

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.97 [0.59, 1.59]

8.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

1

28

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.71 [0.44, 1.14]

8.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.0 [0.55, 7.27]

9 Retinopathy of prematurity ‐ Stages III and IV Show forest plot

2

88

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.27 [0.28, 5.83]

9.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

1

28

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.87 [0.14, 5.32]

9.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.0 [0.13, 70.83]

10 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ all grades Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.31, 1.91]

10.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

1

30

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 7.58]

10.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.33, 2.25]

11 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ Grades 3 and 4 Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 7.87]

11.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

1

30

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 7.87]

12 Cerebral cystic lesions Show forest plot

2

90

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.04, 3.08]

12.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

1

30

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 7.58]

12.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 7.87]

13 Chronic lung disease Show forest plot

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.2 [0.01, 4.00]

13.1 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.2 [0.01, 4.00]

14 Neonatal death Show forest plot

2

94

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.27 [0.05, 1.59]

14.1 Radiant warmers vs incubators ‐ without the use of heat shields

1

34

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [0.05, 5.01]

14.2 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.14 [0.01, 2.65]

15 Serum sodium >150mmol/L Show forest plot

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.0 [0.66, 13.69]

15.1 Radiant warmers with heat shields vs incubators without heat shields

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.0 [0.66, 13.69]