Scolaris Content Display Scolaris Content Display

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 1

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, outcome: 1.1 Time to regain birth weight (days from birth).
Figures and Tables -
Figure 2

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, outcome: 1.1 Time to regain birth weight (days from birth).

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, outcome: 1.2 Short‐term weight change (g/kg/day).
Figures and Tables -
Figure 3

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, outcome: 1.2 Short‐term weight change (g/kg/day).

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, outcome: 1.3 Short‐term change in crown‐heel length (mm/week).
Figures and Tables -
Figure 4

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, outcome: 1.3 Short‐term change in crown‐heel length (mm/week).

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, outcome: 1.6 Short‐term change in head circumference (mm/week).
Figures and Tables -
Figure 5

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, outcome: 1.6 Short‐term change in head circumference (mm/week).

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, outcome: 1.20 Necrotising enterocolitis.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 6

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, outcome: 1.20 Necrotising enterocolitis.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 1 Time to regain birth weight (days from birth).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 1 Time to regain birth weight (days from birth).

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 2 Short term weight change (g/kg/day).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 2 Short term weight change (g/kg/day).

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 3 Short‐term change in crown‐heel length (mm/week).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 3 Short‐term change in crown‐heel length (mm/week).

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 4 Short‐term change in crown‐rump length (mm/week).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 4 Short‐term change in crown‐rump length (mm/week).

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 5 Short‐term change in femoral length (mm/week).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 5 Short‐term change in femoral length (mm/week).

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 6 Short‐term change in head circumference (mm/week).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 6 Short‐term change in head circumference (mm/week).

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 7 Weight (kg) at 9 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 7 Weight (kg) at 9 months post‐term.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 8 Length (cm) at 9 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 8 Length (cm) at 9 months post‐term.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 9 Head circumference (cm) at 9 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 9 Head circumference (cm) at 9 months post‐term.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 10 Weight (kg) at 18 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 10 Weight (kg) at 18 months post‐term.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 11 Length (cm) at 18 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 11 Length (cm) at 18 months post‐term.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 12 Head circumference (cm) at 18 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 12 Head circumference (cm) at 18 months post‐term.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 13 Weight (kg) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 13 Weight (kg) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 14 Length (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 14 Length (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 15 Head circumference (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.15

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 15 Head circumference (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 16 Bayley Mental Development Index at 18 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.16

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 16 Bayley Mental Development Index at 18 months.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 17 Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 18 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.17

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 17 Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 18 months.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 18 Neurological impairment at 18 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.18

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 18 Neurological impairment at 18 months.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 19 All‐cause mortality.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.19

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 19 All‐cause mortality.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 20 Necrotising enterocolitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.20

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 20 Necrotising enterocolitis.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 21 Days after birth to establish full enteral feeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.21

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 21 Days after birth to establish full enteral feeding.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 22 Feeding intolerance or diarrhoea.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.22

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 22 Feeding intolerance or diarrhoea.

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 23 Incidence of invasive infection.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.23

Comparison 1 Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk, Outcome 23 Incidence of invasive infection.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 1 Short‐term weight change (g/kg/day).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 1 Short‐term weight change (g/kg/day).

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 2 Short‐term change in crown‐heel length (mm/week).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 2 Short‐term change in crown‐heel length (mm/week).

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 3 Short‐term change in head circumference (mm/week).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 3 Short‐term change in head circumference (mm/week).

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 4 Weight (kg) at 9 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 4 Weight (kg) at 9 months post‐term.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 5 Length (cm) at 9 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 5 Length (cm) at 9 months post‐term.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 6 Head circumference (cm) at 9 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 6 Head circumference (cm) at 9 months post‐term.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 7 Weight (kg) at 18 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 7 Weight (kg) at 18 months post‐term.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 8 Length (cm) at 18 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 8 Length (cm) at 18 months post‐term.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 9 Head circumference (cm) at 18 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.9

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 9 Head circumference (cm) at 18 months post‐term.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 10 Weight (kg) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.10

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 10 Weight (kg) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 11 Length (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.11

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 11 Length (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 12 Head circumference (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.12

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 12 Head circumference (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 13 Bayley Mental Development Index at 18 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.13

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 13 Bayley Mental Development Index at 18 months.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 14 Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 18 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.14

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 14 Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 18 months.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 15 Neurological impairment at 18 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.15

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 15 Neurological impairment at 18 months.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 16 All‐cause mortality.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.16

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 16 All‐cause mortality.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 17 Necrotising enterocolitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.17

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 17 Necrotising enterocolitis.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 18 Feeding intolerance or diarrhoea.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.18

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 18 Feeding intolerance or diarrhoea.

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 19 Incidence of invasive infection.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.19

Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 19 Incidence of invasive infection.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 1 Short‐term weight change (g/kg/day).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 1 Short‐term weight change (g/kg/day).

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 2 Short‐term change in crown‐heel length (mm/week).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 2 Short‐term change in crown‐heel length (mm/week).

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 3 Short‐term change in head circumference (mm/week).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 3 Short‐term change in head circumference (mm/week).

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 4 Weight (kg) at 9 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 4 Weight (kg) at 9 months post‐term.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 5 Length (cm) at 9 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 5 Length (cm) at 9 months post‐term.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 6 Head circumference (cm) at 9 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.6

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 6 Head circumference (cm) at 9 months post‐term.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 7 Weight (kg) at 18 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.7

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 7 Weight (kg) at 18 months post‐term.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 8 Length (cm) at 18 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.8

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 8 Length (cm) at 18 months post‐term.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 9 Head circumference (cm) at 18 months post‐term.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.9

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 9 Head circumference (cm) at 18 months post‐term.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 10 Weight (kg) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.10

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 10 Weight (kg) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 11 Length (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.11

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 11 Length (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 12 Head circumference (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.12

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 12 Head circumference (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 13 Bayley Mental Development Index at 18 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.13

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 13 Bayley Mental Development Index at 18 months.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 14 Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 18 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.14

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 14 Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 18 months.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 15 Neurological impairment at 18 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.15

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 15 Neurological impairment at 18 months.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 16 All‐cause mortality.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.16

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 16 All‐cause mortality.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 17 Necrotising enterocolitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.17

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 17 Necrotising enterocolitis.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 18 Feeding intolerance or diarrhoea.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.18

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 18 Feeding intolerance or diarrhoea.

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 19 Incidence of invasive infection.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.19

Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified, Outcome 19 Incidence of invasive infection.

Comparison 1. Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Time to regain birth weight (days from birth) Show forest plot

2

166

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐2.00 [‐5.81, ‐2.18]

2 Short term weight change (g/kg/day) Show forest plot

8

702

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.58 [1.98, 3.17]

2.1 Term formula

3

234

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.74 [0.96, 2.53]

2.2 Preterm formula

5

468

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.71 [2.79, 4.63]

3 Short‐term change in crown‐heel length (mm/week) Show forest plot

7

494

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.87, 1.85]

3.1 Term formula

2

128

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.10, 1.50]

3.2 Preterm formula

5

366

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.93 [1.23, 2.62]

4 Short‐term change in crown‐rump length (mm/week) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5 Short‐term change in femoral length (mm/week) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6 Short‐term change in head circumference (mm/week) Show forest plot

7

568

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.21 [0.75, 1.67]

6.1 Term formula

2

128

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.15, 1.47]

6.2 Preterm formula

5

440

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.59 [0.95, 2.24]

7 Weight (kg) at 9 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

369

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.03 [‐0.26, 0.21]

8 Length (cm) at 9 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

369

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.03 [‐0.64, 0.70]

9 Head circumference (cm) at 9 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

369

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.13, 0.53]

10 Weight (kg) at 18 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

438

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.15, 0.35]

11 Length (cm) at 18 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

438

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.53 [‐0.15, 1.20]

12 Head circumference (cm) at 18 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

438

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.19, 0.39]

13 Weight (kg) at 7.5 to 8 years of age Show forest plot

2

420

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.56 [‐1.42, 0.29]

14 Length (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age Show forest plot

2

420

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.05 [‐1.12, 1.23]

15 Head circumference (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age Show forest plot

2

420

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.19 [‐0.54, 0.16]

16 Bayley Mental Development Index at 18 months Show forest plot

2

387

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.24 [‐2.62, 5.09]

17 Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 18 months Show forest plot

2

387

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.32 [‐3.43, 2.79]

18 Neurological impairment at 18 months Show forest plot

2

400

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.21 [0.62, 2.35]

19 All‐cause mortality Show forest plot

4

721

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.33 [0.79, 2.25]

20 Necrotising enterocolitis Show forest plot

6

869

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.77 [1.40, 5.46]

20.1 Term formula

1

67

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.73 [0.52, 43.09]

20.2 Preterm formula

5

802

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.61 [1.27, 5.35]

21 Days after birth to establish full enteral feeding Show forest plot

1

53

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.70 [‐2.56, 11.96]

22 Feeding intolerance or diarrhoea Show forest plot

2

148

Risk Difference (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [0.01, 0.19]

22.1 Term formula

1

67

Risk Difference (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.21 [0.04, 0.38]

22.2 Preterm formula

1

81

Risk Difference (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.06, 0.10]

23 Incidence of invasive infection Show forest plot

2

219

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.12 [0.84, 1.49]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 1. Formula (term or preterm) versus donor breast milk
Comparison 2. Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Short‐term weight change (g/kg/day) Show forest plot

8

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Sole diet

6

421

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.65 [1.94, 3.36]

1.2 Supplement

2

281

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.39 [1.28, 3.50]

2 Short‐term change in crown‐heel length (mm/week) Show forest plot

7

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Sole diet

5

283

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.54 [0.98, 2.11]

2.2 Supplement

2

211

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.75 [‐0.28, 1.78]

3 Short‐term change in head circumference (mm/week) Show forest plot

7

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Sole diet

5

305

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.85, 1.88]

3.2 Supplement

2

263

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.59 [‐0.44, 1.62]

4 Weight (kg) at 9 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 Sole diet

1

110

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.27, 0.67]

4.2 Supplement

1

259

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.37, 0.17]

5 Length (cm) at 9 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 Sole diet

1

110

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.40 [‐0.93, 1.73]

5.2 Supplement

1

259

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.88, 0.68]

6 Head circumference (cm) at 9 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 Sole diet

1

110

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.45, 0.85]

6.2 Supplement

1

259

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.18, 0.58]

7 Weight (kg) at 18 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 Sole diet

1

136

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.37, 0.57]

7.2 Supplement

1

302

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.19, 0.39]

8 Length (cm) at 18 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

8.1 Sole diet

1

136

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.60 [‐0.68, 1.88]

8.2 Supplement

1

302

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [‐0.29, 1.29]

9 Head circumference (cm) at 18 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

9.1 Sole diet

1

136

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.44, 0.64]

9.2 Supplement

1

302

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.25, 0.45]

10 Weight (kg) at 7.5 to 8 years of age Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

10.1 Sole diet

1

130

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [‐1.24, 2.24]

10.2 Supplement

1

290

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.88, 0.08]

11 Length (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age Show forest plot

2

420

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.05 [‐1.12, 1.23]

11.1 Sole diet

1

130

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [‐1.26, 3.26]

11.2 Supplement

1

290

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.30 [‐1.68, 1.08]

12 Head circumference (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age Show forest plot

2

420

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.19 [‐0.54, 0.16]

12.1 Sole diet

1

130

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.56, 0.76]

12.2 Supplement

1

290

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.30 [‐0.71, 0.11]

13 Bayley Mental Development Index at 18 months Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

13.1 Sole diet

1

114

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.5 [‐6.21, 7.21]

13.2 Supplement

1

273

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.60 [‐3.11, 6.31]

14 Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 18 months Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

14.1 Sole diet

1

114

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [‐4.38, 6.78]

14.2 Supplement

1

273

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.0 [‐4.74, 2.74]

15 Neurological impairment at 18 months Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

15.1 Sole diet

1

122

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.06 [0.64, 6.68]

15.2 Supplement

1

278

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.92 [0.40, 2.10]

16 All‐cause mortality Show forest plot

4

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

16.1 Sole diet

2

212

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.70 [0.71, 4.07]

16.2 Supplement

2

509

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.16 [0.60, 2.24]

17 Necrotising enterocolitis Show forest plot

6

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

17.1 Sole diet

4

360

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.62 [1.47, 14.56]

17.2 Supplement

2

509

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.96 [0.82, 4.67]

18 Feeding intolerance or diarrhoea Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

18.1 Sole diet

2

148

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.92 [1.17, 20.70]

19 Incidence of invasive infection Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

19.1 Sole diet

1

53

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.43 [0.97, 2.11]

19.2 Supplement

1

166

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.66, 1.44]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 2. Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk
Comparison 3. Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Short‐term weight change (g/kg/day) Show forest plot

8

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

6

483

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.54 [1.89, 3.19]

1.2 Fortified donor breast milk

2

219

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.80 [1.20, 4.39]

2 Short‐term change in crown‐heel length (mm/week) Show forest plot

7

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

5

275

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.26 [0.72, 1.80]

2.2 Fortified donor breast milk

2

219

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.86 [0.64, 3.07]

3 Short‐term change in head circumference (mm/week) Show forest plot

7

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

5

349

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.29 [0.79, 1.80]

3.2 Fortified donor breast milk

2

219

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [‐0.25, 1.91]

4 Weight (kg) at 9 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

369

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.03 [‐0.26, 0.21]

5 Length (cm) at 9 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

369

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.03 [‐0.64, 0.70]

6 Head circumference (cm) at 9 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

369

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.13, 0.53]

7 Weight (kg) at 18 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

438

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.15, 0.35]

8 Length (cm) at 18 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

8.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

438

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.53 [‐0.15, 1.20]

9 Head circumference (cm) at 18 months post‐term Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

9.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

438

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.19, 0.39]

10 Weight (kg) at 7.5 to 8 years of age Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

10.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

420

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.56 [‐1.42, 0.29]

11 Length (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

11.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

420

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.05 [‐1.12, 1.23]

12 Head circumference (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

12.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

420

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.19 [‐0.54, 0.16]

13 Bayley Mental Development Index at 18 months Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

13.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

387

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.24 [‐2.62, 5.09]

14 Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 18 months Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

14.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

387

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.32 [‐3.43, 2.79]

15 Neurological impairment at 18 months Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

15.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

400

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.21 [0.62, 2.35]

16 All‐cause mortality Show forest plot

4

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

16.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

502

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.29 [0.73, 2.29]

16.2 Fortified donor breast milk

2

219

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.53 [0.42, 5.51]

17 Necrotising enterocolitis Show forest plot

6

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

17.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

4

650

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.30 [1.16, 9.41]

17.2 Fortified donor breast milk

2

219

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.40 [0.98, 5.87]

18 Feeding intolerance or diarrhoea Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

18.1 Unfortified donor breast milk

2

148

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.92 [1.17, 20.70]

19 Incidence of invasive infection Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

19.1 Fortified donor breast milk

2

219

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.12 [0.84, 1.49]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 3. Subgroup analysis: Formula (preterm) versus donor breast milk given (i) unfortified or (ii) fortified