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Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 1

Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.3 Perinatal death/death before discharge.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 2

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.3 Perinatal death/death before discharge.

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.4 Neonatal infection including pneumonia.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 3

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.4 Neonatal infection including pneumonia.

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.5 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 4

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.5 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.7 Major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound before discharge.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 5

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, outcome: 1.7 Major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound before discharge.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 1 Maternal death.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 1 Maternal death.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 3 Perinatal death/death before discharge.
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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 3 Perinatal death/death before discharge.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 4 Neonatal infection including pneumonia.
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Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 4 Neonatal infection including pneumonia.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 5 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 5 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 6 Oxygen treatment > 36 weeks' postconceptual age.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 6 Oxygen treatment > 36 weeks' postconceptual age.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 7 Major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound before discharge.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 7 Major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound before discharge.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 8 Birth before 37 weeks' gestation.
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Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 8 Birth before 37 weeks' gestation.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 9 Major adverse drug reaction.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 9 Major adverse drug reaction.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 10 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge.
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Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 10 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 11 Chorioamnionitis.
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Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 11 Chorioamnionitis.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 12 Caesarean section.
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Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 12 Caesarean section.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 15 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation.
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Analysis 1.15

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 15 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 16 Birth within 7 days of randomisation.
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Analysis 1.16

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 16 Birth within 7 days of randomisation.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 17 Birthweight.
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Analysis 1.17

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 17 Birthweight.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 18 Birthweight < 2500 g.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.18

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 18 Birthweight < 2500 g.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 19 Neonatal intensive care.
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Analysis 1.19

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 19 Neonatal intensive care.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 20 Days in neonatal intensive care unit.
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Analysis 1.20

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 20 Days in neonatal intensive care unit.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 21 Positive neonatal blood culture.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.21

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 21 Positive neonatal blood culture.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 22 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.22

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 22 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 23 Treatment with surfactant.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.23

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 23 Treatment with surfactant.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 24 Number of babies requiring ventilation.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.24

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 24 Number of babies requiring ventilation.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 25 Number of babies requiring oxygen therapy.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.25

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 25 Number of babies requiring oxygen therapy.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 26 Neonatal oxygenation > 28 days.
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Analysis 1.26

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 26 Neonatal oxygenation > 28 days.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 27 Neonatal encephalopathy.
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Analysis 1.27

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 27 Neonatal encephalopathy.

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 28 Serious childhood disability at 7 years.
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Analysis 1.28

Comparison 1 Any antibiotic versus placebo, Outcome 28 Serious childhood disability at 7 years.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 3 Major adverse drug reaction.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 3 Major adverse drug reaction.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 4 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge.
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Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 4 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 6 Caesarean section.
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Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 6 Caesarean section.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 9 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation.
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Analysis 2.9

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 9 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 10 Birth within 7 days of randomisation.
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Analysis 2.10

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 10 Birth within 7 days of randomisation.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 11 Birth before 37 weeks' gestation.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.11

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 11 Birth before 37 weeks' gestation.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 12 Birthweight.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.12

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 12 Birthweight.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 13 Birthweight < 2500 g.
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Analysis 2.13

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 13 Birthweight < 2500 g.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care.
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Analysis 2.14

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 17 Positive neonatal blood culture.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.17

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 17 Positive neonatal blood culture.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 18 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.18

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 18 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 19 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.19

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 19 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 20 Treatment with surfactant.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.20

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 20 Treatment with surfactant.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 21 Number of babies requiring ventilation.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.21

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 21 Number of babies requiring ventilation.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 22 Number of babies requiring oxygen therapy.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.22

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 22 Number of babies requiring oxygen therapy.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 23 Neonatal oxygenation > 28 days.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.23

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 23 Neonatal oxygenation > 28 days.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 24 Oxygen treatment > 36 weeks' postconceptual age.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.24

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 24 Oxygen treatment > 36 weeks' postconceptual age.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 26 Major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound before discharge.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.26

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 26 Major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound before discharge.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 27 Perinatal death/death before discharge.
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Analysis 2.27

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 27 Perinatal death/death before discharge.

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 28 Serious childhood disability at 7 years.
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Analysis 2.28

Comparison 2 Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav, Outcome 28 Serious childhood disability at 7 years.

Comparison 4 Antibiotics versus no antibiotic, Outcome 1 Perinatal death/death before discharge.
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Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Antibiotics versus no antibiotic, Outcome 1 Perinatal death/death before discharge.

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 4 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.4

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 4 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge.

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 5 Chorioamnionitis.
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Analysis 5.5

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 5 Chorioamnionitis.

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 6 Caesarean section.
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Analysis 5.6

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 6 Caesarean section.

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 9 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation.
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Analysis 5.9

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 9 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation.

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 10 Birth within 7 days of randomisation.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.10

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 10 Birth within 7 days of randomisation.

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.14

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 14 Neonatal intensive care.

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 18 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.18

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 18 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 19 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
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Analysis 5.19

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 19 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 26 Neonatal intraventricular haemorrhage.
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Analysis 5.26

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 26 Neonatal intraventricular haemorrhage.

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 27 Perinatal death/death before discharge.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.27

Comparison 5 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens, Outcome 27 Perinatal death/death before discharge.

Comparison 1. Any antibiotic versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Maternal death Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Any antibiotic versus placebo

3

763

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 All penicillin (excluding co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

1

85

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.3 Beta lactum (including co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo 

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.4 Macrolide (including erythromycin) versus placebo

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.5 Other antibiotic versus placebo

2

678

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Serious maternal morbidity

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Any antibiotic versus placebo

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 All penicillin (excluding co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 Beta lactum (including co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.4 Macrolide (including erythromycin) versus placebo

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.5 Other antibiotic versus placebo

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Perinatal death/death before discharge Show forest plot

12

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Any antibiotic versus placebo

12

6301

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.76, 1.14]

3.2 All penicillin (excluding co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

4

332

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.78 [0.31, 1.97]

3.3 Beta lactum (including co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

2

1880

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.62 [0.15, 2.56]

3.4 Macrolide (including erythromycin) versus placebo

4

2138

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.43, 1.60]

3.5 Other antibiotic versus placebo

3

762

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.13 [0.68, 1.88]

4 Neonatal infection including pneumonia Show forest plot

12

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 Any antibiotic versus placebo

12

1680

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.52, 0.85]

4.2 All penicillin (excluding co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

5

521

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.30 [0.13, 0.68]

4.3 Beta lactum (including co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

1

62

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 7.88]

4.4 Macrolide (including erythromycin) versus placebo

3

334

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.45, 1.37]

4.5 Other antibiotic versus placebo

3

763

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.71 [0.53, 0.95]

5 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis Show forest plot

11

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 Any antibiotic versus placebo

11

6229

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.09 [0.65, 1.83]

5.2 All penicillin (excluding co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

3

262

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.85 [0.25, 2.97]

5.3 Beta lactum (including co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

2

1880

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

4.72 [1.57, 14.23]

5.4 Macrolide (including erythromycin) versus placebo

3

2076

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.45, 1.69]

5.5 Other antibiotic versus placebo

4

823

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.89 [0.54, 1.47]

6 Oxygen treatment > 36 weeks' postconceptual age Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 Any antibiotic versus placebo

1

4809

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.70, 1.17]

6.2 All penicillin (excluding co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.3 Beta lactum (including co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

1

1818

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.92 [0.63, 1.36]

6.4 Macrolide (including erythromycin) versus placebo

1

1803

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.89 [0.61, 1.32]

6.5 Other antibiotic versus placebo

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound before discharge Show forest plot

12

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 Any antibiotic versus placebo

12

6289

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.68, 0.98]

7.2 All penicillin (excluding co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo 

3

262

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.49 [0.25, 0.96]

7.3 Beta lactum (including co‐amoxiclav) versus placebo

2

1880

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.78 [0.52, 1.16]

7.4 Macrolide (including erythromycin) versus placebo 

4

2136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.60, 1.44]

7.5 Other antibiotic versus placebo

4

823

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.85 [0.45, 1.64]

8 Birth before 37 weeks' gestation Show forest plot

3

4931

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.98, 1.03]

9 Major adverse drug reaction Show forest plot

3

5487

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge Show forest plot

4

5547

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.80, 1.02]

11 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot

11

1559

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.66 [0.46, 0.96]

12 Caesarean section Show forest plot

11

6317

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.96 [0.88, 1.05]

13 Days from birth till discharge of mother

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Days from randomisation to birth

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation Show forest plot

7

5927

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.71 [0.58, 0.87]

16 Birth within 7 days of randomisation Show forest plot

7

5965

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.71, 0.89]

17 Birthweight Show forest plot

12

6374

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

53.83 [7.06, 100.60]

18 Birthweight < 2500 g Show forest plot

2

4876

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.96, 1.04]

19 Neonatal intensive care Show forest plot

4

5023

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.84, 1.13]

20 Days in neonatal intensive care unit Show forest plot

3

225

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐5.05 [‐9.77, ‐0.33]

21 Positive neonatal blood culture Show forest plot

3

4961

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.63, 0.99]

22 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Show forest plot

12

6287

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.83, 1.09]

23 Treatment with surfactant Show forest plot

1

4809

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.72, 0.96]

24 Number of babies requiring ventilation Show forest plot

2

4924

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.90 [0.80, 1.02]

25 Number of babies requiring oxygen therapy Show forest plot

1

4809

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.81, 0.96]

26 Neonatal oxygenation > 28 days Show forest plot

3

5487

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.61, 1.03]

27 Neonatal encephalopathy Show forest plot

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

28 Serious childhood disability at 7 years Show forest plot

1

3171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.91, 1.12]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 1. Any antibiotic versus placebo
Comparison 2. Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Maternal death

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Serious maternal morbidity

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Major adverse drug reaction Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.87, 1.20]

5 Chorioamnionitis

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Caesarean section Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.90, 1.16]

7 Days from randomisation to birth

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Days from birth till discharge of mother

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.14 [1.02, 1.28]

10 Birth within 7 days of randomisation Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.06 [0.99, 1.13]

11 Birth before 37 weeks' gestation Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

12 Birthweight Show forest plot

1

2395

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

19.0 [‐41.92, 79.92]

13 Birthweight < 2500 g Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.95, 1.05]

14 Neonatal intensive care Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.95, 1.05]

15 Days in neonatal intensive care unit

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 Neonatal infection including pneumonia

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 Positive neonatal blood culture Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.62, 1.15]

18 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.23, 0.94]

19 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.84, 1.16]

20 Treatment with surfactant Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.81, 1.19]

21 Number of babies requiring ventilation Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.86, 1.17]

22 Number of babies requiring oxygen therapy Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.87, 1.10]

23 Neonatal oxygenation > 28 days Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.66, 1.12]

24 Oxygen treatment > 36 weeks' postconceptual age Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.97 [0.70, 1.34]

25 Neonatal encephalopathy

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

26 Major cerebral abnormality on ultrasound before discharge Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.10 [0.74, 1.63]

27 Perinatal death/death before discharge Show forest plot

1

2395

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.90 [0.66, 1.23]

28 Serious childhood disability at 7 years Show forest plot

1

1612

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.89 [0.79, 1.01]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 2. Erythromycin versus co‐amoxiclav
Comparison 4. Antibiotics versus no antibiotic

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Perinatal death/death before discharge Show forest plot

18

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Antibiotics versus no antibiotics (all studies)

18

6872

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.89 [0.74, 1.08]

1.2 Antibiotics versus no treatment (no placebo)

6

571

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.69 [0.41, 1.14]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 4. Antibiotics versus no antibiotic
Comparison 5. 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Maternal death

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Serious maternal morbidity

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Major adverse drug reaction

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Maternal infection after delivery prior to discharge Show forest plot

1

84

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.25 [0.36, 4.33]

5 Chorioamnionitis Show forest plot

1

84

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.73 [0.33, 1.63]

6 Caesarean section Show forest plot

1

84

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.18 [0.72, 1.91]

7 Days from randomisation to birth

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Days from birth till discharge of mother

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Birth within 48 hours of randomisation Show forest plot

1

84

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.14 [0.46, 2.87]

10 Birth within 7 days of randomisation Show forest plot

1

84

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.70, 1.42]

11 Birth before 37 weeks' gestation

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Birthweight

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Birthweight < 2500 g

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Neonatal intensive care Show forest plot

1

84

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.84, 1.19]

15 Days in neonatal intensive care unit

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 Neonatal infection including pneumonia

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 Positive neonatal blood culture

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Neonatal necrotising enterocolitis Show forest plot

2

130

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.43 [0.07, 2.86]

19 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome Show forest plot

2

130

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.96 [0.62, 1.49]

20 Treatment with surfactant

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21 Number of babies requiring ventilation

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22 Number of babies requiring oxygen therapy

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

23 Neonatal oxygenation > 28 days

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

24 Oxygen treatment > 36 weeks' postconceptual age

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

25 Neonatal encephalopathy

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

26 Neonatal intraventricular haemorrhage Show forest plot

2

130

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.04, 3.12]

27 Perinatal death/death before discharge Show forest plot

2

130

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.40 [0.05, 2.94]

28 Serious childhood disability at 7 years

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 5. 3 versus 7 day ampicillin regimens