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Rociamiento espacial con insecticida para la prevención de la transmisión del paludismo

Appendices

Appendix 1. Detailed search strategies

CENTRAL

Issue 4 of 12, April 2018

ID Search Hits

#1 "malaria":ti,ab,kw (Word variations have been searched)

#2 MeSH descriptor: [Malaria] explode all trees

#3 MeSH descriptor: [Insect Vectors] explode all trees

#4 mosquito* or anophel*

#5 MeSH descriptor: [Mosquito Control] explode all trees

#6 MeSH descriptor: [Anopheles] explode all trees

#7 #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 4652

#8 aerosol* or droplet* or "cold fog*" or "thermal fog* " or "space spray*" or fogging or misters

#9 "Mist Blower" or "fumigant canister*" or "aerial spray*" or "spray* equipment" or "ultralow volume" or "ultralow‐volume" or ULV

#10 MeSH descriptor: [Aerosols] explode all trees

#11 MeSH descriptor: [Fumigation] explode all trees

#12 #8 or #9 or #10 or #11

#13 #7 and #12

MEDLINE

Search set

Search terms

1

Malaria* Title/Abstract , [Mesh]

2

"Insect Vectors"[Mesh] OR vector* ti, ab OR mosquito* or anophel* Title/Abstract

3

1 or 2

4

"Mosquito Control"[Mesh]

5

"Anopheles"[Mesh]

6

3 or 4 or 5

7

((((aerosol*) OR droplet*) OR "cold fog*") OR "thermal fog* ") OR space spray* OR fogging OR misters Title/Abstract

8

“Mist Blower” OR “fumigant canister*” OR “aerial spray*” OR “spray* equipment” OR “ultralow volume” OR “ultralow‐volume” OR ULV Title/Abstract

9

"Aerosols"[Mesh]

10

"Fumigation"[Mesh]

11

7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10

12

6 AND 11

Embase

1 malaria/ or malaria.mp.

2 insect vector/

3 (mosquito* or anophel*).mp.

4 mosquito control.mp. or mosquito control/

5 exp Anopheles/

6 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5

7 (aerosol* or droplet* or "cold fog*" or "thermal fog*" or "space spray*" or fogging or misters).mp.

8 pesticide spraying/

9 ("Mist Blower" or "fumigant canister*" or "aerial spray*" or "spray* equipment" or "ultralow volume" or "ultra‐low volume" or ULV).mp

10 aerosol/

11 fumigation.mp. or fumigation/

12 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11

13 6 and 12

CABI: CAB Abstracts®

Set

# 3

#4 AND #2

Indexes=CAB Abstracts Timespan=All years

# 2

TOPIC: (malaria or anopheles)

Indexes=CAB Abstracts Timespan=All years

# 1

TOPIC: (aerosol* or droplet* or "cold fog*" or "thermal fog* " or "space spray*" or fogging or misters) ORTOPIC: ("Mist Blower" or "fumigant canister*" or "aerial spray*" or "spray* equipment" or "ultralow volume" or ULV)

Indexes=CAB Abstracts Timespan=All years

LILACS

(tw:(malaria OR anopheles)) AND (tw:(aerosol* OR droplet* OR "cold fog*" OR "thermal fog* " OR "space spray*" OR fogging OR misters OR "Mist Blower" OR "fumigant canister*" OR "aerial spray*" OR "spray* equipment" OR "ultralow volume" OR ulv)) AND (instance:"regional") AND ( db:("LILACS"))

WHO ICTRP

Mosquito AND “space spraying”

Mosquito AND spraying

Mosquito AND insecticides

ClinicalTrials.gov

Mosquito AND “space spraying”

Mosquito AND spraying

Mosquito AND insecticides

Space spraying with hand‐held equipment to control the mosquito population in Thailand
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Figure 1

Space spraying with hand‐held equipment to control the mosquito population in Thailand

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PRISMA diagram
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Figure 2

PRISMA diagram

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‘Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. We did not assess the risk of bias for Hobbs 1976 or Seleena 2004, as the evidence of the effectiveness of space spraying in these studies has not been presented in this review or included in the analysis.
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Figure 3

‘Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. We did not assess the risk of bias for Hobbs 1976 or Seleena 2004, as the evidence of the effectiveness of space spraying in these studies has not been presented in this review or included in the analysis.

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Incidence of clinical malaria per 1000 population in the Miragoane Valley of Haiti, March 1972 to February 1973. Incidence in the sprayed zone of the study site is shown in blue; the incidence in the surrounding untreated area is shown in red. The vertical red lines indicate the start and end of the space spraying intervention.
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Figure 4

Incidence of clinical malaria per 1000 population in the Miragoane Valley of Haiti, March 1972 to February 1973. Incidence in the sprayed zone of the study site is shown in blue; the incidence in the surrounding untreated area is shown in red. The vertical red lines indicate the start and end of the space spraying intervention.

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Number of cases of clinical malaria in Pudupettai, India, reported monthly between 1979 and 1982. The vertical red line indicates the start of the space spraying intervention.
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Figure 5

Number of cases of clinical malaria in Pudupettai, India, reported monthly between 1979 and 1982. The vertical red line indicates the start of the space spraying intervention.

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Number of cases of clinical malaria in Vanapuram, India, reported monthly between 1980 and 1984. The vertical red line indicates the start of the space spraying intervention.
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Figure 6

Number of cases of clinical malaria in Vanapuram, India, reported monthly between 1980 and 1984. The vertical red line indicates the start of the space spraying intervention.

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Number of cases of clinical malaria in Melpallipattu, India, reported monthly between 1980 and 1984. The vertical red line indicates the start of the space spraying intervention.
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Figure 7

Number of cases of clinical malaria in Melpallipattu, India, reported monthly between 1980 and 1984. The vertical red line indicates the start of the space spraying intervention.

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Number of cases of clinical malaria in Sathanur Dam, India, reported monthly between 1980 and 1984. The vertical red line indicates the start of the space spraying intervention.
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Figure 8

Number of cases of clinical malaria in Sathanur Dam, India, reported monthly between 1980 and 1984. The vertical red line indicates the start of the space spraying intervention.

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Mosquito density measured in the sprayed region in Haiti using updraft UV light‐traps, March 1972 to February 1973. The initial implementation and end of the space spraying intervention are illustrated by vertical red lines.
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Figure 9

Mosquito density measured in the sprayed region in Haiti using updraft UV light‐traps, March 1972 to February 1973. The initial implementation and end of the space spraying intervention are illustrated by vertical red lines.

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Mosquito density measured as a human biting rate in the sprayed region in Haiti, March 1972 to February 1973. The initial implementation and end of the space spraying intervention are illustrated by vertical red lines.
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Figure 10

Mosquito density measured as a human biting rate in the sprayed region in Haiti, March 1972 to February 1973. The initial implementation and end of the space spraying intervention are illustrated by vertical red lines.

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Comparison 1 Space spraying versus no space spraying, Outcome 1 Incidence of malaria (step rate ratio: indicating the impact of space spraying at the first pre‐intervention time point).
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Space spraying versus no space spraying, Outcome 1 Incidence of malaria (step rate ratio: indicating the impact of space spraying at the first pre‐intervention time point).

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Comparison 1 Space spraying versus no space spraying, Outcome 2 Incidence of malaria (slope rate ratio: indicating the proportion of cases reduced per post‐intervention time point).
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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Space spraying versus no space spraying, Outcome 2 Incidence of malaria (slope rate ratio: indicating the proportion of cases reduced per post‐intervention time point).

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Summary of findings for the main comparison. ‘Summary of findings' table 1

Space spraying compared to no space spraying for reducing malaria transmission

Patient or population: people of all ages
Setting: malaria transmission areas
Intervention: space spraying
Comparison: no space spraying

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

Number of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Risk with no space sprayinga

Risk following space sprayingb

Malaria cases per month

6 per 1000

Instant effect: 6 per 1000 (3 to 12)

Effect after 12 months follow‐up: 1 per 1000

(0 to 2 per 1000)

Step rate ratio: 1.00
(0.51 to 1.92)

Slope rate ratio: 0.85
(0.79 to 0.91)

(1 observational study: 4 sites)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
VERY LOWc,d,e

downgraded due to risk of bias, indirectness, and imprecision

We do not know if space spraying causes an immediate shift in the trend of malaria incidence over time or a change in the slope of the trend (that is, a proportional reduction in cases per month).

*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect

aWe estimated the risk with no space spraying by calculating the mean monthly incidence of malaria across each of the study sites. We include only incidence data from complete years (January to December without intervention) in the calculation.
bWe estimated the instant effect following the introduction of space spraying by multiplying the risk with no space spraying by the step rate ratio (i.e. the ‘immediate' shift in the incidence trend). We used the CI for the step rate ratio to calculate the CI for the instant effect. We estimated the effect after 12 months follow‐up by multiplying the risk with no space spraying by the slope rate ratio (the reduction in cases of malaria per additional month of follow‐up) for each of the 12 months. We used the CI for the slope rate ratio to calculate the CI for the risk following 12 months of the intervention.
cDowngraded by one for serious risk of bias: Tewari 1990 shows evidence of selective reporting of incidence, with data presented from just four of the 24 villages in Vanapuram indicated to have received the intervention.
dDowngraded by one for serious indirectness: only one study is included in the analysis, conducted in Tamil Nadu, India. It is unclear if the effect reported here would be similar in other malaria transmission areas with different ecological landscapes, climates and primary vector species.
eDowngraded by one for serious imprecision: the CI of the step rate ratio is large and includes both a sizeable increase and a reduction in malaria incidence.

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Summary of findings for the main comparison. ‘Summary of findings' table 1
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Table 1. WHO‐recommended insecticides for space spraying against mosquitoes

Compound and formulation

Concentration (g Al/ha)

Cold fog

Thermal fog

Deltamethrin ULV

0.5 to 1.0

0.5 to 1.0

Deltamethrin EW

1.0

—

Lambda‐cyhalothrin EC

1.0 to 2.0

2.0

Malathion EW and ULV

112 to 600

112 to 600

d‐d, trans‐cyphenothrin EC

3.5 to 4.0

3.5 to 4.0

Abbreviations: EC: emulsifiable concentrate; EW: emulsion, oil in water; ULV: ultra‐low volume liquid; AI: active ingredient

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Table 1. WHO‐recommended insecticides for space spraying against mosquitoes
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Table 2. Operational characteristics of studies

Study

Active ingredient/formulation/dose

Delivery method

Frequency and timing of application

Who implemented the intervention

Vector species

Haiti (Krogstad 1975)

Malathion 95%

  • ULV fog

  • 6 oz/acre (1st cycle)

  • 4.5 oz/acre

Aerial (Beech D‐18 aircraft)

Every 10 days
Extra application 5 days after the initial spray
Time of spraying: not stated

The Service National d'Eradication de

la Malaria (SNEM), supported by USAID

An albimanus

India (Tewari 1990)

Malathion

  • ULV and thermal

  • dose varied depending on sprayer (150 to 375 mL/ha)

See Characteristics of included studies for further details

Ground (hand‐held Fontan and Enfog sprayers, jeep‐mounted Tifa machines and handcart‐mounted Tiga machines

In Pudupettai, spraying was conducted weekly for 6 rounds, and subsequently applied in response to new cases or increases in vector density.
In Vanapuram and Melpallipattu spraying was conducted fortnightly, in all but one village (Sathanur Dam) where spraying was conducted weekly

Time of spraying: 8pm ‐ 10pm and 5am ‐ 7am

State National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP), with guidance from the Pondicherry Vector Control Research Centre

An culicifacies

El Salvador (Hobbs 1976)

5% pyrethrin with 15% piperonyl butoxide

  • ULV fog

  • 0.002 to 0.0025 lbs/acre

Ground (truck‐mounted Leco sprayer)

Weekly.

Time of spraying: 6pm ‐ 7pm

Central America Research Station (CARS)

An albimanus

Malaysia (Seleena 2004)

Alphacypermethrin

  • 2 g AI/104 x m2

Ground, with hand‐held sprayers

Monthly

Time of spraying: not stated

Spray team of villagers, headed by a local public health inspector

(1o)Anopheles balabacensis

(2o)An sundaicus, An flavirostris

Abbreviations: AI: active ingredient; ULV: ultra‐low volume.
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Table 2. Operational characteristics of studies
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Comparison 1. Space spraying versus no space spraying

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Incidence of malaria (step rate ratio: indicating the impact of space spraying at the first pre‐intervention time point) Show forest plot

1

Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.51, 1.92]

2 Incidence of malaria (slope rate ratio: indicating the proportion of cases reduced per post‐intervention time point) Show forest plot

1

Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.85 [0.79, 0.91]
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Comparison 1. Space spraying versus no space spraying
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