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Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, and sulphur for acne

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Appendices

Appendix 1. Draft MEDLINE (OVID) search strategy

1. exp Acne Vulgaris/
2. acne.ti,ab.
3. 1 or 2
4. exp Dicarboxylic Acids/
5. azelaic acid$.ti,ab.
6. azeleic acid$.ti,ab.
7. exp Salicylic Acid/
8. salicylic acid$.ti,ab.
9. o‐hydroxybenzoic acid$.ti,ab.
10. exp Niacinamide/
11. nicotinamide.ti,ab.
12. Sulfur/
13. sulphur.ti,ab.
14. sulfur.ti,ab.
15. exp Ascorbic Acid/
16. fruit acid$.ti,ab.
17. Fruit/
18. Zinc/ and Administration, Topical/
19. (topical and zinc).ti,ab.
20. or/4‐19
21. randomized controlled trial.pt.
22. controlled clinical trial.pt.
23. randomized.ab.
24. placebo.ab.
25. clinical trials as topic.sh.
26. randomly.ab.
27. trial.ti.
28. 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27
29. exp animals/ not humans.sh.
30. 28 not 29
31. 3 and 20 and 30

Table 1. Glossary of medical terms

Medical term

Explanation

Acne conglobata

A severe form of acne presenting with numerous comedones and large abscessesa

Acne fulminans

A severe form of cystic acne presenting with highly inflammatory nodules and plaquesa

Acne mechanica

A form of acne caused by the pressure of tight clothing or frictionb

Acne vulgaris

A common chronic skin disorder of sebaceous follicles, mainly affecting the face, chest, and backa

Chemokine

A group of small cytokines that act as chemical messengers to induce chemotaxis in leukocytesc

Comedone

A clogged hair follicle in the skin. It can present as a blackhead or whiteheada

Cytokine

A small protein released by cells that function as molecular messengers between cellsc

Erythema

Redness of the skin, caused by vascular congestion or increased perfusionb

Excoriated acne

Compulsive squeezing and scratching of acne lesions with resultant scabs and scarsa

Halogen acne

A form of acne caused by iodides, bromides, and halogensb

Hyperkeratosis

Thickening of the outer layer of skin often associated with a quantitative abnormality of keratinb

Keratinocytes

The predominant cell type in the epidermis, forming a touch protective layera

Microcomedones

Early and small plugging of the follicle with excess keratin and sebumb

Nodule

A solid mass in the skin, more than 0.5 cm in diameterb

Papule

A circumscribed palpable elevation, less than 0.5 cm in diameterb

Pilosebaceous unit

A structure consisting of a hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and an arrector pili muscleb

Propionibacterium acnes

Gram‐positive bacterium related to acne developmentb

Pustule

A visible accumulation of free pusb

Scar

Skin areas of fibrous tissue replacing normal skin after injuryb

Sebum

The oily, waxy substance produced by sebaceous glandsb

Stratum corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, where cells have lost nuclei and cytoplasmic organellesb

Toll‐like receptor

A class of proteins that recognise conserved products unique to microbial metabolism in immune responsec

aAndrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology, 11th Edition, 2011, Elsevier Inc.

bRook's Textbook of Dermatology, Eighth Edition, 2010, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

cImmunology, Sixth Edition, 2001, Harcourt Asia Pte Ltd.

Figures and Tables -
Table 1. Glossary of medical terms
Table 2. Clinical classification of acnea

Acne vulgaris

Acne variants:

Neonatal acne

Infantile acne

Acne conglobata

Acne fulminans

SAPHO syndrome

PAPA syndrome

Acne excoriee des jeunes filles

Acne mechanica

Acne with solid facial oedema

Acne with associated endocrinology abnormalities

Acneiform eruptions:

Steroid folliculitis

Drug‐induced acne

Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor associated eruption

Occupational acne and chloracne

Gram‐negative folliculitis

Radiation acne

Tropical acne

Acne aestivalis

Pseudoacne of the nasal crease

Apert syndrome

aFitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, Eighth edition, 2012, The McGraw‐Hill Companies, Inc.

Figures and Tables -
Table 2. Clinical classification of acnea