Interventions to prevent injuries in construction workers
Appendices
Appendix 1. Search strategy for MEDLINE in PubMed
| We ran preliminary searches in PubMed to define useful terms for the search strategy. This revealed that searches could be made sensitive but not specific enough to decrease the total amount of references retrieved to a manageable number, which we set at about 10,000. We developed the definitions described below. We used search terms that covered the concepts of 'construction workers' (participants), 'injury' (primary outcome measure), 'safety' (interventions) and 'study design' to identify studies in the electronic databases. We used the following search strategy adapted as appropriate to the specifications of each database: |
Appendix 2. Search strategy for CENTRAL
#1 construction*:ti,ab OR building* OR builder*:ti,ab OR laborer* OR labourer* OR contractor* OR supervisor* OR "machine driver" OR "machine drivers" OR "machine operator" OR "brick mason" OR "pile driver" OR "pile drivers" OR "concrete worker" OR "concrete workers" OR "metal worker" OR "metal workers" OR "road builder" OR "road builders" OR "pipe driver" OR "pipe drivers" OR "tower crane" OR fitter* OR carpenter* OR rammer* OR scaffolder* OR bricklayer* OR pointer* OR plasterer* OR plasterpainter* OR roofer* OR plumber* OR glazier* OR screeder* OR electrician* OR tiler* OR painter* OR paviour* OR pavier* OR ironwork* OR metalwork* OR asphalt* OR roofing OR painting
#2 MeSH descriptor Construction Materials explode all trees
#3 MeSH descriptor Facility Design and Construction explode all trees
#4 #1 OR #2 OR #3
#5 Search injur* OR accident* OR harm* OR wound* OR fall OR falling* OR burn OR slipper* OR poison* OR fatal*
#6 MeSH descriptor Accidents, Occupational explode all trees
#7 MeSH descriptor Wounds and Injuries explode all trees
#8 #5 OR #6 OR #7
#9 safet* OR prevent* OR control* OR risk:ti,ab
#10 MeSH descriptor Accident Prevention explode all trees
#11 MeSH descriptor Risk Management explode all trees
#12 MeSH descriptor Risk explode all trees
#13 #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12
#14 #4 AND #8 AND #13
Appendix 3. Search strategy for EMBASE (embase.com)
#1 'building industry'/exp OR 'building'/exp OR 'construction work'/exp OR 'building material'/exp OR 'painting'/exp OR 'driver'/exp OR 'chimney'/exp OR builder?:ab,ti OR laborer* OR labourer* OR contractor* OR supervisor* OR 'machine driver' OR 'machine drivers' OR 'machine operator' OR 'brick mason' OR 'pile driver' OR 'pile drivers' OR 'concrete worker' OR 'concrete workers' OR 'metal worker' OR 'metal workers' OR 'road builder' OR 'road builders' OR 'pipe driver' OR 'pipe drivers' OR 'tower crane' OR fitter* OR carpenter* OR rammer* OR scaffolder* OR bricklayer* OR pointer* OR plasterer* OR plasterpainter* OR roofer* OR plumber* OR glazier* OR screeder* OR electrician* OR tiler* OR painter* OR paviour* OR pavier* OR ironwork* OR metalwork* OR asphalt* OR roofing
#2 'injury'/exp OR 'accident'/exp OR injur*:ab,ti OR accident*:ab,ti OR harm* OR wound* OR 'fall'/exp OR falling* OR burn* OR slipper* OR poison* OR fatal*
#3 #1 AND #2
#4 'risk management':de,ab,ti OR 'prevention and control'/exp OR 'danger, risk, safety and related phenomena'/exp OR safet*:ab,ti OR prevent*:de,ab,ti OR control*:de,ab,ti OR risk:ab,ti OR 'accident prevention'/exp
#5 #3 AND #4
#6 'randomized controlled trial'/exp OR 'controlled clinical trial'/exp OR 'randomized controlled trials'/exp OR 'random allocation'/exp OR 'double‐blind method'/exp OR 'single‐blind method'/exp OR 'clinical trial'/exp OR 'clinical trials'/exp OR (singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl* AND (mask* OR blind*)) OR 'latin square' OR 'placebos'/exp OR placebo* OR random*:ab,ti OR 'research design'/exp OR 'comparative study'/exp OR 'evaluation studies'/exp OR 'follow‐up studies'/exp OR 'prospective studies'/exp OR 'cross‐over studies'/exp OR control*:ab,ti OR prospectiv*:ab,ti OR volunteer*:ab,ti
#7 #5 AND #6
#8 effect*:de,ab,ti OR control*:de,ab,ti OR evaluation*:de,ab,ti OR program*:de,ab,ti
#9 #5 AND #8
#10 #7 OR #9
#11 #10 AND [embase]/lim NOT [medline]/lim
Appendix 4. Search strategy for PsycINFO (Ovid sp)
1 (construction* or building* or builder* or laborer* or labourer* or contractor* or supervisor* or "machine driver" or "machine drivers" or "machine operator" or "brick mason" or "pile driver" or "pile drivers" or "concrete worker" or "concrete workers" or "metal worker" or "metal workers" or "road builder" or "road builders" or "pipe driver" or "pipe drivers" or "tower crane" or fitter* or carpenter* or rammer* or scaffolder* or bricklayer* or pointer* or plasterer* or plasterpainter* or roofer* or plumber* or glazier* or screeder* or electrician* or tiler* or painter* or paviour* or pavier* or ironwork* or metalwork* or asphalt* or roofing or painting).mp. [mp=title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures]
2 injuries/ or burns/ or electrical injuries/ or exp head injuries/ or wounds/ or falls/
3 (injur* or accident* or harm* or wound* or fall or falling* or burn* or slipper* or poison* or fatal*).mp. [mp=title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures]
4 2 or 3
5 1 and 4
6 (safet* or prevent* or control* or risk).mp. [mp=title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures]
7 safety/ or occupational safety/ or transportation safety/ or accident prevention/ or accident proneness/ or prevention/ or protective factors/ or risk management/ or risk perception/ or safety devices/ or warning labels/ or warnings/
8 6 or 7
9 5 and 8
10 ("clinical trials" or "clinical trial" or ((singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) and (mask* or blind*)) or "latin square" or placebos or placebo* or random* or "research design" or ((comparative or evaluation or "follow‐up" or "cross‐over") and (study or studies)) or control* or prospectiv* or volunteer*).mp. [mp=title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures]
11 exp experimental design/
12 10 or 11
13 9 and 12
14 (effect* or control* or evaluation* or program*).mp. [mp=title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests & measures]
15 9 and 14
16 13 or 15
Appendix 5. Search strategy for Scopus
#1
((((ALL("building and construction") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(builder* OR laborer* OR labourer* OR contractor* OR supervisor* OR "machine driver" OR "machine drivers" OR "machine operator" OR "brick mason" OR "pile driver" OR "pile drivers" OR "concrete worker" OR "concrete workers" OR "metal worker" OR "metal workers" OR "road builder" OR "road builders" OR "pipe driver" OR "pipe drivers" OR "tower crane" OR fitter* OR carpenter* OR rammer* OR scaffolder* OR bricklayer* OR pointer* OR plasterer* OR plasterpainter* OR roofer* OR plumber* OR glazier* OR screeder* OR electrician* OR tiler* OR painter* OR paviour* OR pavier* OR ironwork* OR metalwork* OR asphalt* OR roofing OR painting)) AND (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(injur* OR accident* OR harm* OR wound* OR fall OR falling* OR burn* OR slipper* OR poison* OR fatal*))) AND (safet* OR prevent* OR control* OR risk)) AND ((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("clinical trial" OR "clinical trials" OR "latin square" OR placebo* OR random* OR "research design" OR "study design" OR "comparative study" OR "evaluation studies" OR "evaluation study" OR "follow‐up studies" OR "follow‐up study" OR "cross‐over studies" OR "cross‐over study" OR control* OR prospectiv* OR volunteer*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY((singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*) AND (mask* OR blind*))))) OR ((((ALL("building and construction") OR TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(builder* OR laborer* OR labourer* OR contractor* OR supervisor* OR "machine driver" OR "machine drivers" OR "machine operator" OR "brick mason" OR "pile driver" OR "pile drivers" OR "concrete worker" OR "concrete workers" OR "metal worker" OR "metal workers" OR "road builder" OR "road builders" OR "pipe driver" OR "pipe drivers" OR "tower crane" OR fitter* OR carpenter* OR rammer* OR scaffolder* OR bricklayer* OR pointer* OR plasterer* OR plasterpainter* OR roofer* OR plumber* OR glazier* OR screeder* OR electrician* OR tiler* OR painter* OR paviour* OR pavier* OR ironwork* OR metalwork* OR asphalt* OR roofing OR painting)) AND (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(injur* OR accident* OR harm* OR wound* OR fall OR falling* OR burn* OR slipper* OR poison* OR fatal*))) AND (safet* OR prevent* OR control* OR risk)) AND (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(effect* OR control* OR evaluation* OR program*))) AND (LIMIT‐TO(PUBYEAR, 2009) OR LIMIT‐TO(PUBYEAR, 2010) OR LIMIT‐TO(PUBYEAR, 2011))
#2
((safet* OR prevent* OR control* OR risk) AND (TITLE("construction sector" OR "construction industry" OR "building and construction" OR "construction and building") AND TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(injur* OR accident*))) AND (((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("clinical trial" OR "clinical trials" OR "latin square" OR placebo* OR random* OR "research design" OR "study design" OR "comparative study" OR "evaluation studies" OR "evaluation study" OR "follow‐up studies" OR "follow‐up study" OR "cross‐over studies" OR "cross‐over study" OR control* OR prospectiv* OR volunteer*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY((singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*) AND (mask* OR blind*)))) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(effect* OR control* OR evaluation* OR program*))) AND (LIMIT‐TO(PUBYEAR, 2009) OR LIMIT‐TO(PUBYEAR, 2010) OR LIMIT‐TO(PUBYEAR, 2011))
#3
(((safet* OR prevent* OR control* OR risk) AND ((KEY("construction sector" OR "construction industry" OR "building and construction" OR "construction and building") AND TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(injur* OR accident*)) OR (KEY("construction safety")))) AND (KEY(econom* OR cost OR costs))) OR ((((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY("clinical trial" OR "clinical trials" OR "latin square" OR placebo* OR random* OR "research design" OR "study design" OR "comparative study" OR "evaluation studies" OR "evaluation study" OR "follow‐up studies" OR "follow‐up study" OR "cross‐over studies" OR "cross‐over study" OR control* OR prospectiv* OR volunteer*)) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY((singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*) AND (mask* OR blind*)))) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(effect* OR control* OR evaluation* OR program*))) AND ((safet* OR prevent* OR control* OR risk) AND ((KEY("construction sector" OR "construction industry" OR "building and construction" OR "construction and building") AND TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(injur* OR accident*)) OR (KEY("construction safety"))))) AND (LIMIT‐TO(PUBYEAR, 2009) OR LIMIT‐TO(PUBYEAR, 2010) OR LIMIT‐TO(PUBYEAR, 2011))
#4
#1 OR #2 OR #3
PRISMA Study flow diagram (* numbers of 2017 update)
Comparison 1 Introduction of regulation (ITS), Outcome 1 Level.
Comparison 1 Introduction of regulation (ITS), Outcome 2 Slope.
Comparison 2 Inspections (ITS), Outcome 1 Level: non‐fatal injuries.
Comparison 2 Inspections (ITS), Outcome 2 Slope: non‐fatal injuries.
Comparison 3 Training (ITS, CBA), Outcome 1 Level: non‐fatal injuries.
Comparison 3 Training (ITS, CBA), Outcome 2 Slope: non‐fatal injuries.
Comparison 3 Training (ITS, CBA), Outcome 3 Non‐fatal Injuries (CBA).
Comparison 4 Subsidy for scaffolding (CBA), Outcome 1 Injuries from falls to a lower level.
Comparison 5 Safety campaign (ITS), Outcome 1 Level: non‐fatal injuries.
Comparison 5 Safety campaign (ITS), Outcome 2 Slope: non‐fatal injuries.
Comparison 6 Drug‐free workplace programme (ITS), Outcome 1 Level: non‐fatal injuries.
Comparison 6 Drug‐free workplace programme (ITS), Outcome 2 Slope: non‐fatal injuries.
| Regulations versus no regulations for reducing injuries in the construction industry | |||
| Patient or population: workers in various occupations Settings: construction Industry Intervention: legislation Comparison: no legislation | |||
| Outcomes | Impact a (95% CI) | No. of studies | Quality of the evidence |
| Fatal injuries Change in level | Effect size −0.13 (−1.51 to 1.25) | 5 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| Fatal injuries Change in slope | Effect size −0.20 (−0.64 to 0.23) | 5 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in level | Effect size −0.44 (−3.70 to 2.83) | 5 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in slope | Effect size 0.14 (−0.26 to 0.54) | 5 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| CI: confidence interval;ITS: interrupted time series. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | |||
| aEffect size can be interpreted as follows: < 0.2: small effect, 0.2‐0.8 moderate effect, > 0.8: large effect; negative sign means decrease in injuries. | |||
| Safety campaign versus no campaign for reducing injuries in construction industry | |||
| Patient or population: workers in various occupations Settings: construction Industry Intervention: safety campaign Comparison: no campaign | |||
| Outcomes | Impacta (95% CI) | No. of studies | Quality of the evidence |
| Fatal injuries | No available data | ||
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in level (company) | Effect size −1.82 (−2.90 to 0.74) | 1 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in slope (company) | Effect size −1.30 (−1.79 to −0.81) | 1 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in level (regional) | Effect size 0.47 (−0.04 to 0.98) | 1 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in slope (regional) | Effect size 0.46 (0.36 to 0.56) | 1 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| CI: confidence interval;ITS: interrupted time series. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | |||
| aEffect size can be interpreted as follows: < 0.2: small effect, 0.2‐0.8 moderate effect, > 0.8: Large effect; negative sign means decrease in injuries. | |||
| Drug‐free workplace programme versus no programme for reducing the risk of occupational injuries | |||
| Patient or population: employees of the companies with Washington Drug‐Free Workplace (WDFW) Program Settings: various construction companies Intervention: drug‐free campaign programme Comparison: non‐WDFW programme | |||
| Outcomes | Impacta (95% CI) | No. of studies | Quality of the evidence |
| Fatal injuries | No available data | ||
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in level | Effect size −6.78 (‐10.01 to −3.55) | 1 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in slope | Effect size −1.76 (−3.11 to −0.41) | 1 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| CI: confidence interval;ITS: interrupted time series. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | |||
| aEffect size can be interpreted as follows: < 0.2: small effect, 0.2‐0.8 moderate effect, > 0.8: large effect; negative sign means decrease in injuries. | |||
| Training versus no training for reducing work‐related injuries | |||
| Patient or population: workers in the construction industry Settings: union members in the USA and construction workers in railway construction project Intervention: OSHA outreach training; safety and health training for railway workers Comparison: no training | |||
| Outcomes | Impacta (95% CI) | No. of studies | Quality of the evidence |
| Fatal injuries | No available data | ||
| Non‐fatal injuries | OR 0.87 (0.72 to 1.06 ) | 1 CBA study | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in level | Effect size 0.10 (−1.74 to 1.94) | 1 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in slope | Effect size −0.43 (−0.96 to 0.10) | 1 ITS | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| CI: confidence interval;OR: odds ratio; ITS: interrupted time series. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | |||
| aEffect size can be interpreted as follows: < 0.2: small effect, 0.2‐0.8 moderate effect, > 0.8: large effect; negative sign means decrease in injuries. | |||
| Inspection versus no inspection of construction site | |||
| Patient or population: workers of reconstruction site Settings: reconstruction site after earthquake Intervention: accidents in building site Comparison: no inspection | |||
| Outcomes | Impacta (95% CI) | No of Studies | Quality of the evidence |
| Fatal injuries | No available data | ||
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in level | Effect size 0.07 (−2.83 to 2.97) | 1 ITS | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ |
| Non‐fatal injuries Change in slope | Effect size 0.63 (−0.35 to 1.61) | 1 ITS | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ |
| CI: confidence interval;ITS: interrupted time series. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | |||
| aEffect size can be interpreted as follows: < 0.2: small effect, 0.2‐0.8 moderate effect, > 0.8: large effect; negative sign means decrease in injuries. | |||
| Subsidy for scaffolding versus no subsidy for injuries due to falls to a lower level | |||
| Patient or population: population working in construction companies Settings: construction company Intervention:subsidy for scaffolds Comparison: no subsidy for scaffolds | |||
| Outcomes | Impact (95% CI) | No of participants | Quality of the evidence |
| Fatal injuries | No available data | ||
| At baseline | RR 3.89 (2.32 to 6.52) | (1 CBA Study) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| At follow‐up (2 years) | RR 0.93 (0.30 to 2.91) | (1 CBA Study) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ |
| CBA: controlled before‐after; CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | |||
| a Observational studies start with low‐quality evidence; we downgraded 2 levels: 1 for risk of bias, 1 for imprecision (1 study). | |||
| Study ID | Methods | Participants | Interventions | Outcome per 100 person‐years |
| Before‐after study | Construction workers (31 companies, no control group) | Drug testing programmes issued from 1985 to 1988 in USA | Number of injuries: before: 11.2; after: 9.1; absolute change: 2.1 | |
| Before‐after study | Residential construction workers (97 companies, no control group) | Safety education and training programme, issued in 1997 in USA (also booklet, focused inspection and financial incentives were used) | Number of injuries: before: 17.4; after: 14.7; absolute change: 2.7 Number of LWDI: before: 5.8; after: 3.5; absolute change: 2.3 Number of LWDI and medical cost: before: 3.8; after: 2.2; absolute change: 1.6 | |
| Before‐after study | 1018 apprentice carpenters in residential construction (no control group) | Educational intervention: training utilised hands‐on, participatory training methods preferred by the learners to address the safety gaps in the curriculum, including ladder use, leading edge work, truss setting, and use of scaffolding and personal fall arrest. Rolled out in USA in 2007 | Number of self‐reported falls: before 18.2; after: 14.5; absolute change 3.7 | |
| Before‐after study | Construction workers (49 companies, no control group) | Drug‐testing programmes issued from 1985 to 1999 in USA | Number of injuries: before: 8.9; after: 4.4; absolute change: 4.5 | |
| Before‐after study (not enough data points) | Construction workers (142,100 in 1999 to 206,000 in 2004) | Construction regulations for safe work environments issued in 2001 in Ireland | Number of injuries: in 1999: 0.4; in 2004: 0.7; absolute change: 0.3 Number of fatal injuries per 1,000,000 person‐years: in 1999: 113; in 2004: 73; absolute change: 40 | |
| Before‐after study | Carpenters and drywall tapers from variety of ethnic backgrounds (5 administrators plus 50 workers, no control group) | A job safety programme (toolbox, training, stress management techniques) issued in 1998 in USA | Number of injuries: before: 26.8; after: 12.9; absolute change: 13.9 Number of lost days: before: 23.5; after: 2.4; absolute change: 21.1 | |
| Retrospective cohort study | 1298 patients who suffered work‐related fall injuries. | Preventive effects of safety helmets: emergency‐department based occupational injury database with work‐related injury patients who visited 10 emergency departments between July 2010 and October 2012 in Korea. Surveillance database was used to evaluate the extent to which safety helmets have an effect on reducing the risk of traumatic brain injury resulting from work related fall injuries by comparing the effect across different heights. | Usage of helmets: 45% work‐related fall injured patients were wearing safety helmets. Intracranial injury was high at 8.7% in the no safety helmet group and 4.6% in the safety helmet group. There was significant preventive effects of safety helmet on intracranial injury when the height of fall was less than 4 m. OR 0.42 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.73) | |
| Before‐after study | Electricians in Ontario, Canada | Multifaceted electrical burn prevention programme (starting in 2004) consisting of education, facilitation:
| No denominator reported Non‐fatal injuries, i.e. electrical burns through multimeters Before (1998 to 2005): 26 electrical burn injuries caused by multimeters After (2006 to 2008): 0 electrical burn injuries caused by multimeters | |
| Retrospective cohort study | Construction workers (784 employers, control group of 8301 employers) | Washington State fall protection standard, violation during 1991 to 1992 in USA | Number of fall injuries: before intervention group: 1.8; before control group: 1.0; after intervention group: 1.4; after control group: 1.0; absolute change difference between intervention and control group: 0.4 | |
| Before‐after study | — | Amended occupational safety and health regulations in Japan in 2009: installation of mid‐rails, lower bars and other similar structures to prevent falls from the space between a guardrail and the work platform erected on scaffolds | Scaffold‐related fall accidents: Decrease over years 1552 (2007), 1227 (2008), 828 (2009), 718 (2010), 871 (2011) | |
| Before‐after study | Company 1: 172 drivers/electricity workers Company 2: 179 drivers/electricity workers | Company 1: 3, 45‐60 min group discussions Company 2: 1‐day course in anticipatory driving | Company 1 Number of work‐related road injuries: before: 10.5; after: 2.9; absolute change: 7.6 Number of other occupational injuries: before: 42.4; after: 48.8; absolute change: 6.4 Company 2 Number of work‐related road injuries: before: 2.2; after: 3.4; absolute change: 1.2 Number of other occupational injuries: before: 23.5; after: 28.5; absolute change: 5.0 | |
| Before–after study | Latino day labourers in USA | Training safety and health awareness of 1 day based on active learning and problem solving through peer trainers. Training materials adapted from OSHA curriculum and pilot | No denominator reported Non‐fatal injuries leading to stop with work Any serious injury last 6 months: before: 21% (N = 64); after: 24% (N = 16) At least 2 serious injuries last 6 months: before: 16% (N = 36); after: 1.5% (N = 1) | |
| CI: confidence interval;LWDI: lost work day injuries; OR: odds ratio; OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration. | ||||
| Study | Pre‐int level (SD) | Change level (SE) | Pre‐int slope (SE) | Change slope (SE) | Autocorrelation |
| Fatal injuries/1 million person‐years | |||||
| 45.80 (3.42) | 8.16 (2.18) | −1.97 (0.51) | 0.28 (0.67) | −0.64 | |
| 14.01 (2.09) | −2.18 (1.17) | −1.10 (0.23) | 0.76 (0.31) | −0.37 | |
| 73.60 (15.31) | 4.21 (6.61) | −4.52 (0.84) | 2.79 (1.23) | 0.22 | |
| 40.2 (4.92) | −9.05 (5.19) | 1.96 (1.22) | −6.34 (1.60) | −0.74 | |
| 4.94 (0.37) | −0.38 (0.38) | −0.10 (0.08) | −0.29 (0.12) | 0.17 | |
| Non‐fatal injuries/100 person‐years | |||||
| 3.34 (2.06) | −3.75 (1.13) | 2.17 (0.43) | −2.67 (0.52) | −0.82 | |
| 3.50 (0.49) | 0.39 (0.57) | −0.70 (0.35) | 0.47 (0.35) | −0.08 | |
| Wickizer 2004: intervention | 27.80 (1.40) | −4.62 (2.43) | −0.79 (0.98) | 0.13 (1.01) | −0.70 |
| Wickizer 2004: control | 28.06 (2.35) | 2.93 (0.61) | −2.25 (0.24) | 2.01 (0.25) | −1.25 |
| Wickizer 2004: int‐con | −0.26 (1.12) | −7.59 (1.85) | −1.50 (0.75) | −1.97 (0.77) | −0.83 |
| 10.92 (1.44) | 0.11 (2.13) | −0.94 (0.62) | 0.90 (0.72) | 0.46 | |
| 23.6 (4.58) | 0.46 (4.33) | −0.57 (0.98) | −1.97 (1.22) | −0.14 | |
| 8.10 (2.08) | 1.33 (0.86) | −1.44 (0.27) | 1.22 (0.29) | −0.13 | |
| 9.20 (0.87) | 1.08 (0.52) | −0.50 (0.17) | −0.11 (0.17) | −0.40 | |
| 10.28 (0.73) | 1.13 (0.45) | −0.57 (0.20) | −0.01 (0.20) | −0.63 | |
| 43.58 (3.47) | −21.78(1.71) | −0.76 (0.4) | −2.07(0.53) | −0.88 | |
| Non‐fatal injuries/million m³construction volume | |||||
| Laitinen 2010: intervention | 792.29 (195.12) | 105.15 (50.18) | ‐86.75 (9.12) | 87.39 (10.18) | −0.35 |
| Laitinen 2010: control | 372.1 (21.57) | 17.58 (23.54) | −3.43 (4.35) | 3.52 (5.09) | 0.06 |
| Laitinen 2010: int‐con | 420.14 (187.75) | 87.57 (49.28) | ‐84.11 (8.97) | 85.43 (9.96) | −0.46 |
| Pre‐int: pre‐intervention; SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error. | |||||
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Level Show forest plot | 9 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.33 [‐2.08, 1.41] | |
| 1.1 Fatal injuries | 5 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.13 [‐1.51, 1.25] | |
| 1.2 Non‐fatal injuries | 5 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.44 [‐3.70, 2.83] | |
| 2 Slope Show forest plot | 9 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.03 [‐0.30, 0.24] | |
| 2.1 Fatal injuries | 5 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.20 [‐0.64, 0.23] | |
| 2.2 Non‐fatal injuries | 5 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | 0.14 [‐0.26, 0.54] | |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Level: non‐fatal injuries Show forest plot | 1 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | 0.07 [‐2.83, 2.97] | |
| 2 Slope: non‐fatal injuries Show forest plot | 1 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | 0.63 [‐0.35, 1.61] | |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Level: non‐fatal injuries Show forest plot | 1 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | 0.1 [‐1.74, 1.94] | |
| 2 Slope: non‐fatal injuries Show forest plot | 1 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | ‐0.43 [‐0.96, 0.10] | |
| 3 Non‐fatal Injuries (CBA) Show forest plot | 1 | Odds Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.87 [0.72, 1.06] | |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Injuries from falls to a lower level Show forest plot | 1 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Subtotals only | |
| 1.1 Baseline | 1 | 58019 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 3.89 [2.32, 6.52] |
| 1.2 At 2 years follow‐up | 1 | 44619 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.93 [0.30, 2.91] |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Level: non‐fatal injuries Show forest plot | 2 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | Totals not selected | |
| 1.1 At company level | 1 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
| 1.2 At regional level | 1 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
| 2 Slope: non‐fatal injuries Show forest plot | 2 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | Totals not selected | |
| 2.1 At company level | 1 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
| 2.2 At regional level | 1 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | |
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
| 1 Level: non‐fatal injuries Show forest plot | 1 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | ‐6.78 [‐10.01, ‐3.55] | |
| 2 Slope: non‐fatal injuries Show forest plot | 1 | Effect Size (Random, 95% CI) | ‐1.76 [‐3.11, ‐0.41] | |
