Yoga compared with wait‐list for urinary incontinence in women

Patient or population: women with either stress‐predominant or urge‐predominant urinary incontinence

Settings: community

Intervention: yoga

Comparison: wait‐list

Number of women who report they are cured (they no longer experience urinary incontinence)

‐

‐

‐

The study did not report this outcome.

Number of women who report cure or improvement of urinary incontinence at short term (six weeks)

RR 6.33 (1.44 to 27.88)

18
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low^1,2

Number of women who reported satisfaction with change in urine leakage.

Urinary incontinence condition‐ or symptom‐specific quality of life

at short term (6 weeks)

Measured by Incontinence Impact Questionnaire Short Form (IIQ‐7) (lower = better)

Not applicable

18
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low^1,2

Number of micturitions (daily)

at short term (6 weeks)

Not applicable

18
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low^1,2

Number of episodes of incontinence (daily)

at short term (6 weeks)

Not applicable

18
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low^1,2

Bothersomeness of symptoms

at short term (6 weeks)

Measured by Urogenital Distress Inventory 6 (UDI‐6) (lower = better)

Not applicable

18
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low^1,2

Adverse effects

at short term (6 weeks)

RD 0% (‐38% to 38%)

18
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low^1,2

2 women in each group reported an adverse effect. However, there were 7 adverse effects overall and the distribution of adverse effects between groups is not reported. None of the adverse effects were considered to be potentially related to the study and none were serious.

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RD: risk difference; RR: risk ratio

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate certainty: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low certainty: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low certainty: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

Yoga compared with mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) for urinary incontinence in women

Patient or population: women with urge‐predominant urinary incontinence

Settings: community

Intervention: yoga

Comparison: mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR)

Number of women who report they are cured (they no longer experience urinary incontinence)

‐

‐

‐

The study did not report this outcome.

Number of women who report cure or improvement of urinary incontinence

at short term (8 weeks)

RR 0.09 (0.01 to 1.43)

24
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low^1,2,3

Urinary incontinence condition‐ or symptom‐specific quality of life

at short term (8 weeks)

Measured by the Overactive Bladder Health‐Related Quality of Life (OAB‐HRQL) scale (higher per cent improvement = better)

‐

‐

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low^1,2,3

The study reported medians and IQR, therefore we could not extract data for meta‐analysis. The authors reported that the median per cent improvement at 8 weeks was 8.70 (IQR 1.75 to 20.59) in the yoga group (n = 11) and 29.27 (IQR 8.11 to 93.33) in the MBSR group (n = 13) (reported P value = 0.03).

Number of micturitions (daily)

‐

‐

‐

The study did not report this outcome.

Number of episodes of incontinence (daily)

at short term (8 weeks)

‐

‐

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low^1,2,3

The study reported medians and IQR, therefore we could not extract data for meta‐analysis. The authors reported that the median per cent improvement at 8 weeks was ‐33.33 (IQR ‐50.00 to 16.67) in the yoga group (n = 11) and ‐60 (IQR ‐88.89 to ‐50.00) in the MBSR group (n = 13) (reported P value = 0.03).

Bothersomeness of symptoms

at short term (6 weeks)

Measured by the Overactive Bladder Symptom and Quality of Life‐Short Form (OABq‐SF) (lower = better)

‐

‐

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low^1,2,3

The study reported medians and IQR, therefore we could not extract data for meta‐analysis. The authors reported that the median per cent change at 8 weeks was ‐25.0 (IQR ‐35 to 20) in the yoga group (n = 11) and ‐55.6 (IQR ‐50 to ‐87) in the MBSR group (n = 13) (reported P value = 0.005).

Adverse effects

‐

‐

‐

The study did not report on adverse effects.

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; IQR: interquartile range; RR: risk ratio

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate certainty: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low certainty: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low certainty: We are very uncertain about the estimate.