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Opioids for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents

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Referencias

References to studies excluded from this review

Argoff 2015 {published data only}

Argoff C, Arnstein P, Stanos S, Robinson CY, Galer BS, Gould E, et al. Relationship between change in pain intensity and functional outcomes in patients with chronic pain receiving twice daily extended‐release hydrocodone bitartrate. Journal of Opioid Management 2015;11(5):417‐24. CENTRAL

Berry 1975 {published data only}

Berry FN, Miller JM, Levin HM, Bare WW, Hopkinson JH, Feldman AJ. Relief of severe pain with acetaminophen in a new dose formulation versus propoxyphene hydrochloride 65 mg. and placebo: a comparative double‐blind study. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1975;17(4):361‐8. CENTRAL

Coutinho 1975 {published data only}

Coutinho A, Bonelli J, de Carvalho PC. A double‐blind comparative study of the analgesic effects of fenbufen, codeine, aspirin, propoxyphene and placebo. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1976;19(1):58‐65. CENTRAL

Daniel 1971 {published data only}

Daniel JR, Wilkins RD, Nicholson PA. Two comparisons of the analgesic activity of orally administered pentazocine, dihydrocodeine and placebo. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1971;43(4):392‐9. CENTRAL

Frohna 2005 {published data only}

Frohna JG. Oxycodone vs placebo in children with undifferentiated abdominal pain. Journal of Pediatrics 2005;147(3):408. CENTRAL

Gilbert 1978 {published data only}

Gilbert MM, Sanzari NP, Losada M, Caruso FS. Double‐blind oral analgesic study of butorphanol in musculoskeletal pain: a comparison with codeine and placebo. Journal of International Medical Research 1978;6(1):14‐23. CENTRAL

Lapane 2013 {published data only}

Lapane KL, Quilliam BJ, Benson C, Chow W, Kim MS. Gastrointestinal events after opioid treatment in nonmalignant pain: correlates of occurrence and impact on health‐related quality of life. Journal of Opioid Management 2013;9(3):205‐16. CENTRAL

Mehl‐Madrona 1999 {published data only}

Mehl‐Madrona LE. Comparison of ketorolac‐chlorpromazine with meperidine‐promethazine for treatment of exacerbations of chronic pain. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 1999;12(3):188‐94. CENTRAL

Middleton 1985 {published data only}

Middleton RS, Clyne MJ. A comparative study of Propain and a dextropropoxyphene/paracetamol combination analgesic. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1985;39(1):21‐4. CENTRAL

Poonai 2014 {published data only}

Poonai N, Bhullar G, Lin K, Paini A, Mainprize D, Howard J, et al. Oral administration of morphine versus ibuprofen to manage postfracture pain in children: a randomized trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2014;186(17):1358‐63. CENTRAL

Rose 2003 {published data only}

Rose JB, Finkel JC, Arquedas‐Mohs A, Himelstein BP, Schreiner M, Medve RA. Oral tramadol for the treatment of pain of 7‐30 days' duration in children. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;96(1):78‐81. CENTRAL

Valkenburg 2015 {published data only}

Valkenburg AJ, van den Bosch GE, de Graaf J, van Lingen RA, Wiesglas‐Kuperus N, van Rosmalen J. Long‐term effects of neonatal morphine infusion on pain sensitivity: follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain 2015;16(9):926‐33. CENTRAL

Additional references

AMA 2013

American Medical Association. Pediatric pain management. https://www.ama‐assn.org/ 2013 (accessed 25 January 2016).

AUREF 2012

Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group. PaPaS author and referee guidance. papas.cochrane.org/papas‐documents 2012 (accessed 16 July 2016).

Caes 2016

Caes L, Boemer KE, Chambers CT, Campbell‐Yeo M, Stinson J, Birnie KA, et al. A comprehensive categorical and bibliometric analysis of published research articles on pediatric pain from 1975 to 2010. Pain 2016;157(2):302‐13. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000403]

Cooper 2017a

Cooper TE, Heathcote L, Clinch J, Gold J, Howard R, Lord S, et al. Antidepressants for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012535.pub2]

Cooper 2017b

Cooper TE, Heathcote L, Anderson B, Gregoire MC, Ljungman G, Eccleston C. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer‐related pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012563.pub2]

Cooper 2017c

Cooper TE, Fisher E, Anderson B, Wilkinson N, Williams G, Eccleston C. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012539.pub2]

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Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain ‐ United States, 2016. JAMA 2016;315(15):1624‐45.

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Eccleston 2003

Eccleston C, Malleson PM. Management of chronic pain in children and adolescents (Editorial). BMJ 2003;326:1408‐9.

Eccleston 2017

Eccleston C, Cooper TE, Fisher E, Anderson B, Wilkinson N. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic non‐cancer pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012537.pub2]

Guyatt 2008

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Guyatt 2013a

Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Sultan S, Brozek J, Glasziou P, Alonso‐Coelle P, et al. Making an overall rating of the confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2013;66(2):151‐7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.01.006]

Guyatt 2013b

Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Santesso N, Helfand M, Vist G, Kunz R, et al. GRADE guidelines: 12. Preparing summary of findings tables ‐ binary outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2013;66(2):158‐72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.01.012]

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Hoffman 2010

Hoffman DL, Sadosky A, Dukes EM, Alvir J. How do changes in pain severity levels correspond to changes in health status and function in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy?. Pain 2010;149(2):194‐201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.09.017]

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L'Abbé KA, Detsky AS, O'Rourke K. Meta‐analysis in clinical research. Annals of Internal Medicine 1987;107:224‐33.

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McQuay H, Moore R. An Evidence‐based Resource for Pain Relief. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press, 1998.

Moher 2009

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, the PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):e1000097.

Moore 2008

Moore RA, Barden J, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Managing potential publication bias. In: McQuay HJ, Kalso E, Moore RA editor(s). Systematic Reviews in Pain Research: Methodology Refined. Seattle (WA): IASP Press, 2008:15‐24. [ISBN: 978‐0‐931092‐69‐5]

Moore 2009

Moore RA, Straube S, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Pregabalin for acute and chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007076.pub2]

Moore 2010a

Moore RA, Eccleston C, Derry S, Wiffen P, Bell RF, Straube S, et al. "Evidence" in chronic pain ‐ establishing best practice in the reporting of systematic reviews. Pain 2010;150(3):386‐9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.05.011]

Moore 2010b

Moore RA, Straube S, Paine J, Phillips CJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Fibromyalgia: moderate and substantial pain intensity reduction predicts improvement in other outcomes and substantial quality of life gain. Pain 2010;149(2):360‐4.

Moore 2010c

Moore RA, Moore OA, Derry S, Peloso PM, Gammaitoni AR, Wang H. Responder analysis for pain relief and numbers needed to treat in a meta‐analysis of etoricoxib osteoarthritis trials: bridging a gap between clinical trials and clinical practice. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2010;69(2):374‐9. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.107805]

Moore 2010d

Moore RA, Smugar SS, Wang H, Peloso PM, Gammaitoni A. Numbers‐needed‐to‐treat analyses ‐ do timing, dropouts, and outcome matter? Pooled analysis of two randomized, placebo‐controlled chronic low back pain trials. Pain 2010;151(3):592‐7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.2013]

Moore 2010e

Moore RA, Derry S, McQuay HJ, Straube S, Aldington D, Wiffen P, et al. ACTINPAIN writing group of the IASP Special Interest Group (SIG) on Systematic Reviews in Pain Relief. Clinical effectiveness: an approach to clinical trial design more relevant to clinical practice, acknowledging the importance of individual differences. Pain 2010;149:173‐6. [PUBMED: 19748185]

Moore 2011a

Moore RA, Straube S, Paine J, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Minimum efficacy criteria for comparisons between treatments using individual patient meta‐analysis of acute pain trials: examples of etoricoxib, paracetamol, ibuprofen, and ibuprofen/paracetamol combinations after third molar extraction. Pain 2011;152(5):982‐9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.030]

Moore 2011b

Moore RA, Mhuircheartaigh RJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Mean analgesic consumption is inappropriate for testing analgesic efficacy in post‐operative pain: analysis and alternative suggestion. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28(6):427‐32. [DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e328343c569]

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Moore RA, Straube S, Eccleston C, Derry S, Aldington D, Wiffen P, et al. Estimate at your peril: imputation methods for patient withdrawal can bias efficacy outcomes in chronic pain trials using responder analyses. Pain 2012;153(2):265‐8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.10.004]

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Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Study

Reason for exclusion

Argoff 2015

Adult population

Berry 1975

Adult population

Some participants adolescents, unable to contact authors for subunit data

Coutinho 1975

Adult population

Some participants adolescents, unable to contact authors for subunit data

Daniel 1971

Adult population

Some participants adolescents, unable to contact authors for subunit data

Frohna 2005

Acute abdominal pain

Gilbert 1978

Adult population

Lapane 2013

Adult population

Mehl‐Madrona 1999

Combination pharmacotherapy

Adult population

Middleton 1985

Adult population

Poonai 2014

Wrong study population; participants were in immediate fracture pain.

Rose 2003

Wrong study population; participants were in immediate fracture pain.

Valkenburg 2015

Aim of the study was not to investigate the efficacy of opioids in children with chronic pain.

Study flow diagram.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Study flow diagram.