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Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults

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ver la versión actual 20 diciembre 2018

Appendices

Appendix 1. GRADE

The GRADE system uses the following criteria for assigning grades of evidence:

  • High = further research is very unlikely to change confidence in the estimate of effect;

  • Moderate = further research is likely to have an important impact on confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate;

  • Low = further research is very likely to have an important impact on confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate;

  • Very low = any estimate of effect is very uncertain.

The grade of evidence is decreased further if the following are present:

  • serious (‐1) or very serious (‐2) limitation to study quality;

  • important inconsistency (‐1);

  • some (‐1) or major (‐2) uncertainty about directness;

  • imprecise or sparse data (‐1);

  • high probability of reporting bias (‐1).

The grade of evidence may be increased if:

  • there is strong evidence of association ‐ significant relative risk of > 2 (< 0.5) based on consistent evidence from two or more observational studies, with no plausible confounders (+1);

  • very strong evidence of association ‐ significant relative risk of > 5 (< 0.2) based on direct evidence with no major threats to validity (+2);

  • evidence of a dose response gradient (+1);

  • all plausible confounders would have reduced the effect (+1).

Appendix 2. CENTRAL search strategy

#1 MeSH descriptor: [Ketamine] this term only

#2 (ketamine or ketalar or calipsol or ketanest or ketaset or calypsol or kalipsol or ci‐581):ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#3 #1 or #2

#4 MeSH descriptor: [Pain, Postoperative] this term only

#5 (postoperat* near/3 pain*):ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#6 " pain* following surg*":ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#7 "pain* following treat*":ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#8 "pain* following operation*":ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#9 "post‐operat* pain":ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#10 ((post near/1 surg*) or postsurg* or post‐surg*):ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#11 ((post near/1 operat*) or postoperat* or post‐operat*):ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#12 pain*:ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#13 (#10 or #11) and #12

#14 ((post‐operat* or postoperat* or post‐surg* or postsurg*) next analgesi*):ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#15 "analgesi* following surg*":ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#16 "analgesi* following operat*":ti,ab,kw (Word variations will be searched)

#17 #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16

#18 #17 and #3