Appendix 1. Search strategy for the Cochrane Epilepsy Groups Specialised Register

#1 MeSH DESCRIPTOR Carbamazepine Explode All WITH AD AE AG AA AN AI BL CF CS CH CL CT DU EC HI IM IP ME PK PD PO RE ST SD TU TO UR

#2 Carbamezepine OR CBZ OR SPD417 OR Apo‐Carbamazepine OR Atretol OR Biston OR Calepsin OR Carbagen OR Carbamazepen OR Carbatrol OR Carbazepine OR Carbelan OR Epitol OR Equetro OR Finlepsin OR Karbamazepin OR Lexin OR Neurotol OR Novo‐Carbamaz OR Nu‐Carbamazepine OR Sirtal OR Stazepin OR Stazepine OR Taro‐Carbamazepine OR Tegretal OR Tegretol OR Telesmin OR Teril OR Timonil

#3 #1 OR #2

#4 MeSH DESCRIPTOR Phenytoin Explode All WITH AD AE AG AA AN AI BL CF CS CH CL CT DU EC HI IM IP ME PK PD PO RE ST SD TU TO UR

#5 Dihydantoin OR Diphenylhydantoin OR Diphenylhydantoine OR Diphenylhydatanoin OR Fenitoina OR Phenytoine OR Phenytoinum OR Aleviatin OR Antisacer OR Auranile OR Causoin OR Citrullamon OR Citrulliamon OR Comital OR Comitoina OR Convul OR Danten OR Dantinal OR Dantoinal OR Dantoine OR Denyl OR Di‐Hydan OR Di‐Lan OR Di‐Phetine OR Didan OR Difenilhidantoina OR Difenin OR Difetoin OR Difhydan OR Dihycon OR Dilabid OR Dilantin OR Dilantine OR Dillantin OR Dintoin OR Dintoina OR Diphantoin OR Diphedal OR Diphedan OR Diphenat OR Diphenin OR Diphenine OR Dipheninum OR Diphentoin OR Diphentyn OR Diphenylan OR Ditoinate OR Ekko OR Elepsindon OR Enkelfel OR Epamin OR Epanutin OR Epasmir OR Epdantoin OR Epdantoine OR Epelin OR Epifenyl OR Epihydan OR Epilan OR Epilantin OR Epinat OR Epised OR Eptal OR Eptoin OR Fenantoin OR Fenidantoin OR Fentoin OR Fenylepsin OR Fenytoin OR Fenytoine OR Gerot‐epilan‐D OR Hidan OR Hidantal OR Hidantilo OR Hidantina OR Hidantomin OR Hindatal OR Hydantal OR Hydantin OR Hydantoin OR Hydantoinal OR Hydantol OR Ictalis OR Idantoil OR Idantoin OR Iphenylhydantoin OR Kessodanten OR Labopal OR Lehydan OR Lepitoin OR Lepsin OR Mesantoin OR Minetoin OR Neos‐Hidantoina OR Neosidantoina OR Novantoina OR Novophenytoin OR Om‐hidantoina OR Om‐Hydantoine OR Oxylan OR Phanantin OR Phanatine OR Phenatine OR Phenatoine OR Phenhydan OR Phenhydanin OR Phenitoin OR Phentoin OR Phentytoin OR Phenytek OR Phenytex OR Ritmenal OR Saceril OR Sanepil OR Silantin OR Sinergina OR Sodanthon OR Sodantoin OR Sodanton OR Solantin OR Solantoin OR Solantyl OR Sylantoic OR Tacosal OR Thilophenyl OR TOIN OR Zentronal OR Zentropil OR PHT

#6 #4 OR #5

#7 MeSH DESCRIPTOR Valproic Acid Explode All WITH AD AE AG AA AN AI BL CF CS CH CL CT DU EC HI IM IP ME PK PD PO RE ST SD TU TO UR

#8 Avugane OR Baceca OR Convulex OR Delepsine OR Depacon OR Depakene OR Depakine OR Depakote OR Deproic OR Epiject OR Epilex OR Epilim OR Episenta OR Epival OR Ergenyl OR Mylproin OR Orfiril OR Orlept OR Selenica OR Stavzor OR Valcote OR Valparin OR Valpro OR Valproate OR Valproic OR VPA

#9 #7 OR #8

#10 MeSH DESCRIPTOR Phenobarbital Explode All WITH AD AE AG AA AN AI BL CF CS CH CL CT DU EC HI IM IP ME PK PD PO RE ST SD TU TO UR

#11 Fenobarbital OR Phenobarbitol OR Phenobarbitone OR "Phenobarbituric Acid" OR Phenylethylbarbiturate OR "Phenylethylbarbituric Acid" OR Phenylethylmalonylurea OR Adonal OR Aephenal OR Agrypnal OR Amylofene OR Aphenylbarbit OR Aphenyletten OR Barbenyl OR Barbinal OR Barbiphen OR Barbiphenyl OR Barbipil OR Barbita OR Barbivis OR Barbonal OR Barbophen OR Bardorm OR Bartol OR Bialminal OR Blu‐Phen OR Cabronal OR Calmetten OR Calminal OR Cardenal OR Chinoin OR Codibarbita OR Coronaletta OR Cratecil OR Damoral OR Dezibarbitur OR Dormina OR Dormiral OR Dormital OR Doscalun OR Duneryl OR Ensobarb OR Ensodorm OR Epanal OR Epidorm OR Epilol OR Episedal OR Epsylone OR Eskabarb OR Etilfen OR Euneryl OR Fenbital OR Fenemal OR Fenosed OR Fenylettae OR Gardenal OR Gardepanyl OR Glysoletten OR Haplopan OR Haplos OR Helional OR Hennoletten OR Henotal OR Hypnaletten OR Hypnette OR Hypno‐Tablinetten OR Hypnogen OR Hypnolone OR Hypnoltol OR Hysteps OR Lefebar OR Leonal OR Lephebar OR Lepinal OR Lepinaletten OR Linasen OR Liquital OR Lixophen OR Lubergal OR Lubrokal OR Lumen OR Lumesettes OR Lumesyn OR Luminal OR Lumofridetten OR Luphenil OR Luramin OR Molinal OR Neurobarb OR Nirvonal OR Noptil OR Nova‐Pheno OR Nunol OR Parkotal OR Pharmetten OR Phen‐Bar OR Phenaemal OR Phenemal OR Phenemalum OR Phenobal OR Phenobarbyl OR Phenoluric OR Phenolurio OR Phenomet OR Phenonyl OR Phenoturic OR Phenyletten OR Phenyral OR Phob OR Polcominal OR Prominal OR Promptonal OR Seda‐Tablinen OR Sedabar OR Sedicat OR Sedizorin OR Sedlyn OR Sedofen OR Sedonal OR Sedonettes OR Sevenal OR Sinoratox OR Solfoton OR Solu‐Barb OR Sombutol OR Somnolens OR Somnoletten OR Somnosan OR Somonal OR Spasepilin OR Starifen OR Starilettae OR Stental OR Talpheno OR Teolaxin OR Teoloxin OR Thenobarbital OR Theoloxin OR Triabarb OR Tridezibarbitur OR Triphenatol OR Versomnal OR Zadoletten OR Zadonal OR PB

#12 #10 OR #11

#13 Oxcarbazepine

#14 "GP 47680" OR OCBZ OR Oxcarbamazepine OR Actinium OR Barzepin OR Carbox OR Deprectal OR Lonazet OR Oxalepsy OR Oxetol OR Oxpin OR Oxrate OR Oxtellar OR Oxypine OR Pharozepine OR Prolepsi OR Timox OR Trexapin OR Trileptal OR Trileptin OR OXC

#15 #13 OR #14

#16 Lamotrigine

#17 "GW 273293" OR Lamotrigina OR Lamotriginum OR Lamictal OR Lamotrine OR Lamitrin OR Lamictin OR Lamogine OR Lamitor OR LTG

#18 #16 OR #17

#19 Gabapentin

#20 Gabapentine OR Gabapentino OR Gabapentinum OR Gabapetin OR Aclonium OR Fanatrex OR Gabarone OR Neogab OR Gralise OR Neurontin OR Novo‐Gabapentin OR Nupentin OR GBP

#21 #19 OR #20

#22 Topiramate

#23 Tipiramate OR Topiramatum OR "Topiramic acid" OR Topamax OR TPM

#24 #22 OR #23

#25 Levetiracetam

#26 Levetiracetamum OR Levitiracetam OR Keppra OR LEV

#27 #25 OR #26

#28 Zonisamide

#29 Zonisamida OR Zonisamidum OR Zonegran OR Exceglan OR Excegram OR Excegran OR ZNS

#30 #28 OR #29

#31 #3 OR #6 OR #9 OR #12 OR #15 OR #18 OR #21 OR #24 OR #27 OR #30

#32 (adjunct* or "add‐on" or "add on") NOT monotherap*

#33 #31 NOT #32

Appendix 2. CENTRAL search strategy

#1 MeSH descriptor: [Carbamazepine] explode all trees

#2 Carbamezepine or CBZ or SPD417 or Apo‐Carbamazepine or Atretol or Biston or Calepsin or Carbagen or Carbamazepen or Carbatrol or Carbazepine or Carbelan or Epitol or Equetro or Finlepsin or Karbamazepin or Lexin or Neurotol or Novo‐Carbamaz or Nu‐Carbamazepine or Sirtal or Stazepin or Stazepine or Taro‐Carbamazepine or Tegretal or Tegretol or Telesmin or Teril or Timonil

#3 #1 or #2

#4 MeSH descriptor: [Phenytoin] explode all trees

#5 Dihydantoin or Diphenylhydantoin or Diphenylhydantoine or Diphenylhydatanoin or Fenitoina or Phenytoine or Phenytoinum or Aleviatin or Antisacer or Auranile or Causoin or Citrullamon or Citrulliamon or Comital or Comitoina or Convul or Danten or Dantinal or Dantoinal or Dantoine or Denyl or Di‐Hydan or Di‐Lan or Di‐Phetine or Didan or Difenilhidantoina or Difenin or Difetoin or Difhydan or Dihycon or Dilabid or Dilantin or Dilantine or Dillantin or Dintoin or Dintoina or Diphantoin or Diphedal or Diphedan or Diphenat or Diphenin or Diphenine or Dipheninum or Diphentoin or Diphentyn or Diphenylan or Ditoinate or Ekko or Elepsindon or Enkelfel or Epamin or Epanutin or Epasmir or Epdantoin or Epdantoine or Epelin or Epifenyl or Epihydan or Epilan or Epilantin or Epinat or Epised or Eptal or Eptoin or Fenantoin or Fenidantoin or Fentoin or Fenylepsin or Fenytoin or Fenytoine or Gerot‐epilan‐D or Hidan or Hidantal or Hidantilo or Hidantina or Hidantomin or Hindatal or Hydantal or Hydantin or Hydantoin or Hydantoinal or Hydantol or Ictalis or Idantoil or Idantoin or Iphenylhydantoin or Kessodanten or Labopal or Lehydan or Lepitoin or Lepsin or Mesantoin or Minetoin or Neos‐Hidantoina or Neosidantoina or Novantoina or Novophenytoin or Om‐hidantoina or Om‐Hydantoine or Oxylan or Phanantin or Phanatine or Phenatine or Phenatoine or Phenhydan or Phenhydanin or Phenitoin or Phentoin or Phentytoin or Phenytek or Phenytex or Ritmenal or Saceril or Sanepil or Silantin or Sinergina or Sodanthon or Sodantoin or Sodanton or Solantin or Solantoin or Solantyl or Sylantoic or Tacosal or Thilophenyl or TOIN or Zentronal or Zentropil or PHT

#6 #4 or #5

#7 MeSH descriptor: [Valproic Acid] explode all trees

#8 Avugane or Baceca or Convulex or Delepsine or Depacon or Depakene or Depakine or Depakote or Deproic or Epiject or Epilex or Epilim or Episenta or Epival or Ergenyl or Mylproin or Orfiril or Orlept or Selenica or Stavzor or Valcote or Valparin or Valpro or Valproate or Valproic or VPA

#9 #7 or #8

#10 MeSH descriptor: [Phenobarbital] explode all trees

#11 Fenobarbital or Phenobarbitol or Phenobarbitone or "Phenobarbituric Acid" or Phenylethylbarbiturate or "Phenylethylbarbituric Acid" or Phenylethylmalonylurea or Adonal or Aephenal or Agrypnal or Amylofene or Aphenylbarbit or Aphenyletten or Barbenyl or Barbinal or Barbiphen or Barbiphenyl or Barbipil or Barbita or Barbivis or Barbonal or Barbophen or Bardorm or Bartol or Bialminal or Blu‐Phen or Cabronal or Calmetten or Calminal or Cardenal or Chinoin or Codibarbita or Coronaletta or Cratecil or Damoral or Dezibarbitur or Dormina or Dormiral or Dormital or Doscalun or Duneryl or Ensobarb or Ensodorm or Epanal or Epidorm or Epilol or Episedal or Epsylone or Eskabarb or Etilfen or Euneryl or Fenbital or Fenemal or Fenosed or Fenylettae or Gardenal or Gardepanyl or Glysoletten or Haplopan or Haplos or Helional or Hennoletten or Henotal or Hypnaletten or Hypnette or Hypno‐Tablinetten or Hypnogen or Hypnolone or Hypnoltol or Hysteps or Lefebar or Leonal or Lephebar or Lepinal or Lepinaletten or Linasen or Liquital or Lixophen or Lubergal or Lubrokal or Lumen or Lumesettes or Lumesyn or Luminal or Lumofridetten or Luphenil or Luramin or Molinal or Neurobarb or Nirvonal or Noptil or Nova‐Pheno or Nunol or Parkotal or Pharmetten or Phen‐Bar or Phenaemal or Phenemal or Phenemalum or Phenobal or Phenobarbyl or Phenoluric or Phenolurio or Phenomet or Phenonyl or Phenoturic or Phenyletten or Phenyral or Phob or Polcominal or Prominal or Promptonal or Seda‐Tablinen or Sedabar or Sedicat or Sedizorin or Sedlyn or Sedofen or Sedonal or Sedonettes or Sevenal or Sinoratox or Solfoton or Solu‐Barb or Sombutol or Somnolens or Somnoletten or Somnosan or Somonal or Spasepilin or Starifen or Starilettae or Stental or Talpheno or Teolaxin or Teoloxin or Thenobarbital or Theoloxin or Triabarb or Tridezibarbitur or Triphenatol or Versomnal or Zadoletten or Zadonal or PB

#12 #10 or #11

#13 Oxcarbazepine or "GP 47680" or OCBZ or Oxcarbamazepine or Actinium or Barzepin or Carbox or Deprectal or Lonazet or Oxalepsy or Oxetol or Oxpin or Oxrate or Oxtellar or Oxypine or Pharozepine or Prolepsi or Timox or Trexapin or Trileptal or Trileptin or OXC

#14 Lamotrigine or "GW 273293" or Lamotrigina or Lamotriginum or Lamictal or Lamotrine or Lamitrin or Lamictin or Lamogine or Lamitor or LTG

#15 Gabapentin or Gabapentine or Gabapentino or Gabapentinum or Gabapetin or Aclonium or Fanatrex or Gabarone or Neogab or Gralise or Neurontin or Novo‐Gabapentin or Nupentin or GBP

#16 Topiramate or Tipiramate or Topiramatum or "Topiramic acid" or Topamax or TPM

#17 Levetiracetam or Levetiracetamum or Levitiracetam or Keppra or LEV

#18 Zonisamide or Zonisamida or Zonisamidum or Zonegran or Exceglan or Excegram or Excegran or ZNS

#19 #3 or #6 or #9 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18

#20 (epilep* or seizure* or convuls*):ti,ab,kw (Word variations have been searched)

#21 MeSH descriptor: [Epilepsy] explode all trees

#22 MeSH descriptor: [Seizures] explode all trees

#23 (#20 or #21 or #22) in Trials

#24 #19 and #23

#25 (adjunct* or "add‐on" or "add on" or adjuvant* or combination* or polytherap*) not monotherap*:ti (Word variations have been searched)

#26 #24 not #25

Appendix 3. MEDLINE search strategy

1. exp Carbamazepine/

2. (Carbamezepine or CBZ or SPD417 or Apo‐Carbamazepine or Atretol or Biston or Calepsin or Carbagen or Carbamazepen or Carbatrol or Carbazepine or Carbelan or Epitol or Equetro or Finlepsin or Karbamazepin or Lexin or Neurotol or Novo‐Carbamaz or Nu‐Carbamazepine or Sirtal or Stazepin or Stazepine or Taro‐Carbamazepine or Tegretal or Tegretol or Telesmin or Teril or Timonil).mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, unique identifier]

3. 1 or 2

4. exp Phenytoin/

5. (Dihydantoin or Diphenylhydantoin or Diphenylhydantoine or Diphenylhydatanoin or Fenitoina or Phenytoine or Phenytoinum or Aleviatin or Antisacer or Auranile or Causoin or Citrullamon or Citrulliamon or Comital or Comitoina or Convul or Danten or Dantinal or Dantoinal or Dantoine or Denyl or Di‐Hydan or Di‐Lan or Di‐Phetine or Didan or Difenilhidantoina or Difenin or Difetoin or Difhydan or Dihycon or Dilabid or Dilantin or Dilantine or Dillantin or Dintoin or Dintoina or Diphantoin or Diphedal or Diphedan or Diphenat or Diphenin or Diphenine or Dipheninum or Diphentoin or Diphentyn or Diphenylan or Ditoinate or Ekko or Elepsindon or Enkelfel or Epamin or Epanutin or Epasmir or Epdantoin or Epdantoine or Epelin or Epifenyl or Epihydan or Epilan or Epilantin or Epinat or Epised or Eptal or Eptoin or Fenantoin or Fenidantoin or Fentoin or Fenylepsin or Fenytoin or Fenytoine or Gerot‐epilan‐D or Hidan or Hidantal or Hidantilo or Hidantina or Hidantomin or Hindatal or Hydantal or Hydantin or Hydantoin or Hydantoinal or Hydantol or Ictalis or Idantoil or Idantoin or Iphenylhydantoin or Kessodanten or Labopal or Lehydan or Lepitoin or Lepsin or Mesantoin or Minetoin or Neos‐Hidantoina or Neosidantoina or Novantoina or Novophenytoin or Om‐hidantoina or Om‐Hydantoine or Oxylan or Phanantin or Phanatine or Phenatine or Phenatoine or Phenhydan or Phenhydanin or Phenitoin or Phentoin or Phentytoin or Phenytek or Phenytex or Ritmenal or Saceril or Sanepil or Silantin or Sinergina or Sodanthon or Sodantoin or Sodanton or Solantin or Solantoin or Solantyl or Sylantoic or Tacosal or Thilophenyl or TOIN or Zentronal or Zentropil or PHT).mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, unique identifier]

6. 4 or 5

7. exp Valproic Acid/

8. (Avugane or Baceca or Convulex or Delepsine or Depacon or Depakene or Depakine or Depakote or Deproic or Epiject or Epilex or Epilim or Episenta or Epival or Ergenyl or Mylproin or Orfiril or Orlept or Selenica or Stavzor or Valcote or Valparin or Valpro or Valproate or Valproic or VPA).mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, unique identifier]

9. 7 or 8

10. exp Phenobarbital/

11. (Fenobarbital or Phenobarbitol or Phenobarbitone or "Phenobarbituric Acid" or Phenylethylbarbiturate or "Phenylethylbarbituric Acid" or Phenylethylmalonylurea or Adonal or Aephenal or Agrypnal or Amylofene or Aphenylbarbit or Aphenyletten or Barbenyl or Barbinal or Barbiphen or Barbiphenyl or Barbipil or Barbita or Barbivis or Barbonal or Barbophen or Bardorm or Bartol or Bialminal or Blu‐Phen or Cabronal or Calmetten or Calminal or Cardenal or Chinoin or Codibarbita or Coronaletta or Cratecil or Damoral or Dezibarbitur or Dormina or Dormiral or Dormital or Doscalun or Duneryl or Ensobarb or Ensodorm or Epanal or Epidorm or Epilol or Episedal or Epsylone or Eskabarb or Etilfen or Euneryl or Fenbital or Fenemal or Fenosed or Fenylettae or Gardenal or Gardepanyl or Glysoletten or Haplopan or Haplos or Helional or Hennoletten or Henotal or Hypnaletten or Hypnette or Hypno‐Tablinetten or Hypnogen or Hypnolone or Hypnoltol or Hysteps or Lefebar or Leonal or Lephebar or Lepinal or Lepinaletten or Linasen or Liquital or Lixophen or Lubergal or Lubrokal or Lumen or Lumesettes or Lumesyn or Luminal or Lumofridetten or Luphenil or Luramin or Molinal or Neurobarb or Nirvonal or Noptil or Nova‐Pheno or Nunol or Parkotal or Pharmetten or Phen‐Bar or Phenaemal or Phenemal or Phenemalum or Phenobal or Phenobarbyl or Phenoluric or Phenolurio or Phenomet or Phenonyl or Phenoturic or Phenyletten or Phenyral or Phob or Polcominal or Prominal or Promptonal or Seda‐Tablinen or Sedabar or Sedicat or Sedizorin or Sedlyn or Sedofen or Sedonal or Sedonettes or Sevenal or Sinoratox or Solfoton or Solu‐Barb or Sombutol or Somnolens or Somnoletten or Somnosan or Somonal or Spasepilin or Starifen or Starilettae or Stental or Talpheno or Teolaxin or Teoloxin or Thenobarbital or Theoloxin or Triabarb or Tridezibarbitur or Triphenatol or Versomnal or Zadoletten or Zadonal or PB).mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, unique identifier]

12. 10 or 11

13. (Oxcarbazepine or "GP 47680" or OCBZ or Oxcarbamazepine or Actinium or Barzepin or Carbox or Deprectal or Lonazet or Oxalepsy or Oxetol or Oxpin or Oxrate or Oxtellar or Oxypine or Pharozepine or Prolepsi or Timox or Trexapin or Trileptal or Trileptin or OXC).mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, unique identifier]

14. (Lamotrigine or "GW 273293" or Lamotrigina or Lamotriginum or Lamictal or Lamotrine or Lamitrin or Lamictin or Lamogine or Lamitor or LTG).mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, unique identifier]

15. (Gabapentin or Gabapentine or Gabapentino or Gabapentinum or Gabapetin or Aclonium or Fanatrex or Gabarone or Neogab or Gralise or Neurontin or Novo‐Gabapentin or Nupentin or GBP).mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, unique identifier]

16. (Topiramate or Tipiramate or Topiramatum or "Topiramic acid" or Topamax or TPM).mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, unique identifier]

17. (Levetiracetam or Levetiracetamum or Levitiracetam or Keppra or LEV).mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, unique identifier]

18. (Zonisamide or Zonisamida or Zonisamidum or Zonegran or Exceglan or Excegram or Excegran or ZNS).mp. [mp=title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, unique identifier]

19. 3 or 6 or 9 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18

20. ((adjunct$ or "add‐on" or "add on" or adjuvant$ or combination$ or polytherap$) not monotherap$).ti.

21. 19 not 20

22. exp Epilepsy/

23. exp Seizures/

24. (epilep$ or seizure$ or convuls$).tw.

25. 22 or 23 or 24

26. exp Pre‐Eclampsia/ or exp Eclampsia/

27. 25 not 26

28. (randomized controlled trial or controlled clinical trial).pt. or (randomi?ed or placebo or randomly).ab.

29. clinical trials as topic.sh.

30. trial.ti.

31. 28 or 29 or 30

32. exp animals/ not humans.sh.

33. 31 not 32

34. 21 and 27 and 33

Appendix 4. SCOPUS search strategy

(((TITLE (carbamazepine OR carbamezepine OR cbz OR spd417 OR apo‐carbamazepine OR atretol OR biston OR calepsin OR carbagen OR carbamazepen OR carbatrol OR carbazepine OR carbelan OR epitol OR equetro OR finlepsin OR karbamazepin OR lexin OR neurotol OR novo‐carbamaz OR nu‐carbamazepine OR sirtal OR stazepin OR stazepine OR taro‐carbamazepine OR tegretal OR tegretol OR telesmin OR teril OR timonil OR phenytoin OR dihydantoin OR diphenylhydantoin OR diphenylhydantoine OR diphenylhydatanoin OR fenitoina OR phenytoine OR phenytoinum OR aleviatin OR antisacer OR auranile OR causoin OR citrullamon OR citrulliamon OR comital OR comitoina OR convul OR danten OR dantinal OR dantoinal OR dantoine OR denyl OR di‐hydan OR di‐lan OR di‐phetine OR didan OR difenilhidantoina OR difenin OR difetoin OR difhydan OR dihycon OR dilabid OR dilantin OR dilantine OR dillantin OR dintoin OR dintoina OR diphantoin OR diphedal OR diphedan OR diphenat OR diphenin OR diphenine OR dipheninum OR diphentoin OR diphentyn OR diphenylan OR ditoinate OR ekko OR elepsindon OR enkelfel OR epamin OR epanutin OR epasmir OR epdantoin OR epdantoine OR epelin OR epifenyl OR epihydan OR epilan OR epilantin OR epinat OR epised OR eptal OR eptoin OR fenantoin OR fenidantoin OR fentoin OR fenylepsin OR fenytoin OR fenytoine OR gerot‐epilan‐d OR hidan OR hidantal OR hidantilo OR hidantina OR hidantomin OR hindatal OR hydantal OR hydantin OR hydantoin OR hydantoinal OR hydantol OR ictalis OR idantoil OR idantoin OR iphenylhydantoin OR kessodanten OR labopal OR lehydan OR lepitoin OR lepsin OR mesantoin OR minetoin OR neos‐hidantoina OR neosidantoina OR novantoina OR novophenytoin OR om‐hidantoina OR om‐hydantoine OR oxylan OR phanantin OR phanatine OR phenatine OR phenatoine OR phenhydan OR phenhydanin OR phenitoin OR phentoin OR phentytoin OR phenytek OR phenytex OR ritmenal OR saceril OR sanepil OR silantin OR sinergina OR sodanthon OR sodantoin OR sodanton OR solantin OR solantoin OR solantyl OR sylantoic OR tacosal OR thilophenyl OR toin OR zentronal OR zentropil OR pht OR "Valproic Acid" OR avugane OR baceca OR convulex OR delepsine OR depacon OR depakene OR depakine OR depakote OR deproic OR epiject OR epilex OR epilim OR episenta OR epival OR ergenyl OR mylproin OR orfiril OR orlept OR selenica OR stavzor OR valcote OR valparin OR valpro OR valproate OR valproic OR vpa OR phenobarbital OR fenobarbital OR phenobarbitol OR phenobarbitone OR "Phenobarbituric Acid" OR phenylethylbarbiturate OR "Phenylethylbarbituric Acid" OR phenylethylmalonylurea OR adonal OR aephenal OR agrypnal OR amylofene OR aphenylbarbit OR aphenyletten OR barbenyl OR barbinal OR barbiphen OR barbiphenyl OR barbipil OR barbita OR barbivis OR barbonal OR barbophen OR bardorm OR bartol OR bialminal OR blu‐phen OR cabronal OR calmetten OR calminal OR cardenal OR chinoin OR codibarbita OR coronaletta OR cratecil OR damoral OR dezibarbitur OR dormina OR dormiral OR dormital OR doscalun OR duneryl OR ensobarb OR ensodorm OR epanal OR epidorm OR epilol OR episedal OR epsylone OR eskabarb OR etilfen OR euneryl OR fenbital OR fenemal OR fenosed OR fenylettae OR gardenal OR gardepanyl OR glysoletten OR haplopan OR haplos OR helional OR hennoletten OR henotal OR hypnaletten OR hypnette OR hypno‐tablinetten OR hypnogen OR hypnolone OR hypnoltol OR hysteps OR lefebar OR leonal OR lephebar OR lepinal OR lepinaletten OR linasen OR liquital OR lixophen OR lubergal OR lubrokal OR lumen OR lumesettes OR lumesyn OR luminal OR lumofridetten OR luphenil OR luramin OR molinal OR neurobarb OR nirvonal OR noptil OR nova‐pheno OR nunol OR parkotal OR pharmetten OR phen‐bar OR phenaemal OR phenemal OR phenemalum OR phenobal OR phenobarbyl OR phenoluric OR phenolurio OR phenomet OR phenonyl OR phenoturic OR phenyletten OR phenyral OR phob OR polcominal OR prominal OR promptonal OR seda‐tablinen OR sedabar OR sedicat OR sedizorin OR sedlyn OR sedofen OR sedonal OR sedonettes OR sevenal OR sinoratox OR solfoton OR solu‐barb OR sombutol OR somnolens OR somnoletten OR somnosan OR somonal OR spasepilin OR starifen OR starilettae OR stental OR talpheno OR teolaxin OR teoloxin OR thenobarbital OR theoloxin OR triabarb OR tridezibarbitur OR triphenatol OR versomnal OR zadoletten OR zadonal OR pb OR oxcarbazepine OR "GP 47680" OR ocbz OR oxcarbamazepine OR actinium OR barzepin OR carbox OR deprectal OR lonazet OR oxalepsy OR oxetol OR oxpin OR oxrate OR oxtellar OR oxypine OR pharozepine OR prolepsi OR timox OR trexapin OR trileptal OR trileptin OR oxc OR lamotrigine OR "GW 273293" OR lamotrigina OR lamotriginum OR lamictal OR lamotrine OR lamitrin OR lamictin OR lamogine OR lamitor OR ltg OR gabapentin OR gabapentine OR gabapentino OR gabapentinum OR gabapetin OR aclonium OR fanatrex OR gabarone OR neogab OR gralise OR neurontin OR novo‐gabapentin OR nupentin OR gbp OR topiramate OR tipiramate OR topiramatum OR "Topiramic acid" OR topamax OR tpm OR levetiracetam OR levetiracetamum OR levitiracetam OR keppra OR lev OR zonisamide OR zonisamida OR zonisamidum OR zonegran OR exceglan OR excegram OR excegran OR zns)) OR (ABS(carbamazepine OR carbamezepine OR cbz OR spd417 OR apo‐carbamazepine OR atretol OR biston OR calepsin OR carbagen OR carbamazepen OR carbatrol OR carbazepine OR carbelan OR epitol OR equetro OR finlepsin OR karbamazepin OR lexin OR neurotol OR novo‐carbamaz OR nu‐carbamazepine OR sirtal OR stazepin OR stazepine OR taro‐carbamazepine OR tegretal OR tegretol OR telesmin OR teril OR timonil OR phenytoin OR dihydantoin OR diphenylhydantoin OR diphenylhydantoine OR diphenylhydatanoin OR fenitoina OR phenytoine OR phenytoinum OR aleviatin OR antisacer OR auranile OR causoin OR citrullamon OR citrulliamon OR comital OR comitoina OR convul OR danten OR dantinal OR dantoinal OR dantoine OR denyl OR di‐hydan OR di‐lan OR di‐phetine OR didan OR difenilhidantoina OR difenin OR difetoin OR difhydan OR dihycon OR dilabid OR dilantin OR dilantine OR dillantin OR dintoin OR dintoina OR diphantoin OR diphedal OR diphedan OR diphenat OR diphenin OR diphenine OR dipheninum OR diphentoin OR diphentyn OR diphenylan OR ditoinate OR ekko OR elepsindon OR enkelfel OR epamin OR epanutin OR epasmir OR epdantoin OR epdantoine OR epelin OR epifenyl OR epihydan OR epilan OR epilantin OR epinat OR epised OR eptal OR eptoin OR fenantoin OR fenidantoin OR fentoin OR fenylepsin OR fenytoin OR fenytoine OR gerot‐epilan‐d OR hidan OR hidantal OR hidantilo OR hidantina OR hidantomin OR hindatal OR hydantal OR hydantin OR hydantoin OR hydantoinal OR hydantol OR ictalis OR idantoil OR idantoin OR iphenylhydantoin OR kessodanten OR labopal OR lehydan OR lepitoin OR lepsin OR mesantoin OR minetoin OR neos‐hidantoina OR neosidantoina OR novantoina OR novophenytoin OR om‐hidantoina OR om‐hydantoine OR oxylan OR phanantin OR phanatine OR phenatine OR phenatoine OR phenhydan OR phenhydanin OR phenitoin OR phentoin OR phentytoin OR phenytek OR phenytex OR ritmenal OR saceril OR sanepil OR silantin OR sinergina OR sodanthon OR sodantoin OR sodanton OR solantin OR solantoin OR solantyl OR sylantoic OR tacosal OR thilophenyl OR toin OR zentronal OR zentropil OR pht OR "Valproic Acid" OR avugane OR baceca OR convulex OR delepsine OR depacon OR depakene OR depakine OR depakote OR deproic OR epiject OR epilex OR epilim OR episenta OR epival OR ergenyl OR mylproin OR orfiril OR orlept OR selenica OR stavzor OR valcote OR valparin OR valpro OR valproate OR valproic OR vpa OR phenobarbital OR fenobarbital OR phenobarbitol OR phenobarbitone OR "Phenobarbituric Acid" OR phenylethylbarbiturate OR "Phenylethylbarbituric Acid" OR phenylethylmalonylurea OR adonal OR aephenal OR agrypnal OR amylofene OR aphenylbarbit OR aphenyletten OR barbenyl OR barbinal OR barbiphen OR barbiphenyl OR barbipil OR barbita OR barbivis OR barbonal OR barbophen OR bardorm OR bartol OR bialminal OR blu‐phen OR cabronal OR calmetten OR calminal OR cardenal OR chinoin OR codibarbita OR coronaletta OR cratecil OR damoral OR dezibarbitur OR dormina OR dormiral OR dormital OR doscalun OR duneryl OR ensobarb OR ensodorm OR epanal OR epidorm OR epilol OR episedal OR epsylone OR eskabarb OR etilfen OR euneryl OR fenbital OR fenemal OR fenosed OR fenylettae OR gardenal OR gardepanyl OR glysoletten OR haplopan OR haplos OR helional OR hennoletten OR henotal OR hypnaletten OR hypnette OR hypno‐tablinetten OR hypnogen OR hypnolone OR hypnoltol OR hysteps OR lefebar OR leonal OR lephebar OR lepinal OR lepinaletten OR linasen OR liquital OR lixophen OR lubergal OR lubrokal OR lumen OR lumesettes OR lumesyn OR luminal OR lumofridetten OR luphenil OR luramin OR molinal OR neurobarb OR nirvonal OR noptil OR nova‐pheno OR nunol OR parkotal OR pharmetten OR phen‐bar OR phenaemal OR phenemal OR phenemalum OR phenobal OR phenobarbyl OR phenoluric OR phenolurio OR phenomet OR phenonyl OR phenoturic OR phenyletten OR phenyral OR phob OR polcominal OR prominal OR promptonal OR seda‐tablinen OR sedabar OR sedicat OR sedizorin OR sedlyn OR sedofen OR sedonal OR sedonettes OR sevenal OR sinoratox OR solfoton OR solu‐barb OR sombutol OR somnolens OR somnoletten OR somnosan OR somonal OR spasepilin OR starifen OR starilettae OR stental OR talpheno OR teolaxin OR teoloxin OR thenobarbital OR theoloxin OR triabarb OR tridezibarbitur OR triphenatol OR versomnal OR zadoletten OR zadonal OR pb OR oxcarbazepine OR "GP 47680" OR ocbz OR oxcarbamazepine OR actinium OR barzepin OR carbox OR deprectal OR lonazet OR oxalepsy OR oxetol OR oxpin OR oxrate OR oxtellar OR oxypine OR pharozepine OR prolepsi OR timox OR trexapin OR trileptal OR trileptin OR oxc OR lamotrigine OR "GW 273293" OR lamotrigina OR lamotriginum OR lamictal OR lamotrine OR lamitrin OR lamictin OR lamogine OR lamitor OR ltg OR gabapentin OR gabapentine OR gabapentino OR gabapentinum OR gabapetin OR aclonium OR fanatrex OR gabarone OR neogab OR gralise OR neurontin OR novo‐gabapentin OR nupentin OR gbp OR topiramate OR tipiramate OR topiramatum OR "Topiramic acid" OR topamax OR tpm OR levetiracetam OR levetiracetamum OR levitiracetam OR keppra OR lev OR zonisamide OR zonisamida OR zonisamidum OR zonegran OR exceglan OR excegram OR excegran OR zns))) AND ((TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(epilep* OR "infantile spasm" OR "ring chromosome 20" OR "R20" OR "myoclonic encephalopathy" OR "pyridoxine dependency") OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(syndrome) W/2 (aicardi OR angelman OR doose OR dravet OR janz OR jeavons OR "landau kleffner" OR "lennox gastaut" OR ohtahara OR panayiotopoulos OR rasmussen OR rett OR "sturge weber" OR tassinari OR "unverricht lundborg" OR west)) OR TITLE(seizure OR convuls*) OR (TITLE‐ABS‐KEY(lafora*) W/4 (disease OR epilep*) AND NOT (TITLE(dog OR canine) OR INDEXTERMS(dog OR canine)))) AND NOT (TITLE(*eclampsia) OR INDEXTERMS(*eclampsia)) AND NOT INDEX(medl)) AND (TITLE(randomiz* OR randomis* OR controlled OR placebo OR blind* OR unblind* OR "parallel group" OR crossover OR "cross over" OR cluster OR "head to head") OR ABS(randomiz* OR randomis* OR controlled OR placebo OR blind* OR unblind* OR "parallel group" OR crossover OR "cross over" OR cluster OR "head to head") PRE/2 (trial OR method OR procedure OR study) AND NOT INDEX(medl))) AND NOT (TITLE((adjunct* OR "add‐on" OR "add on" OR adjuvant* OR combination* OR polytherap*) AND NOT (monotherap* OR alone OR singl*)))