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داروهای ضد‐بارداری خوراکی ترکیبی: خطر انفارکتوس میوکارد و سکته مغزی ایسکمیک

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Referencias

Adam 1981 {published data only}

Adam SA, Thorogood M, Mann JI. Oral contraception and myocardial infarction revisited: the effects of new preparations and prescribing patterns. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1981;88(8):838‐45. CENTRAL

Aznar 2004 {published data only}

Aznar J, Mira Y, Vayá A, Corella D, Ferrando F, Villa P, et al. Factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations in young adults with cryptogenic ischemic stroke. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2004;91(5):1031‐4. CENTRAL

Chang 1999 {published data only}

Chang CL, Donaghy M, Poulter N. Migraine and stroke in young women: case­control study. The World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. BMJ 1999;318(7175):13‐8. CENTRAL

Dunn 1999 {published data only}

Dunn N, Thorogood M, Faragher B, de Caestecker L, MacDonald TM, McCollum C, et al. Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction:results of the MICA case­control study. BMJ 1999;318(7198):1579‐83. CENTRAL

Heinemann 1998 {published data only}

Heinemann LA, Lewis MA, Spitzer WO, Thorogood M, Guggenmoos‐Holzmann I, Bruppacher R. Thromboembolic stroke in young women: a European case‐control study on oral contraceptives. Transnational Research Group on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. Contraception 1998;57(1):29‐37. CENTRAL

Jick 1978 {published data only}

Jick H, Dinan B, Rothman KJ. Oral contraceptives and nonfatal myocardial infarction. JAMA 1978;239(14):1403‐6. CENTRAL

Kemmeren 2002 {published data only}

Kemmeren JM, Tanis BC, van den Bosch MA, Bollen EL, Helmerhorst FM, van der Graaf Y, et al. Risk of arterial thrombosis in relation to oral contraceptives (RATIO) study: oral contraceptives and the risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke 2002;33(5):1202‐8. CENTRAL

Krueger 1980 {published data only}

Krueger DE, Ellenberg SS, Bloom S, Calkins BM. Maliza C, Nolan DC, et al. Fatal myocardial infarction and the role of oral contraceptives. Journal of Epidemiology 1980;111(6):655‐74. CENTRAL

La Vecchia 1987 {published data only}

La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Decarli A, Pampallona S, Tognoni G. Risk factors for myocardial infarction in young women. American Journal of Epidemiology 1987;125(5):832‐43. CENTRAL

Lewis 1997 {published data only}

Lewis MA, Heinemann LA, Spitzer WO, MacRae KD, Bruppacher R. The use of oral contraceptives and the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in young women: results from the Transnational Study on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. Contraception 1997;56(3):129‐40. CENTRAL

Lidegaard 2012a {published data only}

Lidegaard Ø, Løkkegaard E, Jensen A, Skovlund CW, Keiding N. Thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction with hormonal contraception. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366(24):2257‐66. CENTRAL

MacClellan 2007 {published data only}

MacClellan LR, Giles W, Cole J, Wozniak M, Stern B, Mitchell BD, et al. Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: the stroke prevention in young women study. Stroke 2007;38(9):2438‐45. CENTRAL

Mann 1975a {published data only}

Mann JI, Inman WH. Oral contraceptives and death from myocardial infarction. British Medical Journal 1975;2(5965):245‐8. CENTRAL

Mann 1975b {published data only}

Mann JI, Thorogood M, Waters WE, Powell C. Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction in young women: a further report. British Medical Journal 1975;3(5984):631‐2. CENTRAL

Mann 1976a {published data only}

Mann JI, Inman WH, Thorogood M. Oral contraceptive use in older women and fatal myocardial infarction. BMJ 1976;2(6033):445‐7. CENTRAL

Martinelli 2006 {published data only}

Martinelli I, Battaglioli T, Burgo I, Di Domenico S, Mannucci PM. Oral contraceptive use, thrombophilia and their interaction in young women with ischemic stroke. Haematologica 2006;91(6):844‐7. CENTRAL

Nightingale 2004 {published data only}

Nightingale AL, Farmer RD. Ischemic stroke in young women: a nested case‐control study using the UK General Practice Research Database. Stroke 2004;35(7):1574‐8. CENTRAL

Owen‐Smith 1998 {published data only}

Owen‐Smith V, Hannaford PC, Warskyj M, Ferry S, Kay CR. Effects of changes in smoking status on risk estimates for myocardial infarction among women recruited for the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study in the UK. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1998;52(7):420‐4. CENTRAL

Pettiti 1996 {published data only}

Pettiti D, Sidney S, Bernstein A, Wolf S, Quesenberry C, Ziel HK. Stroke in users of low‐dose oral contraceptives. New England Journal of Medicine 1996;335(1):8‐15. CENTRAL

Pezzini 2007 {published data only}

Pezzini A, Grassi M, Iacoviello L, Del Zotto E, Archetti S, Giossi A, et al. Inherited thrombophilia and stratification of ischaemic stroke risk among users of oral contraceptives. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2007;78(3):271‐6. CENTRAL

Rosenberg 1976a {published data only}

Rosenberg L, Armstrong B, Jick H. Myocardial infarction and estrogen therapy in premenopausal women. New England Journal of Medicine 1976;294(23):1290‐1. CENTRAL

Rosenberg 2001 {published data only}

Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Rao RS, Shapiro S. Low‐dose oral contraceptive use and the risk of myocardial infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine 2001;161(8):1065‐70. CENTRAL

Schwartz 1997 {published data only}

Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Longstreth WT, Psaty BM, Beverly RK, Raghunathan TE, et al. Use of low‐dose oral contraceptives and stroke in young women. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997;127(8 Pt 1):596‐603. CENTRAL

Shapiro 1979 {published data only}

Shapiro S, Slone D, Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, Stolley PD, Miettinen OS. Oral‐contraceptive use in relation to myocardial infarction. Lancet 1979;1(8119):743‐7. CENTRAL

Sidney 1998 {published data only}

Sidney S, Siscovick DS, Petitti DB, Schwartz SM, Quesenberry CP, Psaty BM, et al. Myocardial infarction and use of low‐dose oral contraceptives: a pooled analysis of 2 US studies. Circulation 1998;98(11):1058‐63. CENTRAL

Slone 1981 {published data only}

Slone D, Shapiro S, Kaufman DW, Rosenberg L, Miettinen OS, Stolley PD. Risk of myocardial infarction in relation to current and discontinued use of oral contraceptives. NEJM 1981;305(8):420‐4. CENTRAL

Tanis 2001 {published data only}

Tanis BC, van den Bosch MA, Kemmeren JM, Cats VM, Helmerhorst FM, Algra A, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(25):1787‐93. CENTRAL

Tzourio 1995 {published data only}

Tzourio C, Tehindrazanarivelo A, Iglésias S, Alpérovitch A, Chedru F, d'Anglejan‐Chatillon J, Bousser MG. Case‐control study of migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke in young women. BMJ 1995;310(6983):830‐3. CENTRAL

Adachi 2005 {published data only}

Adachi T, Sakamoto S. Thromboembolism during hormone therapy in Japanese women. Seminars in Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2005;31(3):272‐80. CENTRAL

Ananijević‐Pandey 1989 {published data only}

Ananijević‐Pandey J, Vlajinac H. Myocardial Infarction in young women with reference to oral contraceptive use. International Journal of Epidemiology 1989;18(3):585‐8. CENTRAL

Andersson 2012 {published data only}

Andersson HM, Siegerink B, Luken BM, Crawley JT, Algra A, Lane DA, et al. High VWF, low ADAMTS13, and oral contraceptives increase the risk of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction in young women. Blood 2012;119(6):1555‐60. CENTRAL

Arscott 2001 {published data only}

Arscott A, Nettelfield P. Myocardial infarction and oral contraceptives. Professional Nurse 2001;16(5):1117‐20. CENTRAL

Azarpazhooh 2008 {published data only}

Azarpazhooh MR, Rafi S, Etemadi MM, Khadem N, Fazlinejad A. The relation between short‐term oral contraceptive consumption and cerebrovascular, cardiovascular disorders in Iranian women attending Hajj. Saudi Medical Journal 2008;29(7):1024‐7. CENTRAL

Barinagarrementeria 1998 {published data only}

Barinagarrementeria F, Gonzàlez‐Duarte A, Miranda L, Cantú C. Cerebral infarction in young women: analysis of 130 cases. European Neurology 1998;40(4):228‐33. CENTRAL

Beaumont 1986 {published data only}

Beaumont V, Beaumont JL. Oral contraception and thrombosis: implication of anti sex‐steroid hormone antibodies. Myocardial Infarction in Women. 1st Edition. Vol. 1st, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986:190‐9. CENTRAL

Berheci 1975 {published data only}

Berheci AL. Oral contraceptives, a new risk factor in the production of cerbral arterial occlusive disease [Contraceptivele orale, un nou factor de risc in producerea bolii ocluzive cerebro‐arteriale la femei]. Neurologie, Psihiatrie, Neurochirurgie 1975;20(2):89‐92. CENTRAL

Bonnar 1986 {published data only}

Bonnar J, Sabra AM. Oral contraceptives and blood coagulation. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1986;31(6 Suppl):551‐6. CENTRAL

Borovská 1981 {published data only}

Borovská D, Volejník V. Incidence of cerebrovascular lesions in users of oral contraceptives [Incidence cevnich lezi cerebralnich pri uzivani peroralnich antikonceptiv]. Ceskoslovenská Neurologie e Neurochirurgie 1981;44(2):116‐20. CENTRAL

Burnhill 1999 {published data only}

Burnhill MS. The use of a large‐scale surveillance system in Planned Parenthood Federation of America clinics to monitor cardiovascular events in users of combination oral contraceptives. International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine 1999;44(1):19‐30. CENTRAL

Chang 1986 {published data only}

Chang KK, Chow LP, Rider RV. Oral contraceptives and stroke: a preliminary report on an epidemiologic study in Taiwan, China. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 1986;24(6):421‐30. CENTRAL

Chasan‐Taber 2001 {published data only}

Chasan‐Taber L, Stampfer M. Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction ‐ the search for the smoking gun. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(25):1841‐2. CENTRAL

Chen 2001 {published data only}

Chen J, Li Y, Zhou J. A study of relationship between oral contraceptives and gene polymorphism and types of stroke [Chinese]. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2001;22(4):273‐6. CENTRAL

Colditz 1986 {published data only}

Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of parental history of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease in women. American Journal of Epidemiology 1986;123(1):48‐58. CENTRAL

Collaborative Group for the Study of Stroke 1973 {published data only}

Collaborative Group for the Study of Stroke in Young Women. Oral contraception and increased risk of cerebral ischaemia of thrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1973;288(17):871‐8. CENTRAL

Corfman 1974 {published data only}

Corfman PA. Coordinated studies of the effects of oral contraceptives. Contraception 1974;9(2):109‐22. CENTRAL

Croft 1989 {published data only}

Croft P, Hannaford P. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in women. BMJ 1989;298(6674):674. CENTRAL

D'Avanzo 1994 {published data only}

D'Avanzo B, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Parazzini F, Franceschi S. Oral contraceptive use and risk of myocardial infarction: an Italian case‐control study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1994;48(3):324‐5. CENTRAL

Dalen 1981 {published data only}

Dalen JE, Hickler RB. Oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease. American Heart Journal 1981;101(5):626‐39. CENTRAL

Elagib 2008 {published data only}

Elagib AH, Ahmed AE, Hussein A, Musa AM, Khalil EA, El‐Hassan AM. Possible predisposing factors for thrombotic cerebral accidents in Sudanese patients. Saudi Medical Journal 2008;29(2):304‐6. CENTRAL

Farley 1998 {published data only}

Farley TM, Meirik O, Chang CL, Poulter NR. Combined oral contraceptives, smoking, and cardiovascular risk. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1998;52(12):775‐85. CENTRAL

Fortney 1986 {published data only}

Fortney JA, Harper JM, Potts M. Oral contraceptives and life expectancy. Studies in Family Planning 1986;17(3):117‐25. CENTRAL

Gronich 2011 {published data only}

Gronich N, Lavi I, Rennert G. Higher risk of venous thrombosis associated with drospirenone‐containing oral contraceptives:a population‐based cohort study. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2011;183(18):E1319‐25. CENTRAL

Haapaniemi 1997 {published data only}

Haapaniemi H, Hillbom M, Juvela S. Lifestyle‐associated risk factors for acute brain infarction among persons of working age. Stroke 1997;28(1):26‐30. CENTRAL

Hannaford 1998 {published data only}

Hannaford PC, Owen‐Smith V. Using epidemiological data to guide clinical practice: review of studies on cardiovascular disease and use of combined oral contraceptives. BMJ 1998;316(7136):984‐7. CENTRAL

Heinemann 1997 {published data only}

Heinemann LA, Lewis MA, Thorogood M, Spitzer WO, Guggenmoos‐Holzmann I, Bruppacher R. Case‐control study of oral contraceptives and risk of thromboembolic stroke: results from International Study on Oral Contraceptives and Health of Young Women. BMJ 1997;315(7121):1502‐4. CENTRAL

Heinemann 1999 {published data only}

Heinemann LA, Assmann A, DoMinh T, Garbe E, Transnational Research Group on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. Oral progestogen‐only contraceptives and cardiovascular risk: results from the Transnational Study on Oral Contraceptives and the health of young women. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 1999;4(2):67‐73. CENTRAL

Heyman 1969 {published data only}

Heyman A, Arons M, Quinn M, Camplong L. The role of oral contraceptive agents in cerebral arterial occlusion. Neurology 1969;19(6):519‐24. CENTRAL

Heyman 1972 {published data only}

Heyman A, for the Collaborative Group for Study of Stroke in Young Women. Risk of stroke with use of oral contraceptives. Circulation. 1972; Vol. 155&156:185. CENTRAL

Huang 2014 {published data only}

Huang X, Li Y, Huang Z, Wang C, Xu Z. Pai‐1 gene variants and COC use a reassociated with stroke risk: a case‐control study in the Han Chinese women. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 2014;54(4):803‐10. CENTRAL

Jain 1976 {published data only}

Jain AK. Cigarette smoking, use of oral contraceptives, and myocardial infarction. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1976;126(3):301‐7. CENTRAL

Jain 1977 {published data only}

Jain AK. Mortality risk associated with the use of oral contraceptives. Studies in Family Planning 1977;8(3):50‐4. CENTRAL

Jensen 1991 {published data only}

Jensen G, Nyboe J, Appleyard M, Schnohr P. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Copenhagen II: Smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, obesity, oral contraception, diabetes, lipids, and blood pressure. European Heart Journal 1991;12(3):298‐308. CENTRAL

Jick 1978b {published data only}

Jick H, Dinan B, Herman R, Rothman KJ. Myocardial infarction and other vascular diseases in young women. Role of estrogens and other factors. JAMA 1978;240(23):2548‐52. CENTRAL

Jick 1996 {published data only}

Jick H, Jick S, Myers MW, Vasilakis C. Risk of acute myocardial infarction and low‐dose combined oral contraceptives. Lancet 1996;347(9001):627‐8. CENTRAL

Jick 2007 {published data only}

Jick SS, Jick H. The contraceptive patch in relation to ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction. Pharmacotherapy 2007;27(2):218‐20. CENTRAL

Jugdutt 1983 {published data only}

Jugdutt BI, Stevens GF, Zacks DJ, Lee SJ, Taylor RF. Myocardial infarction, oral contraception, cigarette smoking, and coronary artery spasm in young women. American Heart Journal 1983;106(4 Pt 1):757‐61. CENTRAL

Kisjanto 2005 {published data only}

Kisjanto J, Bonneux L, Prihartono J, Ranakusuma TA, Grobbee DE. Risk factors for stroke among urbanised Indonesian women of reproductive age: a hospital‐based case‐control study. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2005;19(1):18‐22. CENTRAL

Lewis 1996 {published data only}

Lewis MA, Spitzer WO, Heinemann LA, MacRae KD, Bruppacher R, Thorogood M, Transnational Research Group on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of myocardial infarction: an international case‐control study. BMJ 1996;312(7023):88‐90. CENTRAL

Lewis 1997b {published data only}

Lewis MA, Spitzer WO, Heinemann LA, MacRae KD, Bruppacher R. Lowered risk of dying of heart attack with third generation pill may offset risk of dying of thromboembolism. BMJ 1997;315(7109):678‐9. CENTRAL

Li 2002 {published data only}

Li Y, Gao E, Liu Y, Luo L, Wang X, Wang H, et al. Association between low‐dose oral contraceptive use and stroke in Chinese women. National Medical Journal of China 2002;82(15):1013‐7. CENTRAL

Li 2006 {published data only}

Li Y, Zhou L, Coulter D, Gao E, Sun Z, Liu Y, et al. Prospective cohort study of the association between use of low‐dose oral contraceptives and stroke in Chinese women. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2006;15(10):726‐34. CENTRAL

Li 2010 {published data only}

Li Y, Chen F, Zhou L, Coulter D, Chen C, Sun Z, et al. COC use, ACE/AGT gene polymorphisms, and risk of stroke. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 2010;20(5):298‐306. CENTRAL

Lidegaard 1986 {published data only}

Lidegaard O, Soe M, Andersen MV. Cerebral thromboembolism among young women and men in Denmark 1977‐1982. Stroke 1986;17(4):670‐5. CENTRAL

Lidegaard 1998a {published data only}

Lidegaard O. Thrombotic diseases in young women and the influence of oral contraceptives. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;179(3 Pt 2):S62‐7. CENTRAL

Lidegaard 1998b {published data only}

Lidegaard O, Kreiner S. Cerebral thrombosis and oral contraceptives. A case control study. Contraception 1998;57(5):303‐14. CENTRAL

Lidegaard 1999 {published data only}

Lidegaard O. Smoking and use of oral contraceptives: impact on thrombotic diseases. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;180(6 Pt 2):S357‐63. CENTRAL

Lidegaard 2001 {published data only}

Lidegaard O. Oral contraceptive pills and thrombosis [P‐piller og trombose]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 2001;163:4549‐53. CENTRAL

Lui 2003 {published data only}

Lui KJ. Interval estimation of the attributable risk for multiple exposure levels in case‐control studies with confounders. Statistics in Medicine 2003;22(15):2443‐57. CENTRAL

Maguire 1979 {published data only}

Maguire MG, Tonascia J, Sartwell PE, Stolley PD, Tockman MS. Increased risk of thrombosis due to oral contraceptives: a further report. American Journal of Epidemiology 1979;110(2):188‐95. CENTRAL

Mann 1975c {published data only}

Mann JI, Vessey MP, Thorogood M, Doll SR. Myocardial infarction in young women with special reference to oral contraceptive practice. British Medical Journal 1975;2(5965):241‐5. CENTRAL

Mann 1976b {published data only}

Mann JI, Doll R, Thorogood M, Vessey MP, Waters WE. Risk factors for myocardial infarction in young women. British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine 1976;30(2):94‐100. CENTRAL

Mant 1987 {published data only}

Mant D, Villard‐Mackintosh L, Vessey MP, Yeates D. Myocardial infarction and angina pectoris in young women. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1987;41(3):215‐9. CENTRAL

Mant 1998 {published data only}

Mant J, Painter R, Vessey M. Risk of myocardial infarction, angina and stroke in users of oral contraceptives: an updated analysis of a cohort study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105(8):890‐6. CENTRAL

Margolis 2007 {published data only}

Margolis KL, Adami HO, Luo J, Ye W, Weiderpass E. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of myocardial infarction among Swedish women. Fertility and Sterility 2007;88(2):310‐6. CENTRAL

Matias‐Guiu 1990 {published data only}

Matias‐Guiu J, Alvarez J, Insa R, Moltó JM, Martin R, Codina A, et al. Ischemic stroke in young adults II. Analysis of risk factors in the etiological subgroups. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1990;81(4):314‐7. CENTRAL

Matthews 1989 {published data only}

Matthews KA. Interactive effects of behavior and reproductive hormones on sex differences in risk for coronary heart disease. Health Psychology 1989;8(4):373‐87. CENTRAL

Meinel 1988 {published data only}

Meinel VH, Goretzlehner G, Heinemann L. Hormonal contraception and cardiovascular risk. Results from a multicenter case‐control study [Hormonale Kontraceptiva und Kardiovaskulares Risiko. Ergebnisse einer multi zentrischen DDR‐Fall‐Kontrol‐Studie]. Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie 1988;110:1507‐14. CENTRAL

Parazzini 1991 {published data only}

Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negri E. Benefits and risks of the oral contraceptive pill ‐ a revision of the results from an Italian case‐control study [Benefici e rischi della pillola contraccettiva una revisione dei risultati da uno studio italiano]. Annali di Ostetricia, Ginecologia, Medicina Perinatale 1991;112(6):368‐75. CENTRAL

Porter 1982 {published data only}

Porter JB, Hunter JR, Danielson DA, Jick H, Stergachis A. Oral contraceptives and nonfatal vascular disease ‐ recent experience. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1982;59(3):299‐302. CENTRAL

Porter 1985 {published data only}

Porter JB, Hunter JR, Jick H, Stergachis A. Oral contraceptives and nonfatal vascular disease. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1985;66(1):1‐4. CENTRAL

Poulter 1996 {published data only}

Poulter NR, Chang CL, Farley TM, Marmot MG. Reliability of data from proxy respondents in an international case‐control study of cardiovascular disease and oral contraceptives. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1996;50(6):674‐80. CENTRAL

Poulter 1999 {published data only}

Poulter NR, Chang CL, Farley TM, Marmot MG, Meirik O. Effect on stroke of different progestagens in low oestrogen dose oral contraceptives. WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Lancet 1999;354(9175):301‐2. CENTRAL

Presl 1976 {published data only}

Presl J. Myocardial infarction in young women and steroidal contraception [Infarkt myokardu u mladych zen a steroidni antikoncepce]. CeskaGynekologie 1976;41:156. CENTRAL

Pruissen 2008 {published data only}

Pruissen DM, Slooter AJ, Rosendaal FR, van der Graaf Y, Algra A. Coagulation factor XIII gene variation, oral contraceptives, and risk of ischemic stroke. Blood 2008;111(3):1282‐6. CENTRAL

Psaty 1994 {published data only}

Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Atkins D, Lemaitre R, Koepsell TD, Wahl PW, et al. The risk of myocardial infarction associated with the combined use of estrogens and progestins in postmenopausal women. Archives of Internal Medicine 1994;154(12):1333‐9. CENTRAL

Riedel 1993 {published data only}

Riedel M, Lichtlen PR. Oral contraception and cerebral emboli [Orale kontrazeption und zerebrale embolien]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1993;118(41):1506‐7. CENTRAL

Rosenberg 1976b {published data only}

Rosenberg L, Armstrong B, Jick H. Myocardial infarction and estrogen therapy in premenopausal women. New England Journal of Medicine 1976;294(23):1290‐1. CENTRAL

Rosenberg 1980 {published data only}

Rosenberg L, Hennekens CH, Rosner B, Belanger C, Rothman KJ, Speizer FE. Oral contraceptive use in relation to nonfatal myocardial infarction. American Journal of Epidemiology 1980;11(1):59‐66. CENTRAL

Rosenberg 1990 {published data only}

Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Lesko SM, Shapiro S. Oral contraceptive use and the risk of myocardial infarction. American Journal of Epidemiology 1990;131(6):1009‐16. CENTRAL

Royal College of General Practitioners 1983 {published data only}

Royal College of General Practioners. Incidence of arterial disease among oral contraceptive users. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 1983;33(247):75‐82. CENTRAL

Salobir 2003 {published data only}

Salobir B, Sabovic M, Peternel P, Stegnar M. Vascular bed specific alterations in coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters in young women following myocardial infarction, lacunar cerebral infarction and deep vein thrombosis. Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis 2003;33(2):96‐101. CENTRAL

Salobir 2004 {published data only}

Salobir B, Sabovic M. Possible vascular‐bed‐specific role of interleukin‐6 in young women with a history of myocardial infarction, lacunar cerebral infarction and deep vein thrombosis. Cytokine 2004;25(6):265‐72. CENTRAL

Salonen 1982 {published data only}

Salonen JT. Oral contraceptives, smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in young women. A longitudinul population study in eastern Finland. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1982;212(3):141‐4. CENTRAL

Salvesen 2000 {published data only}

Salvesen R. Migraine patients and birth control pills [Migrenepasienter og p‐piller]. Tidsskr Nor Lageforen 2000;120:1883‐4. CENTRAL

Schoenberg 1970 {published data only}

Schoenberg BS, Whisnant JP, Taylor WF, Kempers RD. Strokes in women of childbearing age. A population study. Neurology 1970;20(2):181‐9. CENTRAL

Schwartz 1998 {published data only}

Schwartz SM, Petitti DB, Siscovick DS, Longstreth WT, Sidney S, Raghunathan TE, et al. Stroke and use of low‐dose oral contraceptives in young women: a pooled analysis of two US studies. Stroke 1998;29(11):2277‐84. CENTRAL

Sidney 1996 {published data only}

Sidney S, Petitti DB, Quesenberry CP, Klatsky AL, Ziel HK, Wolf S. Myocardial infarction in users of low‐dose oral contraceptives. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996;88(6):939‐44. CENTRAL

Siegerink 2010 {published data only}

Siegerink B, Govers‐Riemslag JW, Rosendaal FR, ten Cate H, Algra A. Intrinsic coagulation activation and the risk of arterial thrombosis in young women: results from the Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Relation to Oral Contraceptives (RATIO) case‐control study. Circulation 2010;122(18):1854‐61. CENTRAL

Siegerink 2011a {published data only}

Siegerink B, Meltzer ME, de Groot PG, Algra A, Lisman T, Rosendaal FR. Clot lysis time and the risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in young women; results from the RATIO case–control study. British Journal of Haematology 2011;156(2):252‐8. CENTRAL

Siegerink 2011b {published data only}

Siegerink B, Andersson HM, Luken BM, Crawley JT, Algra A, Lane DA, et al. VWF and ADAMTS13 levels and the risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in young women: results from the ratio case‐control study. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemstasis: Suppl 2. 2011; Vol. 9:209.. CENTRAL

Siritho 2003 {published data only}

Siritho S, Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, You RX, Davis SM, Donnan GA. Risk of ischemic stroke among users of the oral contraceptive pill: the Melbourne Risk Factor Study (MEFRS) Group. Stroke 2003;34(7):1575‐80. CENTRAL

Slone 1978 {published data only}

Slone D, Shapiro S, Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, Hartz SC, Rossi AC, et al. Relation of cigarette smoking to myocardial infarction in young women. New England Journal of Medicine 1978;298(23):1273‐6. CENTRAL

Slooter 2005 {published data only}

Slooter AJ, Rosendaal FR, Tanis BC, van Kemmeren JM, van der Graaf Y, Algra A. Prothrombotic conditions, oral contraceptives, and the risk of ischemic stroke. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2005;3(6):1213‐7. CENTRAL

Stiefelhagen 2003 {published data only}

Stiefelhagen P. Prevention, diagnosis and therapy of stroke: time is brain!. MMW ‐ Fortschritte der Medizin2003; Vol. 145. CENTRAL

Stolley 1982 {published data only}

Stolley PD. The use of vital and morbidity statistics for the detection of adverse drug reactions and for monitoring of drug safety. J Clin Pharmacol 1982;22:499‐504. CENTRAL

Sun 2004 {published data only}

Sun Z, Li Y. Risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke and oral contraceptives among Chinese women: 1:1 Case‐control study. Chinese Journal of Family Planning 2004;12:606‐609. CENTRAL

Sørensen 2002 {published data only}

Sørensen MB, Ottesen BS. Oral contraceptives and risk of myocardial infarction [P‐piller og risiko for myokardieinfarkt]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 2002;164(18):2415‐6. CENTRAL

Tanis 2003a {published data only}

Tanis BC. Oral contraceptives and the risk of myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal 2003;24(5):377‐80. CENTRAL

Tanis 2003b {published data only}

Tanis BC, Bloemenkamp DG, van den Bosch MA, Kemmeren JM, Algra A, van de Graaf Y, et al. Prothrombotic coagulation defects and cardiovascular risk factors in young women with acute myocardial infarction. British Journal of Haematology 2003;122(3):471‐8. CENTRAL

Tanis 2004 {published data only}

Tanis BC, Blom HJ, Bloemenkamp DG, van den Bosch MA, Algra A, van der Graaf Y, et al. Folate, homocysteine levels, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C ‐‐>T variant, and the risk of myocardial infarction in young women: effect of female hormones on homocysteine levels. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2004;2(1):35‐41. CENTRAL

Thompson 1989 {published data only}

Thompson SG, Greenberg G, Meade TW. Risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction in women in the United Kingdom as assessed in general practice: a case‐control study. British Heart Journal 1989;61(5):403‐9. CENTRAL

Thorogood 1991 {published data only}

Thorogood M, Mann J, Murphy M, Vessey M. Is oral contraceptive use still associated with an increased risk of fatal myocardial infarction? Report of a case‐control study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1991;98(12):1245‐53. CENTRAL

Urbanus 2009 {published data only}

Urbanus RT, Siegerink B, Roest M, Rosendaal FR, de Groot PG, Algra A. Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of myocardialinfarction and ischaemic stroke in young women in the RATIO study: a case‐control study. Lancet Neurology 2009;8(11):998‐1005. CENTRAL

Vessey 1969 {published data only}

Vessey MP, Doll R. Investigation of relation between use of oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. A further report. British Medical Journal 1969;2(5658):651‐7. CENTRAL

Wang 2012 {published data only}

Wang C, Li Y, Li H, Sun T, Jin G, Sun Z, et al. Increased risk of stroke in oral contraceptive users carried replicated genetic variants: a population‐based case–control study in China. Human Genetics 2012;131(8):1337‐44. CENTRAL

WHO 1995 {published data only}

World Health Organization. A multinational case‐control study of cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraceptives. Description and validation of methods. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1995;48(12):1513‐47. CENTRAL

WHO 1996a {published data only}

WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Ischaemic stroke and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multi centre, case‐control study. Lancet 1996;348(9026):498‐505. CENTRAL

WHO 1996b {published data only}

WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Haemorrhagic stroke, overall stroke risk, and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multi centre, case‐control study. Lancet 1996;348(9026):505‐10. CENTRAL

WHO 1997 {published data only}

WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Acute myocardial infarction and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international multi centre case‐control study. Lancet 1997;349(9060):1202‐9. CENTRAL

WHO 1998 {published data only}

World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Cardiovascular disease and use of oral and injectable progestogen‐only contraceptives and combined injectable contraceptives: results of an international, multicenter, case‐control study. Contraception 1998;57(5):315‐24. CENTRAL

Yang 2009 {published data only}

Yang L, Kuper H, Sandin S, Margolis KL, Chen Z, Adami HO, et al. Reproductive history, oral contraceptive use, and the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in a cohort study of middle‐aged Swedish women. Stroke 2009;40(4):1050‐8. CENTRAL

Zamorski 1996 {published data only}

Zamorski M. Stroke in users of low‐dose oral contraceptives. Journal of Family Practice 1996;43(4):343‐4. CENTRAL

Badimon 1999

Badimon L, Bayés‐Genís A. Effects of progestogens on thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Human Reproduction Update 1999;5(3):191‐9.

Baillargeon 2005

Baillargeon JP, McClish DK, Essah PA, Nestler JE. Association between the current use of low‐dose oral contraceptives and cardiovascular arterial disease: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005;90(7):3863‐70.

Berry 2012

Berry JD, Dyer A, Cai X, Garside DB, Ning H, Thomas A, et al. Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366(4):321‐9. [PUBMED: 22276822]

Borissoff 2011

Borissoff JI, Spronk HM, ten Cate H. The haemostatic system as a modulator of atherosclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2011;364(18):1746‐60. [PUBMED: 21542745]

Brieger 2009

Brieger D, Fox KA, Fitzgerald G, Eagle KA, Budaj A, Avezum A, et al. Predicting freedom from clinical events in non‐ST‐elevation acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2009;95(11):888‐94. [PUBMED: 19246481]

Bringer 1992

Bringer J. Norgestimate: a clinical overview of a new progestin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1992;166(6 Pt 2):1969‐77.

Caplan 2009

Caplan LR. Caplan's Stroke: A Clinical Approach. 4th Edition. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2009.

Christiansen 2005

Christiansen SC, Cannegieter SC, Koster T, Vandenbroucke JP, Rosendaal FR. Thrombophilia, clinical factors, and recurrent venous thrombotic events. JAMA 2005;293(19):2352‐61.

Christiansen 2010

Christiansen SC, Lijfering WM, Helmerhorst FM, Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC. Sex difference in risk of recurrent venous thrombosis and the risk profile for a second event. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2010;8(10):2159‐68.

de Bastos 2014

de Bastos M, Stegeman BH, Rosendaal FR, Van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Stijnen T, et al. Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010813.pub2]

Di Carlo 2003

Di Carlo A, Lamassa M, Baldereschi M, Pracucci G, Basile AM, Wolfe CD, et al. Sex differences in the clinical presentation, resource use, and 3‐month outcome of acute stroke in Europe: data from a multicenter multinational hospital‐based registry. Stroke 2003;34(5):1114‐9. [PUBMED: 12690218]

Gillum 2000

Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC. Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: a meta‐analysis. JAMA 2000;284(1):72‐8.

Godsland 1990

Godsland IF, Crook D, Simpson R, Proudler T, Felton C, Lees B, et al. The effects of different formulations of oral contraceptive agents on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. New England Journal of Medicine 1990;323(20):1375‐81. [PUBMED: 2146499]

Golder 2011

Golder S, Loke YK, Bland M. Meta‐analyses of adverse effects data derived from randomised controlled trials as compared to observational studies: methodological overview. PLoS Medicine 2011;8(5):e1001026. [PUBMED: 21559325]

Grimes 2005

Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Compared to what? Finding controls for case‐control studies. Lancet 2005;365(9468):1429‐33. [PUBMED: 15836892]

Hardman 2009

Hardman SM, Gebbie AE. Hormonal contraceptive regimens in the perimenopause. Maturitas 2009;63(3):204‐12.

Higgins 2011

Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.handbook.cochrane.org.

Jüni 1999

Jüni P, Witschi A, Bloch R, Egger M. The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta‐analysis. JAMA 1999;282(11):1054‐60. [PUBMED: 10493204]

Khader 2003

Khader YS, Rice J, John L, Abueita O. Oral contraceptives use and the risk of myocardial infarction: a meta‐analysis. Contraception 2003;68(1):11‐7.

Knol 2008

Knol MJ, Vandenbroucke JP, Scott P, Egger M. What do case‐control studies estimate? Survey of methods and assumptions in published case‐control research. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168(9):1073‐1081.

Krattenmacher 2000

Krattenmacher R. Drospirenone: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of a unique progestogen. Contraception 2000;62(1):29‐38.

Lawrie 2011

Lawrie TA, Helmerhorst FM, Maitra NK, Kulier R, Bloemenkamp K, Gülmezoglu AM. Types of progestogens in combined oral contraception: effectiveness and side‐effects. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004861.pub2]

Lidegaard 2012b

Lidegaard O, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Løkkegaard E. Venous thrombosis in users of non‐oral hormonal contraception: follow‐up study, Denmark 2001‐10. BMJ 2012;344:e2990.

Nabel 2012

Nabel EG, Braunwald E. A tale of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366(1):54‐63. [PUBMED: 22216842]

Nischan 1993

Nischan P, Ebeling K, Thomas DB, Hirsch U. Comparison of recalled and validated oral contraceptive histories. American Journal of Epidemiology 1993;138(9):697‐703. [PUBMED: 8237985]

Norell 1998

Norell SE, Boethius G, Persson I. Oral contraceptive use: interview data versus pharmacy records. International Journal of Epidemiology 1998;27(6):1033‐7. [PUBMED: 10024199]

Peragallo‐Urrutia 2013

Peragallo‐Urrutia R, Coeytaux RR, McBroom AJ, Gierisch JM, Havrilesky LJ, Moorman PG, et al. Risk of acute thromboembolic events with oral contraceptive use: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013;122(2 Pt 1):380‐9.

Plu‐Bureau 2013

Plu‐Bureau G, Hugon‐Rodin J, Maitrot‐Mantelet L, Canonico M. Hormonal contraceptives and arterial disease: an epidemiological update. Best Practice & Research. Clinical & Endocrinology Metabolism 2013;27(1):35‐45.

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The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.

Roe 2010

Roe MT, Messenger JC, Weintraub WS, Cannon CP, Fonarow GC, Dai D, et al. Treatments, trends, and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction and percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2010;56(4):254‐63. [PUBMED: 20633817]

Speroff 2011

Speroff L, Darney PH. A Clinical Guide for Contraception. 5th Edition. Wolters Kluwer, 2011.

Tchaikovski 2010

Tchaikovski SN, Rosing J. Mechanisms of estrogen induced venous thromboembolism. Thrombosis Research 2010;126(1):5‐11. [PUBMED: 20163835]

Trussell 2011

Trussell J. Contraceptive failure in the United States. Contraception 2011;83(5):397‐404. [PUBMED: 21477680]

United Nations 2011

United Nations. World Contraceptive Use 2011. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2011/contraceptive2011.htm (accessed 08 July 2015).

van Hylckama Vlieg 2009

van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, Doggen CJ, Rosendaal FR. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case‐control study. BMJ 2009;339:b2921.

Vandenbroucke 2004

Vandenbroucke JP. When are observational studies as credible as randomised trials?. Lancet 2004;363(9422):1728‐31. [PUBMED: 15158638]

Vandenbroucke 2012

Vandenbroucke JP, Pearce N. Case‐control studies: basic concepts. Int J Epidemiol 2012;41(5):1480‐9.

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World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42907/1/9241562668.pdf (accessed 08 July 2015).

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Wilson 1998

Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998;97(18):1837‐47. [PUBMED: 9603539]

Zakharova 2011

Zakharova MY, Meyer RM, Brandy KR, Datta YH, Joseph MS, Schreiner PJ, et al. Risk factors for heart attack, stroke, and venous thrombosis associated with hormonal contraceptive use. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 2011;17(4):323‐31. [PUBMED: 20530058]

Roach 2014

Roach REJ, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM, Algra A, Dekkers OM. Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011054]

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Adam 1981

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

139 cases/276 controls

Aged 15 to 44 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current, past and none use

Outcomes

Fatal myocardial infarction

Events: current use 24/38, past use 35/70, none use 99/207

Notes

UK

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

COC use objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Aznar 2004

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

29 cases/66 controls

Aged 18 to 50

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current and none use

Outcomes

Ischemic stroke

Events: current use 9/8, none use 20/58

Notes

Spain

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

Ischemic stroke not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

COC use objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Chang 1999

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

291 cases/736 controls

Aged 20 to 44 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current and none use, < 50 µg of oestrogen and ≥ 50 µg of oestrogen

Outcomes

Ischemic stroke

Events: current use 19/42, none use 41/146, <50 µg 10/28, ≥ 50 µg 9/14

Notes

UK, Germany, Hungary, Serbia and Slovenia

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

Ischemic stroke not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

COC use objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Dunn 1999

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

448 cases/1728 controls

Aged 16 to 44

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current and none use, 2nd generation (norethisterone acetate or levonorgestrel), norethisteron acetate, levonorgestrel, 3rd generation (desogestrel or gestodene), desogestrel, gestodene

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction

Events: current use 40/180, none use 386/1467, 2nd generation 20/119, levonorgestrel 18/105, norethisterone acetate 2/14, 3rd generation 20/61, desogestrel 9/37, gestodene 11/24

Notes

UK

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

Low risk

COC use objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Heinemann 1998

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

220 cases/775 controls

Ages 16 to 44

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current and none use, 1st generation, 2nd generation, 3rd generation

Outcomes

Ischemic stroke

Events during: current use 124/182, none use 96/257, 1st generation 15/23, 2nd generation 58/97, 3rd generation 45/54

Notes

UK, Germany, France, Switzerland and Austria

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

Low risk

COC use objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Ischemic stroke objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Jick 1978

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

26 cases/59 controls

Aged < 46 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current, past and none use

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction

Events: current use 20/14, past use 4/16, none use 6/45

Notes

USA

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Kemmeren 2002

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

203 cases/925 controls

Aged 18 to 49 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current use, none use, 1st generation, 2nd generation, 3rd generation

Outcomes

Ischemic stroke

Events: current use 102/348, none use 101/568, 1st generation 7/31, 2nd generation 52/173, 3rd generation 32/110

Notes

The Netherlands

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Ischemic stroke objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Krueger 1980

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

75 cases/326 controls

Aged 15 to 44 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current and none use

Outcomes

Fatal myocardial infarction

Events: current use 12/34, none use 63/292

Notes

USA

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
La Vecchia 1987

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

52 cases/91 controls

Aged < 45 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current, past and none use

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction

Events: current use 3/6, past use 15/12, none use 49/85

Notes

Italy

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Lewis 1997

Methods

case‐control study

Participants

75 cases/326 controls

Aged 16 to 44 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current use, none use, 1st generation, 2nd generation, 3rd generation, levonorgestrel

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction

Events: current use 57/89, none use 125/272, 1st generation 14/14, 2nd generation 27/35, 3rd generation 8/33, levonorgestrel 22/29

Notes

UK, Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

Low risk

COC use objectively confirmed,

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Lidegaard 2012a

Methods

Cohort study

Participants

5036 events/9,336,662 person years

Aged 15 to 49 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current use, none use, 1st generation, 2nd generation, 3rd generation, 20 µg oestrogen, 30 to 49 µg oestrogen, ≥ 50 µg oestrogen, levonorgestrel, norethindrone, norgestimate, desogestrel, gestodene, drospirenone, cyproterone acetate

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke

Events: current use 1548/4,528,151, none use 3488/9,336,662, 1st generation 62/170,218, 2nd generation 303/515,033, 3rd generation 920/3,345,929, levonorgestrel 303/515,033, norethindrone 62/170,218, norgestimate 106/453,536, desogestrel 287/1,009,163, gestodene 527/1,883,230, drospirenone 70/286,770, cyproterone acetate 41/187,145.

Notes

Denmark

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

Low risk

COC use objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

High risk

Information on myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke obtained from a diagnostic registry

Follow‐up

Low risk

No loss to follow up.

Source population

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a population study.
MacClellan 2007

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

386 cases/614 controls

Aged 15 to 49 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current use and none use

Outcomes

Ischemic stroke

Events: current use 48/64, none use 338/550

Notes

USA

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Ischemic stroke objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Mann 1975a

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

153 cases/196 controls

Aged 15 to 49 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current, past and none use

Outcomes

Fatal myocardial infarction

Events: current use 31/19, past use 10/20, none use 114/162

Notes

UK

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Mann 1975b

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

49 cases/166 controls

Aged 15 to 49 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current, past and none use

Outcomes

Non‐fatal myocardial infarction

Events: current use 20/16, past use 8/24, none use 52/174

Notes

UK

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Mann 1976a

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

54 cases/54 controls

Aged 40 to 44 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current, past and none use

Outcomes

Fatal myocardial infarction

Events: current use 10/5, past use 8/5, none use 44/45

Notes

UK

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Martinelli 2006

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

105 cases/293 controls

Aged < 50 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current and none use

Outcomes

Ischemic stroke

Events: current use 43/67, none use 62/226

Notes

Italy

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Ischemic stroke objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Nightingale 2004

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

190 cases/1129 controls

Aged < 50 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current and none use

Outcomes

Ischemic stroke

Events: current use 19/80, none use 171/1049

Notes

UK

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

Low risk

COC use objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

High risk

Ischemic stroke not objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Owen‐Smith 1998

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

103 cases/309 controls

Average age 29 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current, past and none use

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction

Events: current use 8/13, past use 57/140, none use 95/296

Notes

UK

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

High risk

Myocardial infarction not objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Pettiti 1996

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

142 cases/378 controls

Aged 15 to 44 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current, past and none use

Outcomes

Ischemic stroke

Events: current use 17/43, past use 82/271, none use 125/335

Notes

USA

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Ischemic stroke objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Pezzini 2007

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

108 cases/216 controls

Aged < 45 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current and none use

Outcomes

Ischemic stroke

Events: current use 43/31, none use 65/185

Notes

Italy

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Ischemic stroke objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Rosenberg 1976a

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

33 cases/1096 controls

Aged 37 to 49 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current and none use

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction

Events: current use 4/75, none use 29/1021

Notes

USA, UK, New Zealand, Canada, Germany, Italy and Israel

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

High risk

Myocardial infarction not objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Rosenberg 2001

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

627 cases/2947 controls

Aged < 45 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current use, past use, none use, 30 to 49 µg oestrogen, ≥ 50 µg oestrogen, norethindrone, levonorgestrel, desogestrel/norgestimate

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction

Events: current use 36/237, past use 412/1926, none use 591/2710, 30 to 49 µg oestrogen 13/108, ≥ 50 µg oestrogen 4/20, norethindrone 11/68, levonorgestrel 4/42, desogestrel/norgestimate 2/15

Notes

USA

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Schwartz 1997

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

60 cases/485 controls

Aged 18 to 44 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current use, past use, none use, norethindrone, norgestrel

Outcomes

Ischemic stroke

Events: current use 6/46, past use 39/363, none use 52/424, norethindrone 4/32, norgestrel 1/14

Notes

USA

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

High risk

Ischemic stroke not objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Shapiro 1979

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

234 cases/1742 controls

Aged 25 to 49 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: < 50 µg oestrogen, 50 µg oestrogen, > 50 µg oestrogen

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction

Events: < 50 µg oestrogen 8/39, 50 µg oestrogen 16/78, > 50 µg oestrogen 2/11

Notes

USA

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Sidney 1998

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

271 cases/993 controls

Aged 18 to 44 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current use, past use, none use, norethindrone, norgestrel, < 50 µg oestrogen, ≥ 50 µg oestrogen

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction

Events: current use 12/87, past use 214/769, none use 41/135, norethindrone 8/52, norgestrel 3/24, < 50 µg oestrogen 9/78, > 50 µg oestrogen 2/5

Notes

USA

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

High risk

Myocardial infarction not objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Slone 1981

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

234 cases/1742 controls

Aged 25 to 49 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current use, past use and none use

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction

Events: current use 41/51, past use 206/762, none use 556/2036

Notes

USA

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.
Tanis 2001

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

249 cases/925 controls

Aged 18 to 49 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current use, none use, 1st generation, 2nd generation, 3rd generation

Outcomes

Myocardial infarction

Events: current use 99/348, none use 146/568, 1st generation 11/31, 2nd generation 59/173, 3rd generation 20/110

Notes

The Netherlands

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Myocardial infarction objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

Low risk

Controls from the same source population as the cases.
Tzourio 1995

Methods

Case‐control study

Participants

75 cases/173 controls

Aged < 49 years

Interventions

Combined oral contraception: current use, past use, none use, 20 µg oestrogen, 30 to 49 µg oestrogen, 50 µg oestrogen

Outcomes

Ischemic stroke

Events: current use 47/63, past use 19/85, none use 25/110, 20 µg oestrogen 2/5, 30 to 49 µg oestrogen 30/46, 50 µg oestrogen 8/7

Notes

France

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Exposure ascertainment

High risk

COC use not objectively confirmed.

Outcome assessment

Low risk

Ischemic stroke objectively confirmed.

Follow‐up

Unclear risk

Not applicable as this was a case‐control study.

Source population

High risk

Controls from a different source population to the cases.

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Study

Reason for exclusion

Adachi 2005

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases/controls.

Ananijević‐Pandey 1989

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases/controls.

Andersson 2012

RATIO study, data included elswhere (Tanis 2001; Kemmeren 2002).

Arscott 2001

Same data as Dunn 1999.

Azarpazhooh 2008

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases/controls.

Barinagarrementeria 1998

Arteritis included as ischemic stroke.

Beaumont 1986

No control group.

Berheci 1975

Review.

Bonnar 1986

Review.

Borovská 1981

Case series.

Burnhill 1999

Included progestagen‐only contraceptives.

Chang 1986

Not possible to distinguish between current and ever users.

Chasan‐Taber 2001

Editorial.

Chen 2001

Unattainable.

Colditz 1986

Not possible to distinguish between current and ever users.

Collaborative Group for the Study of Stroke 1973

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) included as ischemic stroke.

Corfman 1974

Editorial.

Croft 1989

Not possible to distinguish between current and ever users.

D'Avanzo 1994

Same data as La Vecchia 1987.

Dalen 1981

Review.

Elagib 2008

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases/controls.

Farley 1998

Simulated data.

Fortney 1986

Review.

Gronich 2011

Study on risk of venous thrombosis.

Haapaniemi 1997

Women up to 60 years of age included.

Hannaford 1998

Same data as Owen‐Smith 1998.

Heinemann 1997

Current COC use defined as within 3 months before inclusion.

Heinemann 1999

Same data as Heinemann 1998.

Heyman 1969

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases/controls.

Heyman 1972

No control subjects included.

Huang 2014

No upper age limit: average age was 58 in both cases and controls.

Jain 1976

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases/controls.

Jain 1977

Meta‐analysis.

Jensen 1991

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases/controls.

Jick 1978b

No control subjects included.

Jick 1996

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases/controls.

Jick 2007

Same data as Jick 1978.

Jugdutt 1983

Case series.

Kisjanto 2005

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases/controls.

Lewis 1996

Study on postmenopausal hormone therapy.

Lewis 1997b

Same data as Lewis 1997.

Li 2002

Intrauterine device as reference group.

Li 2006

Risk of hemorrhagic stroke.

Li 2010

Intrauterine device as reference group.

Lidegaard 1986

TIA and cerebral apoplexy included as ischemic stroke.

Lidegaard 1998a

TIA and cerebral apoplexy included as ischemic stroke.

Lidegaard 1998b

TIA and cerebral apoplexy included as ischemic stroke.

Lidegaard 1999

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases/controls.

Lidegaard 2001

Review.

Lui 2003

Data included elsewhere (Shapiro 1979).

Maguire 1979

Thrombosis defined as arterial or venous thrombosis.

Mann 1975c

Same data as Mann 1975b.

Mann 1976b

Review.

Mant 1987

Progestagen‐only preparations included as COC.

Mant 1998

Current use defined as use within past 12 months.

Margolis 2007

Current use defined as use within past 12 months.

Matias‐Guiu 1990

Unclear stroke definition.

Matthews 1989

Review.

Meinel 1988

Thrombosis defined as arterial or venous thrombosis.

Parazzini 1991

Women up to 55 years of age included.

Porter 1982

Ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke combined.

Porter 1985

Ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke combined.

Poulter 1996

Methodological study.

Poulter 1999

Current use defined as within previous 3 months.

Presl 1976

Translated summary of Mann 1975a.

Pruissen 2008

RATIO study, data included elsewhere (Tanis 2001; Kemmeren 2002).

Psaty 1994

Study on postmenopausal hormone therapy.

Riedel 1993

Commentary.

Rosenberg 1976b

Same data as Rosenberg 1976a.

Rosenberg 1980

Women up to age 64 included.

Rosenberg 1990

Same data as Rosenberg 1976a and Rosenberg 2001.

Royal College of General Practitioners 1983

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed women.

Salobir 2003

Follow‐up study of patients with arterial thrombosis.

Salobir 2004

No risk of arterial thrombosis calculated for oral contraception users.

Salonen 1982

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases.

Salvesen 2000

Review.

Schoenberg 1970

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed cases.

Schwartz 1998

Same data as Schwartz 1997.

Sidney 1996

Same data as Sidney 1998.

Siegerink 2010

RATIO Study (Tanis 2001; Kemmeren 2002).

Siegerink 2011a

RATIO Study (Tanis 2001; Kemmeren 2002).

Siegerink 2011b

RATIO Study (Tanis 2001; Kemmeren 2002).

Siritho 2003

Women up to age 55 included.

Slone 1978

Same data as Slone 1981.

Slooter 2005

RATIO Study (Tanis 2001; Kemmeren 2002).

Stiefelhagen 2003

Medical quiz.

Stolley 1982

Thrombosis defined as arterial or venous thrombosis.

Sun 2004

Data on hemorrhagic stroke.

Sørensen 2002

Review.

Tanis 2003a

Review.

Tanis 2003b

RATIO Study (Tanis 2001; Kemmeren 2002).

Tanis 2004

RATIO Study (Tanis 2001; Kemmeren 2002).

Thompson 1989

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed women.

Thorogood 1991

Non‐incident myocardial infarction included.

Urbanus 2009

RATIO Study (Tanis 2001; Kemmeren 2002).

Vessey 1969

No extractable number of exposed and non‐exposed women.

Wang 2012

Same data as Li 2006.

WHO 1995

Description of background, pilot study, methods and the analyses carried out to validate the methods used in the study.

WHO 1996a

Current use defined as within previous 3 months.

WHO 1996b

Study on hemorrhagic stroke.

WHO 1997

Current use defined as within previous 3 months.

WHO 1998

Progestagen‐only preparations and combined injectable contraceptives included.

Yang 2009

Current use defined as within previous 12 months.

Zamorski 1996

Summary of Pettiti 1996.

Study flow diagram.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Study flow diagram.

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Risk of bias in the 28 included articles (reporting on 24 included studies). Green: low risk; red: high risk; yellow: unclear risk.Regarding Lidegaard 2012a "Source population": not applicable as this was a population study.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

Risk of bias in the 28 included articles (reporting on 24 included studies). Green: low risk; red: high risk; yellow: unclear risk.

Regarding Lidegaard 2012a "Source population": not applicable as this was a population study.

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Effect of myocardial infarction and/or stroke in oral contraceptive users versus non‐users.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 3

Effect of myocardial infarction and/or stroke in oral contraceptive users versus non‐users.

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Effect of myocardial infarction and/or stroke in oral contraceptive users versus non‐users stratified per generation
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 4

Effect of myocardial infarction and/or stroke in oral contraceptive users versus non‐users stratified per generation

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Effect of myocardial infarction and/or stroke in oral contraceptive users versus non‐users stratified by estrogen dose
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 5

Effect of myocardial infarction and/or stroke in oral contraceptive users versus non‐users stratified by estrogen dose

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Effect of myocardial infarction and/or stroke in oral contraceptive users versus non‐users stratified per prosgestagen type
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 6

Effect of myocardial infarction and/or stroke in oral contraceptive users versus non‐users stratified per prosgestagen type

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Table 1. Type of outcome in included studies

Study

P

ublication year

Study design

Outcomea

Adam 1981.

1981

Case control

Myocardial infarction

Aznar 2004

2004

Case control

Ischemic stroke

Chang 1999

1999

Case control

Ischemic stroke

Dunn 1999

1999

Case control

Myocardial infarction

Heinemann 1998/Lewis 1997.

1998/1997

Case control

Both

Jick 1978

1978

Case control

Myocardial infarction

Kemmeren 2002/Tanis 2001

2002/2001

Case control

Both

Krueger 1980

1981

Case control

Myocardial infarction

La Vecchia 1987

1987

Case control

Myocardial infarction

Lidegaard 2012a

2012

Cohort

Both

MacClellan 2007.

2007

Case control

Ischemic stroke

Mann 1975a/Mann 1975b

1975/1976

Case control

Myocardial infarction

Mann 1975b

1975

Case control

Myocardial infarction

Martinelli 2006

2006

Case control

Ischemic stroke

Nightingale 2004

2004

Nested case control

Ischemic stroke

Owen‐Smith 1998

1998

Case control

Ischemic stroke

Pettiti 1996

1997

Case control

Ischemic stroke

Pezzini 2007

2007

Case control

Ischemic stroke

Rosenberg 1976a

1976

Case control

Myocardial infarction

Rosenberg 2001

2001

Case control

Myocardial infarction

Schwartz 1997

1998

Case control

Ischemic stroke

Sidney 1998

1998

Case control

Myocardial infarction

Shapiro 1979/Slone 1981

1981/1981

Case control

Myocardial infarction

Tzourio 1995

1995

Case control

Ischemic stroke

aDenotes both myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke.

Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Type of outcome in included studies
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 2. Included studies with data on COC generation

Study

Design

Outcome

Non‐use

Event (n)/Total (n)

1st generation

Event (n)/Total (n)

2nd generation

Event (n)/Total (n)

3rd generation

Event (n)/Total (n)

Dunn 1999

Case‐control

Myocardial infarction

386/1853

—

20/139

20/81

Kemmeren 2002

Case‐control

Ischemic stroke

101/669

7/38

52/225

32/142

Lewis 1997

Case‐control

Ischemic stroke

125/397

14/28

27/62

8/41

Lidegaard 2012a

Cohort

Both

*

*

*

*

Rosenberg 2001

Case‐control

Myocardial infarction

591/3301

11/79

4/46

2/17

Schwartz 1998

Case‐control

Ischemic stroke

52/476

4/36

1/15

—

Sidney 1998

Case‐control

Myocardial infarction

255/1159

8/60

3/27

—

Tanis 2001

Case‐control

Myocardial infarction

146/714

11/42

59/232

20/130

Abbreviations: COC: combined oral contraceptives; n: number.
1st generation: preparations containing lynestrenol or norethisterone acetate.
2nd generation: preparations containing levonorgestrel.
3rd generation: preparations containing desogestrel or gestodene.

* Adjusted effect estimates extracted
Figuras y tablas -
Table 2. Included studies with data on COC generation
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 3. Included studies with data on oestrogen dose

Study

Design

Outcome

Non‐use

Event (n)/Total (n)

20 µg E2

Event (n)/Total (n)

30 to 49 µg E2

Event (n)/Total (n)

≥ 50 µg E2

Event (n)/Total (n)

Chang 1999

Case‐control

Ischemic stroke

42/188

—

—

9/23

Heinemann 1998

Case‐control

Ischemic stroke

96/353

—

—

15/38

Lidegaard 2012a

Cohort

Both

*

*

*

*

Rosenberg 2001

Case‐control

Myocardial infarction

591/3301

—

—

4/7

Shapiro 1979

Case‐control

Myocardial infarction

205/1812

—

—

18/107

Sidney 1998

Case‐control

Myocardial infarction

255/1159

—

—

2/7

Tzourio 1995

Case‐control

Ischemic stroke

25/135

2/7

30/76

8/15

Abbreviations: µg: micrograms; E2: ethinylestradiol; n: number.

* Adjusted effect estimates extracted
Figuras y tablas -
Table 3. Included studies with data on oestrogen dose
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 4. Studies including data on progestagen type

Study

Design

Outcome

Event (n)/Total (n)

Non‐use

Norethindron

Levonorgestrel

Norethisterone acetate

Desogestrel

Gestodene

Norgestimate

Drospirenone

Cyproterone acetate

Dunn 1999

Case‐control

Myocardial infarction

386/1853

—

18/123

2/16

9/46

11/35

—

—

—

Kemmeren 2002

Case‐control

Ischemic stroke

101/669

—

52/225

—

—

—

—

—

Lewis 1997

Case‐control

Myocardial infarction

125/397

—

8/41

—

—

—

—

—

—

Lidegaard 2012a

Cohort

Both

*

*

*

—

*

*

*

*

*

Rosenberg 2001

Case‐control

Myocardial infarction

591/ 3301

11/79

4/46

—

—

—

—

—

—

Schwartz 1997

Case‐control

Ischemic stroke

156/ 921

10/64

—

—

—

—

4/24

—

—

Sidney 1998

Case‐control

Myocardial infarction

255/ 1159

8/60

—

—

—

—

3/27

—

—

Abbreviations: n: number.

* Adjusted effect estimates extracted
Figuras y tablas -
Table 4. Studies including data on progestagen type
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 5. Adjusted risk of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke in COC users versus non‐users per study

Study

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjustment variables per study

Heinemann 1998

1.8 (1.3 to 2.5)

2.8 (1.8 to 4.5)

Age, hypertension, body mass index, lipid levels, diabetes, smoking,

alcohol, family history of stroke, duration of COC use, study centre

La Vecchia 1987

2.1 (0.7 to 7.1)

1.8 (0.3 to 11.5)

Age, geographic area, marital status, education, social class, smoking,

alcohol and coffee consumption, parity, age at menopause, diabetes,

hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, family history of ischemic heart disease

Martinelli 2006

2.3 (1.5 to 3.8)

2.3 (1.4 to 3.8)

Age, educational level, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, smoking

Nightingale 2004

1.6 (0.9 to 2.9)

2.3 (1.2 to 4.6)

Heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, previous venous thrombosis, migraine,

alcohol, smoking

Owen‐Smith 1998

2.9 (1.0 to 8.7)

2.9 (0.9 to 9.6)

Social class, smoking status, history of hypertension

Pettiti 1996

1.0 (0.5 to 1.9)

1.2 (0.5 to 2.6)

Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, race, body mass index

Abbreviations: OR: odds ratio; COC: combined oral contraception.
For all other studies, the crude OR or the adjusted OR, or both, were not presented in the manuscript.

Figuras y tablas -
Table 5. Adjusted risk of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke in COC users versus non‐users per study
Ir a la tabla de la revisión