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Inyección endoscópica de adhesivo de cianocrilato versus otros procedimientos endoscópicos para la hemorragia aguda por várices gástricas en pacientes con hipertensión portal

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Resumen

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Antecedentes

En los pacientes con hipertensión portal, las várices gástricas son menos prevalentes que las várices esofágicas. El riesgo de hemorragia por várices gástricas parece ser inferior que por várices esofágicas; sin embargo, la hemorragia por várices gástricas con frecuencia es grave y se asocia con mayor mortalidad. La escleroterapia endoscópica para la hemorragia por várices gástricas con adhesivo de N‐butilo‐2‐cianocrilato (cianocrilato) se considera la mejor hemostasia, con un menor riesgo de nuevas hemorragias en comparación con otros métodos endoscópicos. Sin embargo, hay algunas inconsistencias entre los ensayos con respecto a la mortalidad, la incidencia de nuevas hemorragias y los efectos adversos.

Objetivos

Evaluar los efectos beneficiosos y perjudiciales de la escleroterapia con cianocrilato en comparación con otros procedimientos de escleroterapia endoscópica o con la ligadura con banda de las várices para tratar la hemorragia aguda por várices gástricas con o sin fármacos vasoactivos en pacientes con hipertensión portal y evaluar la mejor dosis de cianocrilato.

Métodos de búsqueda

Se hicieron búsquedas en el registro de ensayos controlados del Grupo Cochrane Hepatobiliar (Cochrane Hepato‐Biliary Controlled Trials Register), Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE y en Science Citation Index Expanded desde su inicio hasta septiembre 2014 y en listas de referencias de artículos. Los ensayos se incluyeron independientemente del contexto, el idioma, el estado de publicación o la fecha de publicación.

Criterios de selección

Ensayos clínicos aleatorios que compararon escleroterapia con cianocrilato versus otros métodos endoscópicos (escleroterapia con compuestos con alcohol o ligadura endoscópica con banda) para la hemorragia aguda por várices gástricas en pacientes con hipertensión portal.

Obtención y análisis de los datos

La revisión se realizó según las recomendaciones del Manual Cochrane de Revisiones Sistemáticas de Intervenciones (Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions) y el Módulo del Grupo Cochrane Hepatobiliar.

Los resultados se presentaron como cocientes de riesgos (CR) con intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%, y los valores de la estadística I2 fueron la medida de heterogeneidad entre los ensayos. Los datos se analizaron mediante modelos de efectos fijos y efectos aleatorios, y los resultados se presentaron con modelos de efectos aleatorios. Se realizaron análisis de subgrupos, de sensibilidad y secuenciales de los ensayos para evaluar la solidez de los resultados generales, el riesgo de sesgo, las fuentes de heterogeneidad entre los ensayos y el riesgo de errores aleatorios.

Resultados principales

Se incluyeron seis ensayos clínicos aleatorios con tres comparaciones diferentes: un ensayo comparó dos dosis diferentes de cianocrilato en 91 adultos con hemorragia activa de todos los tipos de várices gástricas; un ensayo comparó cianocrilato versus compuestos con alcohol en 37 adultos con hemorragia activa o aguda por várices gástricas aisladas solamente; y cuatro ensayos compararon cianocrilato versus ligadura endoscópica con banda en 365 adultos con hemorragia activa o aguda de todos los tipos de várices gástricas. Los resultados principales en los ensayos incluidos fueron mortalidad relacionada con la hemorragia, fracaso de la intervención, nuevas hemorragias, eventos adversos y control de la hemorragia. El seguimiento varió de seis a 26 meses. Los participantes incluidos en estos ensayos presentaban hepatopatía crónica de diferente gravedad, eran predominantemente hombres y la mayoría provenía de países orientales. Todos los ensayos se consideraron de alto riesgo de sesgo. La aplicación de los criterios de calidad para todos los resultados produjo un grado de calidad muy baja de las pruebas en los tres análisis, excepto para el resultado nuevas hemorragias en la comparación cianocrilato versus ligadura endoscópica con banda, en el que las pruebas se calificaron como de baja calidad.

Dos dosis diferentes de cianocrilato: se encontraron pruebas de muy baja calidad de un ensayo del efecto de 0,5 ml comparados con 1,0 ml de cianocrilato sobre la mortalidad por todas las causas (20/44 [45,5%] con 0,5 ml versus 21/47 [45%] con 1,0 ml; CR 1,02; IC del 95%: 0,65 a 1,60), la mortalidad a los 30 días (CR 1,07; IC del 95%: 0,41 a 2,80), el fracaso de la intervención (CR 1,07; IC del 95%: 0,56 a 2,05), la prevención de nuevas hemorragias (CR 1,30; IC del 95%: 0,73 a 2,31), los eventos adversos informados como fiebre (CR 0,56; IC del 95%: 0,32 a 0,98) y el control de la hemorragia (CR 1,04; IC del 95%: 0,78 a 1,38).

Cianocrilato versus compuestos con alcohol: se encontraron pruebas de muy baja calidad de un ensayo del efecto del cianocrilato versus los compuestos con alcohol sobre la mortalidad a los 30 días (2/20 [10%] con cianocrilato versus 4/17 [23,5%] con compuestos con alcohol; CR 0,43; IC del 95%: 0,09 a 2,04), el fracaso de la intervención (CR 0,36; IC del 95%: 0,09 a 1,35), la prevención de nuevas hemorragias (CR 0,85; IC del 95%: 0,30 a 2,45), los eventos adversos informados como fiebre (CR 0,43; IC del 95%: 0,22 a 0,80) y el control de la hemorragia (CR 1,79; IC del 95%: 1,13 a 2,84).

Cianocrilato versus ligadura endoscópica con banda: se encontraron pruebas de muy baja calidad del efecto de cianocrilato versus la ligadura endoscópica con banda en la mortalidad relacionada con la hemorragia (44/185 [23,7%] con cianocrilato versus 50/181 [27,6%] con ligadura endoscópica con banda; CR 0,83; IC del 95%: 0,52 a 1,31), el fracaso de la intervención (CR 1,13; IC del 95%: 0,23 a 5,69), las complicaciones (CR 2,81; IC del 95%: 0,69 a 11,49) y el control de la hemorragia (CR 1,07; IC del 95%: 0,90 a 1,27). Hubo pruebas de muy baja calidad para la prevención de nuevas hemorragias (CR 0,60; IC del 95%: 0,41 a 0,88). El análisis secuencial de los ensayos mostró que los análisis tuvieron poco poder estadístico (el tamaño de la información necesario ajustado por la diversidad fue 5290 participantes para la mortalidad relacionada con la hemorragia).

Conclusiones de los autores

La presente revisión indica que la escleroterapia endoscópica con cianocrilato puede ser más eficaz que la ligadura endoscópica con banda en cuanto a prevenir nuevas hemorragias por várices gástricas. Sin embargo, debido a la calidad muy baja de las pruebas, existe incertidumbre acerca de las estimaciones de la mortalidad por todas las causas y la mortalidad relacionada con la hemorragia, el fracaso de la intervención, los eventos adversos y el control de la hemorragia. Tres ensayos presentaron un alto riesgo de sesgo; el número de ensayos clínicos aleatorios incluidos y el número de participantes incluidos en cada ensayo fueron pequeños; y hubo pruebas de heterogeneidad interna entre los ensayos, falta de direccionalidad de las pruebas en cuanto a la población y posible sesgo de publicación.

La efectividad de diferentes dosis de cianocrilato y de este fármaco comparado con los compuestos con alcohol para tratar la hemorragia por várices en pacientes con hipertensión portal es incierta debido a la calidad muy baja de las pruebas.

Las deficiencias mencionadas requieren más pruebas de ensayos más grandes que se deben realizar según la declaración SPIRIT e informar según las guías CONSORT.

PICO

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

El uso y la enseñanza del modelo PICO están muy extendidos en el ámbito de la atención sanitaria basada en la evidencia para formular preguntas y estrategias de búsqueda y para caracterizar estudios o metanálisis clínicos. PICO son las siglas en inglés de cuatro posibles componentes de una pregunta de investigación: paciente, población o problema; intervención; comparación; desenlace (outcome).

Para saber más sobre el uso del modelo PICO, puede consultar el Manual Cochrane.

Resumen en términos sencillos

Inyección endoscópica de adhesivo de cianocrilato versus otros procedimientos endoscópicos para la hemorragia aguda por várices gástricas en pacientes con hipertensión portal

Antecedentes

La hemorragia aguda debido a rotura de las várices (venas agrandadas) gástricas, la consecuencia más grave de la hipertensión portal (es decir, el aumento de la presión en las venas principales del hígado), se asocia con tasas de mortalidad altas. El tratamiento más alentador para esta afección se considera la escleroterapia endoscópica (paso de una sonda flexible con una cámara en el extremo hacia el esófago [mediante deglución de la sonda], lo que permite la visualización directa y el tratamiento de las várices sangrantes) con N‐butilo‐2‐cianocrilato (cianocrilato), que es un adhesivo que provoca la formación de coágulos sanguíneos y detiene la hemorragia. Sin embargo, la incidencia de nuevas hemorragias y las complicaciones han abierto un debate sobre cuándo se debe utilizar este adhesivo en comparación con otros procedimientos endoscópicos.

Características de los estudios incluidos

La presente revisión incluye seis ensayos (después de la búsqueda en bases de datos científicas hasta septiembre de 2014) de tres comparaciones diferentes con respecto al uso de cianocrilato: comparación de diferentes dosis de cianocrilato (un ensayo, 91 participantes), cianocrilato en comparación con compuestos con alcohol (un ensayo, 37 participantes) y cianocrilato en comparación con ligadura endoscópica con banda (en la cual las venas agrandadas se atan mediante bandas elásticas; cuatro ensayos, 366 participantes). El riesgo de sesgo (es decir, la sobrestimación de los efectos beneficiosos y la subestimación de los efectos perjudiciales) fue alto en todos los ensayos. Los resultados evaluados incluyeron muerte, muerte relacionada con la hemorragia, fracaso del tratamiento, nuevas hemorragias, efectos secundarios y control de la hemorragia. El seguimiento de los pacientes varió de seis a 26 meses. Todos los pacientes incluidos en estos ensayos presentaban hepatopatía crónica de diferente gravedad y eran predominantemente hombres. La mayoría de los ensayos provino de países orientales, aunque se debe señalar que la prevalencia de la hepatopatía crónica es bastante similar en todo el mundo; las diferencias en cuanto a las causas pueden no tener efectos sobre la hemorragia por várices.

Resultados

Un ensayo indicó que la muerte fue similar entre el grupo de pacientes que recibió la dosis inferior (0,5 ml) de cianocrilato y los que recibieron una dosis mayor (1,0 ml), pero menos pacientes de los que recibieron la dosis inferior presentaron complicaciones. Sin embargo, debido a que el ensayo era pequeño, no se puede asegurar que las dosis tienen el mismo efecto. Un ensayo implicó que el cianocrilato puede ser mejor que la escleroterapia endoscópica que utiliza compuestos con alcohol en cuanto al control de la hemorragia, el control de la hemorragia en las várices del fondo (venas agrandadas a la base del esófago) y las complicaciones, pero el ensayo fue demasiado pequeño para tener certeza acerca de este efecto. Los resultados de cuatro ensayos indicaron que el cianocrilato puede ser mejor que la ligadura endoscópica con banda con respecto a las nuevas hemorragias y que parece ser tan eficaz como la ligadura endoscópica con banda con respecto al control de la hemorragia, el fracaso del tratamiento y la prevención de la muerte.

Calidad de la evidencia

La calidad de las pruebas varió de muy baja a baja. Los motivos principales para la disminución de la calificación de calidad de las pruebas incluyeron la alta probabilidad de sesgo (debido a los números pequeños de participantes), la imprecisión de los resultados y las diferencias en las poblaciones de estudio en los ensayos.

Conclusiones de los autores

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Implicaciones para la práctica

Si se considera que solamente hubo un ensayo aleatorio de diferentes dosis de cianocrilato, un ensayo para la comparación cianocrilato versus compuestos con alcohol y cuatro ensayos aleatorios para la comparación cianocrilato versus ligadura endoscópica con banda, la presente revisión sistemática encontró pruebas de muy baja calidad que mostraron que la escleroterapia endoscópica puede ser más eficaz que la ligadura endoscópica con banda en cuanto a la prevención de nuevas hemorragias por várices gástricas, en particular el tipo aislado (VGA1), con el uso de dosis de 0,5 ml con cada método. La ligadura endoscópica con banda parece ser un tratamiento viable para todos los tipos de várices gástricas, especialmente el tipo cardias (VGE1), aunque con un aumento esperado en la tasa de incidencia de nuevas hemorragias. La calidad de las pruebas es limitada debido al alto riesgo de sesgo de los estudios incluidos, la imprecisión que surge de las muestras pequeñas, la heterogeneidad y la falta de direccionalidad de la mayoría de las pruebas, así como el posible riesgo de sesgo de publicación. Se debe tener precaución hasta que se obtengan pruebas adicionales.

Implicaciones para la investigación

Se necesitan ensayos clínicos aleatorios grandes a largo plazo y con bajo riesgo de sesgo que comparen cianocrilato versus ligadura con banda para la hemorragia activa o aguda por várices gástrica en adultos, así como ensayos que comparen dosis diferentes de cianocrilato. Estos ensayos deben incluir todos los tipos de várices gástricas, pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular, considerar la administración de fármacos vasoactivos y deben utilizar períodos de tiempo estandarizados para evaluar los resultados según las últimas guías Baveno (de Franchis 2010). Dichos ensayos clínicos aleatorios se deben diseñar y realizar según la declaración SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) e informar según las guías CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) (www.equator‐network.org/). Se necesitan ensayos clínicos aleatorios grandes a largo plazo y con bajo riesgo de sesgo que comparen cianocrilato versus ligadura con banda para la hemorragia activa o aguda por várices gástrica en adultos, así como ensayos que comparen dosis diferentes de cianocrilato. Estos ensayos deben incluir todos los tipos de várices gástricas, pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular, considerar la administración de fármacos vasoactivos y deben utilizar períodos de tiempo estandarizados para evaluar los resultados según las últimas guías Baveno (de Franchis 2010). Dichos ensayos clínicos aleatorios se deben diseñar y realizar según la declaración SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) e informar según las guías CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) (www.equator‐network.org/).

Summary of findings

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Summary of findings for the main comparison. Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic band ligation for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Patient or population: acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension
Settings: endoscopy room
Intervention: cyanoacrylate
Control: endoscopic band ligation

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control: endoscopic band ligation

Intervention: cyanoacrylate

Mortality
Total of deaths and the end of follow‐up.
Follow‐up: 6 to 14 months

Study population

RR 0.83
(0.52 to 1.31)

365
(4 studies)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,5,6

Counts for the total deaths at the end of follow‐up. Included 30‐day mortality (not available for all trials), mortality from bleeding, and other causes.

278 per 1000

231 per 1000
(144 to 364)

Moderate

277 per 1000

230 per 1000
(144 to 363)

Failure of intervention
Continuous variceal bleeding after intervention
Follow‐up: mean 1 days

Study population

RR 1.13
(0.23 to 5.69)

264
(4 studies)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5,6

The numbers represents only the trials considering active bleeding at the moment of intervention.

62 per 1000

70 per 1000
(14 to 353)

Moderate

40 per 1000

45 per 1000
(9 to 228)

Re‐bleeding
Re‐bleeding after the bleeding was controlled in the first intervention
Follow‐up: mean 7 days

Study population

RR 0.6
(0.41 to 0.88)

360
(4 studies)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1,2,5,6

Trial sequential analysis suggested that cyanoacrylate superiority was not likely to be due to random error.

299 per 1000

180 per 1000
(123 to 264)

Moderate

326 per 1000

196 per 1000
(134 to 287)

Complications (general)
Number of total complications
Follow‐up: 6 to 14 months

Study population

RR 2.81
(0.69 to 11.49)

307
(3 studies)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5,6

Heterogeneity between trials about the complications detected. The 2 common complications (and the assessed ones) were pain and fever.

112 per 1000

314 per 1000
(77 to 1000)

Moderate

67 per 1000

188 per 1000
(46 to 770)

Control of bleeding
Success in control variceal bleeding
Follow‐up: mean 30 days

Study population

RR 1.07
(0.9 to 1.27)

264
(4 studies)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5,6

Mixed risk of bias and small total numbers.

837 per 1000

896 per 1000
(753 to 1000)

Moderate

873 per 1000

934 per 1000
(786 to 1000)

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g., the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1 Assumed control risk: mean baseline risk of the trials.
2 Downgraded on level due to serious risk of bias (we rated the four trials as high risk of bias).
3 Downgraded one level due to imprecision (264 to 365 participants in the five outcomes).
4 Downgraded on level to moderate heterogeneity (moderate to high I2).
5 Downgraded one level due to serious indirectness (only one type of population).

6 Downgraded one level due to likely publication bias (only four trials found).

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Summary of findings 2. Cyanoacrylate 1 mL versus cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Cyanoacrylate 1 mL versus cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Patient or population: acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension
Settings: endoscopy room
Intervention: cyanoacrylate 1 mL
Control: cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control: cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL

Intervention: cyanoacrylate 1 mL

Total mortality
Total deaths and the end of follow‐up
Follow‐up: mean 26 months

Study population

RR 1.02
(0.65 to 1.60)

91
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

447 per 1000

438 per 1000
(277 to 693)

Moderate

447 per 1000

438 per 1000
(277 to 693)

30 day ‐ mortality
Mortality due to bleeding
Follow‐up: mean 30 days

Study population

RR 1.07
(0.41 to 2.8)

91
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

149 per 1000

159 per 1000
(61 to 417)

Moderate

149 per 1000

159 per 1000
(61 to 417)

Failure of intervention
Continuous bleeding after intervention
Follow‐up: mean 1 day.

Study population

RR 1.07
(0.56 to 2.05)

91
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

277 per 1000

296 per 1000
(155 to 567)

Moderate

277 per 1000

296 per 1000
(155 to 568)

Complications (fever)
Presence of fever
Follow‐up: mean 26 months

Study population

RR 0.56
(0.32 to 0.98)

91
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

489 per 1000

387 per 1000
(50 to 154)

Moderate

489 per 1000

386 per 1000
(50 to 154)

Re‐bleeding
Bleeding after initial success in the intervention
Follow‐up: mean 1 weeks

Study population

RR 1.3
(0.73 to 2.31)

91
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

298 per 1000

387 per 1000
(217 to 688)

Moderate

298 per 1000

387 per 1000
(218 to 688)

Control of bleeding
Success in control the active variceal bleeding
Follow‐up: mean 26 months

Study population

RR 1.04
(0.78 to 1.38)

25
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

867 per 1000

901 per 1000
(676 to 1000)

Moderate

867 per 1000

902 per 1000
(676 to 1000)

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g., the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1 Assumed control risk: equates control group risk from the trial.
2 Downgraded one level due to serious risk of bias (only one trial rated as high risk of bias for unclear performance bias).
3 Downgraded two levels due to serious imprecision (only one trial with 91 participants in total, few events, 95% CI included appreciable benefit and harm).
4 Downgraded one level due to serious indirectness (only one type of population).
5 Downgraded one level due to likely publication bias (only one trial found).

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Summary of findings 3. Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Patient or population: acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension
Settings: endoscopy room
Intervention: cyanoacrylate
Control: absolute alcohol

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control: absolute alcohol

Intervention: cyanoacrylate

Mortality
Total deaths at 30 days
Follow‐up: mean 14 months

Study population

RR 0.43
(0.09 to 2.04)

37
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

235 per 1000

101 per 1000
(21 to 480)

Moderate

235 per 1000

101 per 1000
(21 to 479)

Failure of intervention
Follow‐up: mean 1 days

Study population

RR 0.36
(0.09 to 1.35)

17
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

625 per 1000

225 per 1000
(56 to 844)

Moderate

625 per 1000

225 per 1000
(56 to 844)

Complications (fever)
Presence of fever
Follow‐up: mean 14 months

Study population

RR 0.43
(0.22 to 0.8)

37
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

824 per 1000

354 per 1000
(181 to 659)

Moderate

824 per 1000

354 per 1000
(181 to 659)

Re‐bleeding
Re‐bleeding after intervention
Follow‐up: 1 to 4 weeks

Study population

RR 0.85
(0.3 to 2.45)

37
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

294 per 1000

250 per 1000
(88 to 721)

Moderate

294 per 1000

250 per 1000
(88 to 720)

Control of bleeding
Success in controlling the active variceal bleeding
Follow‐up: mean 14 months

Study population

RR 1.79
(1.13 to 2.84)

37
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

529 per 1000

948 per 1000
(598 to 1000)

Moderate

529 per 1000

947 per 1000
(598 to 1000)

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g., the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1 Assumed control risk: equates control group risk from the trial.
2 Downgraded one level due to serious risk of bias (only one trial rated as high risk of bias for unclear selection, performance, and detection bias).
3 Downgraded two levels due to serious imprecision (only one trial with 37 participants in total, few events, 95% CI includes appreciable benefit and harm).
4 Downgraded one level due to serious indirectness (only one type of population).
5 Downgraded one level due to likely publication bias (only one trial found).

Antecedentes

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Descripción de la afección

La hemorragia aguda por rotura de las várices gastroesofágicas es la consecuencia más grave de la hipertensión portal. Se asocia con una mortalidad alta en los pacientes con cirrosis y otras enfermedades (Sharara 2001). Aunque las várices gástricas son menos prevalentes que las várices esofágicas (del 5% al 33%), su magnitud real no se conoce bien y el riesgo de hemorragia parece ser menor, pero dicha hemorragia es grave y la mortalidad asociada es mayor que la de las várices esofágicas sangrantes (Sarin 1992). La incidencia de hemorragia en las várices gástricas es del 25%, con tasas de nuevas hemorragias tan altas como del 40% y tasas de mortalidad tan altas como del 50% (Soehendra 1986; Greig 1990). Las nuevas hemorragias de aparición temprana en las várices gástricas se asocian con un aumento del riesgo de muerte y en general no se hace un "segundo intento" en el tratamiento endoscópico.

La prevalencia de las várices gástricas parece ser similar en todo el mundo, a pesar del hecho de que diferentes países presentan diferentes etiologías para la hipertensión portal y diferentes etiologías para la cirrosis hepática (p.ej. el alcohol es más prevalente en algunos países de América del Sur, los parásitos en otros países sudamericanos y africanos y la hepatitis C en los países asiáticos). Sin embargo, las várices gástricas son más frecuentes en los pacientes con hipertensión portal y obstrucción extrahepática de la vena porta (Sarin 1992). Se ha indicado que las várices gástricas pueden sangrar con gradientes de presión portal inferiores que los de las várices esofágicas como consecuencia de grandes anastomosis esplenorrenales (Irani 2011).

Las várices gástricas pueden ser: gastroesofágicas, también llamadas várices del cardias (tipo I, VGE) o várices gástricas aisladas (tipo II, VGA). Las VGE pueden ser VGE1 (extensión de las várices esofágicas a lo largo de la curvatura menor) o VGE2 (extensión hacia el fondo). Las VGA pueden ser VGA1 (várices aisladas en el fondo) o VGA2 (várices aisladas en cualquier lugar del estómago). La hemorragia asociada con las várices tipo 2 es más grave y las tasas de éxito del tratamiento son menores (Sarin 1992). La mayoría de los datos disponibles proviene de estudios de VGA1, VGE1 y VGE2. Hay pocos datos de las várices tipo VGA2 debido a su baja prevalencia, aunque el tratamiento es similar al de las VGA1 (Garcia‐Pagán 2013).

Descripción de la intervención

Aunque hay pocos estudios del tratamiento específico de las várices gástricas, el proceso de atención inicial es similar al de la hemorragia por várices esofágicas. El tratamiento incluye la administración de antibióticos profilácticos, el reemplazo de la volemia mediante una política de transfusión restrictiva y la administración de fármacos vasoactivos por vía intravenosa (como terlipresina, somatostatina o análogos de la somatostatina), que pueden ser eficaces para las várices esofágicas pero menos para las várices gástricas (Wu 2002; Evrard 2003). Los consensos y las guías para la hemorragia por várices gástricas recomiendan la administración concomitante de fármacos vasoactivos con el tratamiento endoscópico. Algunos pacientes requieren tratamiento de rescate como la anastomosis portosistémica intrahepática transyugular (TIPS por sus siglas en inglés) para los pacientes con várices esofágicas y gástricas (McCormick 1994), y algunos pacientes requieren cirugía de derivación. En la hemorragia masiva, cuando no es posible realizar la endoscopia u otra intervención, el taponamiento con balón se puede utilizar como tratamiento temporal durante un máximo de 24 horas. Cuando se desinfla las nuevas hemorragias podrían ser mayores del 50%.

Las intervenciones endoscópicas son el tratamiento de urgencia preferido para la hemorragia por várices gástricas. Estos procedimientos son similares a los utilizados en la hemorragia por várices esofágicas, aunque con resultados diferentes. Por ejemplo, en series no controladas la esclerosis endoscópica con oleato de etanolamina, polidocanol y tatradecilato de sodio es menos eficaz para el control de la hemorragia por várices gástricas que por várices esofágicas (Korula 1991; Ogawa 1999; Huang 2000; Akahoshi 2002; Cheng 2007). De manera similar, la ligadura endoscópica con banda, a pesar de los resultados favorables que presenta para el tratamiento de las várices esofágicas, se asocia con una alta tasa de nuevas hemorragias en las várices gástricas (Takeuchi 1996; Harada 1997). Otros tratamientos incluyen la ligadura con asa y la escleroterapia endoscópica con trombina, que se han probado en algunos centros con buenos resultados iniciales (Kitano 1989; Yoshida 1999; Yang 2002).

La inyección de N‐butilo‐2‐cianocrilato (cianocrilato) se considera el mejor tratamiento endoscópico para las várices gástricas; se logra una mejor hemostasia y las tasas de nuevas hemorragias son menores que con otros esclerosantes y con la ligadura con banda. Sin embargo, existen inconsistencias entre los estudios(Oho 1995; Sarin 2001),y se han informado complicaciones graves(Rosch 1998; Turler 2001). El cianocrilato se utiliza ampliamente en todo el mundo a pesar de requerir personal capacitado para su administración. Sin embargo, no se ha aprobado en los EE.UU. debido a informes de embolia a órganos distales, que son la complicación más grave asociada con su uso (Rosch 1998; Huang 2000; Turler 2001; Upadhyay 2005; Alexander 2006; Bonilha 2011). En Canadá, se utiliza el 2‐octilcianoacrilato, un compuesto similar al cianocrilato (Rengstorff 2004; Belletrutti 2008)

Los protocolos más habituales utilizan cianocrilato y lipiodol en una proporción 1: 1; se inyectan 0,5 a 1,0 ml de cianocrilato en la várice en cada inyección. No se ha establecido la dosis adecuada (Hou 2009), habitualmente el endoscopista la decide en el momento de la intervención según el tamaño de las várices gástricas y el éxito inicial en la detención de la hemorragia, y se debe considerar que las dosis más grandes podrían aumentar el riesgo de embolia a órganos distales.

De qué manera podría funcionar la intervención

El cianocrilato es un monómero en presentación líquida apropiado para inyección en las várices. En contacto con iones hidroxilo en agua o sangre, el cianocrilato se polimeriza rápidamente a un plástico duro o adhesivo y actúa como un adhesivo tisular químico, lo que da lugar a la hemostasia de la várice. La inyección endoscópica de este monómero se logra a través de un endoscopio estándar de visión frontal que emplea una aguja de escleroterapia desechable, sola o en combinación con un agente de contraste (p.ej. lipiodol) para facilitar la visualización de las radiografías durante o después del procedimiento (Sarin 2001; Akahoshi 2002). El cianocrilato se utiliza para detener la hemorragia activa y posteriormente obliterar y con el tiempo erradicar las várices. Demora varios meses expulsar el plástico duro dentro de la várice.

La escleroterapia endoscópica con adhesivo de cianocrilato ha logrado la mejor hemostasia en los pacientes con hemorragia por várices gástricas (hasta el 90% de los pacientes) y se asocia con una menor incidencia de nuevas hemorragias comparada con otros esclerosantes (Oho 1995; Ogawa 1999; Huang 2000; Sarin 2001; Akahoshi 2002; Rengstorff 2004; Cheng 2007), y con la ligadura endoscópica con banda (Takeuchi 1996; Harada 1997; Tan 2006). Muchos de estos estudios son no aleatorios o solamente ensayos aleatorios pequeños. La embolia de cianocrilato a los órganos distales es la peor complicación y se ha descrito en varios estudios observacionales (Rosch 1998; Huang 2000; Turler 2001; Upadhyay 2005; Alexander 2006; Bonilha 2011).

Por qué es importante realizar esta revisión

No se han podido identificar metanálisis o revisiones sistemáticas sobre este tema. Hay pruebas escasas sobre el tratamiento y control adecuados de las várices gástricas, ya que son menos frecuentes que las várices esofágicas. Por lo tanto, no está claro si la escleroterapia con cianocrilato es más eficaz que otros tratamientos endoscópicos, si habrá menos complicaciones o si es útil la combinación de cianocrilato con fármacos vasoactivos.

Objetivos

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Evaluar los efectos beneficiosos y perjudiciales de la escleroterapia con cianocrilato en comparación con otros procedimientos de escleroterapia endoscópica o con la ligadura con banda de las várices para tratar la hemorragia por várices gástricas agudas con o sin fármacos vasoactivos en pacientes con hipertensión portal, y evaluar la mejor dosis de cianocrilato.

Métodos

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Criterios de inclusión de estudios para esta revisión

Tipos de estudios

Criterios de inclusión para los efectos beneficiosos y perjudiciales

Ensayos clínicos aleatorios independientemente del estado de publicación, el cegamiento o el idioma.

Criterios de inclusión para los efectos perjudiciales

Estudios observacionales y estudios que utilizan métodos cuasialeatorios, por ejemplo, el día de nacimiento o la fecha de ingreso.

Tipos de participantes

Participantes con hemorragia aguda por várices gástricas comprobada endoscópicamente, independientemente de la etiología subyacente de la hipertensión portal, y no tratados anteriormente con escleroterapia endoscópica, cirugía o TIPS.

Tipos de intervenciones

  • Tratamiento experimental

Escleroterapia endoscópica de las várices gástricas con adhesivo de cianocrilato solo o combinado con fármacos vasoactivos sistémicos como:

    • vasopresina con o sin nitroglicerina;

    • terlipresina;

    • somatostatina;

    • octreotida; o

    • vapreotida.

  • Tratamiento control

Escleroterapia endoscópica, ninguna intervención, ligadura de urgencia (con banda o asa) o escleroterapia con esclerosantes con alcohol o inyección de trombina, sola o combinada con los mismos fármacos vasoactivos utilizados en el grupo experimental.

Se permitieron intervenciones concomitantes como la administración de fármacos vasoactivos sistemáticos, inhibidores de la bomba de protones, antibióticos profilácticos y el uso de fármacos vasoactivos si se administraron por igual en los grupos de intervención de todos los ensayos.

Tipos de medida de resultado

Resultados primarios

  • Mortalidad por todas las causas al seguimiento máximo (ver Diferencias entre el protocolo y la revisión).

  • Mortalidad relacionada con la hemorragia: número de pacientes que murieron de hemorragia por várices no controladas a mediano plazo (aproximadamente un mes) (ver Diferencias entre el protocolo y la revisión).

  • Fracaso de la intervención: número de pacientes en los que la intervención no pudo controlar la hemorragia activa o aguda en un plazo de 24 horas, lo que desencadenó la necesidad de cambiar el tratamiento o repetir la endoscopia (activa: pruebas endoscópicas de hemorragia actual; aguda: pruebas endoscópicas de estigmas de hemorragia reciente sin hemorragia actual) (ver Diferencias entre el protocolo y la revisión).

  • Nuevas hemorragias: número de pacientes en los que la intervención no pudo prevenir nuevas hemorragias a corto plazo (aproximadamente una semana)(Ver Diferencias entre el protocolo y la revisión).

  • Eventos adversos:

    • número de pacientes con embolia pulmonar causada por cianocrilato (medida por criterios radiológicos y clínicos) o con embolia por cianocrilato en otros órganos como el cerebro y el bazo;

    • número de pacientes que desarrollaron sepsis después de la intervención;

    • número de pacientes con otros efectos adversos graves según la International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines (ICH‐GCP 1997) (Ver Diferencias entre el protocolo y la revisión).

Resultados secundarios

  • Control de la hemorragia: número de pacientes en los que la intervención pudo controlar la hemorragia en la primera intervención.

  • Número de transfusiones: número de transfusiones de concentrado de glóbulos rojos mientras permaneció en el hospital (Ver Diferencias entre el protocolo y la revisión).

  • Calidad de vida (Ver Diferencias entre el protocolo y la revisión).

  • TIPS o cirugía: número de pacientes a los que se les realizó TIPS o cirugía (Ver Diferencias entre el protocolo y la revisión).

Results

Description of studies

See: Characteristics of included studies table.

Results of the search

From 256 identified studies, we removed 98 duplicates. We analysed the abstracts of the remaining 158 publications and eliminated 136 references that did not refer to randomised trials. We assessed the full‐text versions of the 22 remaining publications in depth. Of these, we excluded all references dealing with primary or secondary prevention of bleeding. Six trials described in six publications met our inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis (Figure 1).


Study flow diagram.

Study flow diagram.

Included studies

Descriptive statistics for the whole group of trials

Trials were performed in Egypt (one trial), Taiwan (one trial), Republic of China (two trials), Taipei (one trial), and India (one trial). Five trials were conducted at a single clinical site, whereas one trial was conducted at three clinical sites. Five trials were published as full papers and one in abstract form, all within the period of 2001 to 2012. The trial published as an abstract had few data (Zheng 2012).

Inclusion criteria were people with portal hypertension, clinical signs of bleeding, endoscopic signs of bleeding, written consent (participant or relative), and adult age. Exclusion criteria were undetermined source of bleeding, previous history of any endoscopy or shunt treatment, encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, non‐consent, terminal illness, major organ system disease, life expectancy of 24 hours or less, portal thrombosis, and gastric varices without stigmata of bleeding. One trial excluded participants with hepatocarcinoma, whereas two excluded only the advanced type, and two included all types of hepatocarcinoma (no data in the abstract).

Underlying liver disease was diagnosed based on clinical, biochemical, or histological signs. Most of the aetiology underlying the hepatic disease was post‐viral hepatitis (59%), with alcoholic liver disease being the least common (17%). The stage of liver involvement according to the Child‐Pugh classification score for all participants (available data in four of six trials) was: Child A: 90 participants (26.1%); Child B: 171 participants (49.7%); and Child C: 83 participants (24.1%). Only one trial used the MELD classification. All trials classified varices according to Sarin's classification (Sarin 1992). Three trials focused on all types of gastric varices, whereas one trial focused only on isolated varices (IGV1), and one trial focused on cardial varices (GOV1). Concomitant oesophageal varices were treated with band ligation during the first endoscopy session in all trials.

The mean sample size was 82 people (range 37 to 150). Three trials included a mix of participants with active and acute bleeding, whereas three trials included only participants with acute bleeding. One trial compared two different doses of cyanoacrylate, one trial compared cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds (absolute alcohol), and four trials compared cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic band ligation.

The mean age of all included participants was 53.4 years (range 22 to 75), whereas mean age for participants randomised to cyanoacrylate was 54.6 years (range 24 to 75), band ligation was 56.2 years (range 42 to 74), and alcohol‐based compounds was 35 years (range 22 to 48). The male : female ratio was 322 : 113 (65% male) overall, 67% male for participants randomised to cyanoacrylate, 72% male for participants randomised to alcohol‐based compounds, and 66% male for participants randomised to band ligation.

All trials assessed bleeding‐related mortality, treatment failure, re‐bleeding, and complications. Timing for the outcomes varied across trials. Trials involving cyanoacrylate versus band ligation also assessed variceal obliteration. Mean time of total follow‐up was 16.3 months (range six to 26).

The criteria used for assessing active or acute bleeding involved clinical signs of bleeding, endoscopic signs of bleeding, adherent clot, white nipple or variceal erosion, large varices with red spots or wale marking, and absence of other causes of bleeding.

A mean of 5.2 units of blood was used in all participants, 5.8 units in the cyanoacrylate group and 4.6 units in the band ligation group (data available from two trials). TIPS was offered after second endoscopy treatment failure in one trial (no numbers available). Surgery was conducted in one trial after second endoscopy treatment failure (one after cyanoacrylate failure, four after band ligation failure). Vasoactive drugs were used in four trials.

Cyanoacrylate was administered by intravariceal injection in all trials, starting near the bleeding point. Each injection was composed of 0.5 mL of N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate and 0.5 to 1.8 mL of lipiodol, using a 21‐ to 23‐gauge needle (range one to six injections). Sessions were repeated at one to four weeks until varix eradication. Participants were then followed up three to six months after treatment; cyanoacrylate injection was repeated in cases of variceal recurrence. The mean number of sessions needed to obliterate varices was 1.98.

Band ligation was performed with one shooter and over tube in one trial and with a multi‐band shooter (standard or pneumoactive ligator) in five trials. Four to 10 bands were used in each session. Sessions were repeated at one to four weeks until varix eradication. Subsequently, participants were followed at three to six months after treatment; banding was repeated in case of variceal recurrence. The mean number of sessions needed to obliterate varices was 2.1. In five participants (one in one trial, four in one trial) treatment was switched from band ligation to cyanoacrylate after the first treatment failure.

Description of the individual comparisons in the trials

There were three different comparisons in the six trials. One trial compared two different doses of cyanoacrylate (Hou 2009); one trial compared cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds (Sarin 2002); and four trials compared cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic band ligation (Lo 2001; Tan 2006; El Amin 2010; Zheng 2012).

Two different doses of cyanoacrylate

One trial compared two different doses of cyanoacrylate, 0.5 mL versus 1.0 mL (Hou 2009). This single‐centre trial from China randomised 91 adults bleeding actively from all types of gastric varices (proportion with type GOV and IGV1 similar in both groups). Demographics and clinical characteristics in both intervention groups were similar. We judged randomisation and allocation sequence generation as adequate. Participants and personnel conducting the intervention were not blinded, but personnel conducting the corresponding assessment were blinded, but blinding methods were not described. Sample size calculation was performed. Intention‐to treat was applied. Control of active bleeding, re‐bleeding, bleeding‐related mortality, and complications were measured. Total length of follow‐up was 26 months. There were two participants lost to follow‐up in the 0.5 mL group and three participants in the 1.0 mL group, but their outcomes had already been measured. We considered this trial at high risk of bias.

Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds

Only one randomised trial compared cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds (Sarin 2002). This single‐centre trial from India randomised 37 adults, with active or acute bleeding (17 active, 20 acute) from isolated gastric varices only (IGV1). Demographics and clinical characteristics in both intervention groups were similar. We judged randomisation and allocation sequence generation as adequate. Participants or personnel conducting the intervention or assessing outcomes were not blinded. Sample size calculations were not reported, and intention to treat was not declared. Cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL plus lipiodol 0.7 mL versus absolute alcohol 2 to 9 mL were used. All participants with acute bleeding were treated with somatostatin or octreotide before and after the intervention. Control of active bleeding, re‐bleeding, bleeding‐related mortality, complications, failure of treatment and variceal obliteration were reported. Length of follow‐up was (mean ± standard deviation) 14.4 ± 3.7 months. There was one participant in each group lost to follow‐up. We considered this trial at high risk of bias.

Cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic band ligation

Four trials compared cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic band ligation. Three were full‐text articles, while one was an abstract from the proceedings of an international meeting (Zheng 2012).

One randomised trial compared cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic band ligation in bleeding GOV1‐type only gastric varices (El Amin 2010). This multicentric trial from Egypt randomised 150 adults who were bleeding actively and excluded people with advanced hepatocarcinoma. Demographics and clinical characteristics in both intervention groups were similar. Randomisation method was adequate. Participants and the personnel conducting the intervention or assessing outcomes were not blinded. Sample size calculation was not described and intention‐to‐treat analysis was not declared. Cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL plus 0.7 mL of lipiodol versus endoscopic band ligation using a six shooter device were used. Vasoactive drugs and non‐selective beta‐blockers were not used before or after the procedure in either group. Concurrent oesophageal varices in both groups were treated by band ligation in the same endoscopy session. Control of active bleeding (initial haemostasis), re‐bleeding, bleeding‐related mortality, survival time, complications, failure of treatment, and obliteration were measured. Length of follow‐up was six months. One participant having band ligation was switched to cyanoacrylate after treatment failure with band ligation. We considered this trial at high risk of bias.

One randomised trial compared cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic band ligation in bleeding gastric varices of all types (Lo 2001). This single‐centre trial from China randomised 60 adults bleeding actively or recently and included people with hepatocarcinoma. Demographics and clinical characteristics in both groups were similar. Allocation sequence generation and concealment were adequate. Participants and the personnel conducting the intervention or assessing outcomes were not blinded. Sample size calculation is described (originally 242 participants in each group were needed, but after 3 years, interim analyses reached significance) and intention‐to‐treat analysis was applied. Cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL plus 1.5 mL of lipiodol versus endoscopic band ligation using a pneumatic ligator device plus over tube were used. Vasoactive drugs and non‐selective beta‐blockers were not used before or after the procedure in either group. Concurrent oesophageal varices in both groups were treated by endoscopic band ligation in the same endoscopy session. Control of active bleeding (initial haemostasis), re‐bleeding, bleeding‐related mortality, complications, and failure of treatment were measured. Length of follow‐up was 14 months for cyanoacrylate and nine months for band ligation. One participant in each group was lost to follow‐up and one participant in band ligation was switched to cyanoacrylate. We considered this trial at high risk of bias.

One randomised trial compared cyanoacrylate versus band ligation in bleeding gastric varices of all types (Tan 2006). This single‐centre trial from Taiwan randomised 97 adults with active or acute bleeding (30 active, 66 acute) from all types of gastric varices and included people with hepatocarcinoma. Demographics and clinical characteristics in both groups were similar. Allocation sequence generation and concealment were adequate. Participants or the personnel conducting the intervention were not blinded, but the personnel conducting assessments were blinded. Sample size calculation was described and a modified intention‐to‐treat was applied. Cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL, mixed with 0.5 mL of lipiodol versus band ligation using a pneumoactive ligator were used. Vasoactive drugs were used in both groups before the procedure. Concurrent oesophageal varices in both groups were treated by band ligation in the same endoscopy session. Control of active bleeding, re‐bleeding, bleeding‐related mortality, complications, and failure of treatment were measured. Length of follow‐up was six months. Four participants (two in each group) were lost to follow‐up and four participants were switched from endoscopic band ligation to cyanoacrylate. We considered this trial at high risk of bias.

One trial was presented at a meeting and was published as an abstract (Zheng 2012). We tried on several occasions, with no success, to contact the authors in order to locate the full‐text paper. This single‐centre trial from China randomised 58 adults bleeding actively from gastric varices. Data on randomisation, allocation sequence generation and concealment, or blinding of personnel were not available. There were no available data on sample size calculations or intention‐to‐treat analyses. Cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL mixed with 0.5 mL of lipiodol versus endoscopic band ligation were used. Vasoactive drugs were used in all participants before endoscopic treatment. Concurrent oesophageal varices in both groups were treated by endoscopic band ligation in the same endoscopy session. Somatostanin and proton pump inhibitors were used in all participants before endoscopic treatment. Control of active bleeding, re‐bleeding, survival rates, and complications were measured. There were no available data on length of or loss to follow‐up. We considered this trial at high risk of bias.

Excluded studies

See: Characteristics of excluded studies table.

Risk of bias in included studies

Allocation

Four trials reported adequate allocation sequence generation (Lo 2001; Sarin 2002; Tan 2006; Hou 2009), whereas in two trials, allocation sequence generation was unclear (El Amin 2010; Zheng 2012). Four trials reported adequate allocation concealment (Lo 2001; Tan 2006; Hou 2009; El Amin 2010), whereas two trials had unclear allocation concealment (Sarin 2002; Zheng 2012).

Blinding

Due to the nature of the intervention, participants and treatment providers were not blinded in any of the trials. Two trials reported some form of blinded outcome assessment (Tan 2006; Hou 2009).

Incomplete outcome data

Three trials reported intention‐to‐treat analyses that counted for all randomised participants (Lo 2001; Tan 2006; Hou 2009), one of them used a modified intention‐to‐treat analysis (inclusion criteria were applied only after randomisation) (Tan 2006). Two trials did not specifically report intention‐to‐treat analysis (Sarin 2002; El Amin 2010), and there were no available data on this matter in the article, which was in abstract form (Zheng 2012).

In four trials, the methods used to account for participants with missing data appeared to be correct (Lo 2001Tan 2006Hou 2009; Sarin 2002). In one trial there were no participants lost to follow‐up (El Amin 2010), and, in another trial, participants lost to follow‐up were equally distributed among groups. For the one trial in abstract form, there was not enough data to assess incomplete outcome data (Zheng 2012).

Selective reporting

With the exception of the trial published as abstract only (Zheng 2012), all trials reported bleeding‐related mortality, treatment failure, re‐bleeding, adverse events, and control of bleeding in both groups. Definition of time of mortality and re‐bleeding varied across trials. It was possible to extract data on adverse events, despite the fact that definitions also varied across trials. Pain, fever, and embolism were nonetheless, common to all trials.

Other potential sources of bias

It was unclear if the industry had any influence in all the trials.

Three trials reported a sample size calculation (Lo 2001; Tan 2006; Hou 2009). One of these was terminated after three years at the point when interim analyses reached significant differences (level not reported) (Lo 2001). Three trials did not report sample size calculations or whether trials were terminated at any arbitrary point (Sarin 2002; El Amin 2010; Zheng 2012). None of the trials reported clear differences between baseline characteristics of participants randomised to cyanoacrylate or the alternative intervention. Severity of the underlying hepatic disease measured by the Child‐Pugh classification showed uniformity across all trials. Major differences between trials were the inclusion or exclusion of participants with hepatocarcinoma, type of gastric varices, length of follow‐up, use of vasoactive drugs, and active (endoscopic evidence of active bleeding) or acute bleeding (endoscopic evidence of recent bleeding without active bleeding at the moment).

Figure 2 shows the 'Risk of bias' graph and Figure 3 shows the 'Risk of bias' summary.


Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.


Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Accordingly, we considered all six trials at high risk of bias.

Effects of interventions

See: Summary of findings for the main comparison Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension; Summary of findings 2 Cyanoacrylate 1 mL versus cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension; Summary of findings 3 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Two different doses of cyanoacrylate

One trial compared two different doses of cyanoacrylate, 0.5 mL versus 1.0 mL (Hou 2009).

All‐cause mortality at maximum follow‐up

Overall mortality from all causes at the end of the observation period was 20/44 in the 0.5 mL group versus 21/47 in the 1.0 mL group with no statistically significant differences (RR 1.02; 0.65 to 1.60) (Analysis 1.1).

Bleeding‐related mortality (30 day‐mortality)

A total of 7/44 participants (15.9%) treated with 0.5 mL of cyanoacrylate had died by day 30 (bleeding‐related mortality) versus 7/47 participants (14.9%) treated with 1.0 mL. The Analysis showed no difference between the groups (RR 1.07; 95% CI 0.41 to 2.80) (Analysis 1.2).

Failure of intervention

Thirteen of 44 participants (29.5%) treated with 0.5 mL of cyanoacrylate presented continuous bleeding after the procedure versus 13/47 participants (27.6%) treated with 1.0 mL. Analysis showed no difference between the groups (RR 1.07; 95% CI 0.56 to 2.05) (Analysis 1.3).

Re‐bleeding

In 17/44 participants (38.6%) treated with 0.5 mL of cyanoacrylate, re‐bleeding occurred during the defined time after procedure versus 14/47 participants (29.8%) treated with 1.0 mL. Analysis showed no difference between the groups (RR 1.30; 95% CI 0.73 to 2.31) (Analysis 1.4).

Adverse events (complications: fever)

Twelve of 44 participants (27.2%) treated with 0.5 mL of cyanoacrylate presented fever after the procedure versus 23/47 participants (48.9%) treated with 1.0 mL. Analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the groups (RR 0.56; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.98) (Analysis 1.5).

One participant had a pulmonary embolism in the 0.5 mL group. One participant in each group had portal vein thrombosis.

Control of bleeding

In 9/10 participants (90%) with active bleeding treated with 0.5 mL of cyanoacrylate, bleeding was controlled versus 13/15 participants (86.6%) treated with 1.0 mL. Analysis showed no difference between the groups (RR 1.04; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.38) (Analysis 1.6).

Number of transfusions

A total of 4.42 units were used in the 0.5 mL of cyanoacrylate group versus 4.11 units used in the 1.0 mL group. There was no difference between the groups (P value = 0.68).

Quality of life

The trial did not report quality of life.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and surgery

Both procedures were offered to the participant in case of failure, but actual numbers were not provided.

We considered the quality of evidence in this comparison very low. We found only one trial with high risk of bias, which included high imprecision due to the limited number of participants, risk of indirectness (only one type of population was studied), and uncertain risk of publication bias (summary of findings Table 2).

All the above‐mentioned Review Manager analysis, results were in agreement with the results produced with the Fisher's exact test.

Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds

One randomised trial compared cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds (Sarin 2002).

All‐cause mortality

The trial did not report all‐cause mortality.

Bleeding‐related mortality (30 day‐mortality)

Two of 20 participants (10%) died from bleeding after 30 days in the cyanoacrylate group versus 4/17 (23.5%) in the alcohol‐based compounds group. Analysis showed no difference between the groups (RR 0.43; 95% CI 0.09 to 2.04) (Analysis 2.1).

Failure of intervention

Only participants with acute bleeding were considered for this analysis. In 2/9 participants (22.2%), cyanoacrylate did not control bleeding versus 5/8 (62.5%) in the alcohol‐based compounds group. Analysis showed no difference between the groups (RR 0.36; 95% CI 0.09 to 1.35) (Analysis 2.2).

Re‐bleeding

Five of 20 participants (25%) presented re‐bleeding (defined as bleeding one to four weeks after first treatment) using cyanoacrylate versus 5/17 (29.4%) using alcohol‐based compounds. Analysis showed no difference between the groups (RR 0.85; 95% CI 0.30 to 2.45) (Analysis 2.3).

Adverse events

A total of 7/20 participants (35%) had post‐procedure fever in the cyanoacrylate group during the observation period versus 14/17 (82.3%) in the alcohol‐based compounds group. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (RR 0.43; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.80) (Analysis 2.4). A total of 13/20 participants presented ulceration in the site of injection using cyanoacrylate versus 14/17 using alcohol‐based compounds. There was no difference between the groups (RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.17) (Analysis 2.5). No cases of distant embolism were reported.

Control of bleeding

Control of gastric variceal bleeding was achieved in 19/20 participants (95%) using cyanoacrylate versus 9/17 participants (52.9%) using alcohol‐based compounds. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (RR 1.79; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.84) (Analysis 2.6).

Number of transfusions

The trial did not report number of transfusions.

Quality of life

The trial did not report quality of life.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and surgery

The trial did not report use of TIPS. In the acute variceal bleeding participants subgroup, 1/9 participants (11%) in the cyanoacrylate group versus 4/8 participants (50%) in the alcohol group underwent surgery. There was no difference between the groups (RR 0.22; 95% CI 0.03 to 1.6).

We considered the quality of the evidence very low. We found only one trial with high risk of bias, including high imprecision due to the limited number of participants, risk of indirectness (only one type of population was studied), and uncertain risk of publication bias (summary of findings Table 3).

All the above‐mentioned Review Manager analysis results were in agreement with the results produced with the Fisher's exact test.

Cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic band ligation

Four trials compared cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic band ligation (Lo 2001; Tan 2006; El Amin 2010; Zheng 2012). Although we considered all as having high risk of bias, one of them scored low risk in all the items, except performance bias in which it scored unclear (Tan 2006). The result of this trial with unclear risk of bias (potentially lower risk of bias) was compared to the other trials for every outcome. All the analysis are reported using random‐effect model.

All‐cause mortality

Only one trial reported all‐cause mortality (Lo 2001), and there are no complete data in the others.

Bleeding‐related mortality

A total of 44/185 participants (23.7%) using cyanoacrylate died a bleeding‐related death during the observation period compared with 50/181 participants (27.6%) using endoscopic band ligation. Random‐effects model meta‐analysis found no statistically significant differences between groups (RR 0.83; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.31). There was evidence of internal heterogeneity (I2 = 29%) (Analysis 3.1).

Subgroup analyses

When the trials with unclear versus high risk of bias were compared, the results were not statistically significant with higher heterogeneity (Analysis 3.2). Results were similar when only full‐text articles were taken into account. They did not reflect superiority for cyanoacrylate although heterogeneity did go up (Analysis 3.4). Results were no different when controlling for GOV1 type only varices, or when taking into account only trials that included people with hepatocarcinoma (Analysis 3.3). Trials using vasoactive drugs showed a lower mortality rate for cyanoacrylate, although results were not statistically significant (Analysis 3.5). When stratifying by length of follow‐up, there were no differences between shorter or longer follow‐up periods.

Trial sequential analyses

TSA showed a diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) of 5290 participants. The cumulative Z‐curve did not cross either the conventional or the trial sequential monitoring boundaries, showing that none of the interventions reached superiority and that the limits of futility were not reached (Figure 4).


Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome bleeding‐related mortality. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 5290 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people dying in the control group (Pc) of 59%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20% based on the intervention effect in trials with a high risk of bias; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 59%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that does not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome bleeding‐related mortality. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 5290 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people dying in the control group (Pc) of 59%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20% based on the intervention effect in trials with a high risk of bias; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 59%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that does not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.

Failure of intervention

In 9/135 participants (6.6%) with acute bleeding cyanoacrylate did not arrest bleeding versus 8/129 participants (6.2%) using endoscopic band ligation. Random‐effects model meta‐analysis showed no difference between the groups (RR 1.13; 95% CI 0.23 to 5.69) with moderate evidence of internal heterogeneity (I2 = 53%) (Analysis 3.6).

Subgroup analyses

When taking into account trials with unclear versus high risk of bias, the results were not statistically significant (Analysis 3.7). When taking into account only full‐text papers, the results were very similar, and without statistically significant differences (Analysis 3.8). This last result came also the two trials that treated all types of varices and that included people with hepatocarcinoma.

Trial sequential analyses

TSA showed that DARIS of 4098 participants. The cumulative Z‐curve cross the conventional boundaries briefly during the first trial to fell under the conventional boundaries during the second trial and remaining there, showing that none of the interventions reached superiority and that the trial sequential monitoring boundaries of futility were not reached (Figure 5).


Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome failure of intervention. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 4098 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people with failure of the intervention in the control group (Pc) of 10%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 40% based on the intervention effect in trials with a high risk of bias; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 65%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that crosses the conventional boundaries after the first trial and fell under the conventional boundaries and remained there after the second trial. The cumulative Z‐curve does not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome failure of intervention. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 4098 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people with failure of the intervention in the control group (Pc) of 10%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 40% based on the intervention effect in trials with a high risk of bias; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 65%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that crosses the conventional boundaries after the first trial and fell under the conventional boundaries and remained there after the second trial. The cumulative Z‐curve does not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.

Re‐bleeding

Re‐bleeding occurred in 33/183 participants (18%) using cyanoacrylate versus 53/177 participants (29.9%) using endoscopic band ligation. Random‐effects model meta‐analysis showed a statistically significant difference between groups (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.88) with little evidence of internal heterogeneity (I2 = 6%) (Analysis 3.9).

Subgroup analyses

When taking into account trials with unclear versus high risk of bias, the results were statistically significant in both subgroups with low heterogeneity (Analysis 3.10), with no differences between them. Similar results were found when only full‐text articles were taken into account, there was a small increase in the benefit of cyanoacrylate, reaching statistical significance and displaying lower heterogeneity (RR 0.52; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.78; I2 = 0%) (Analysis 3.11). Stratified by type of varices, the results favoured cyanoacrylate for all types and GOV1‐only type of varices, almost reaching statistical significance (Analysis 3.12). Stratified by use of vasoactive drugs, trials not using them achieved better results for cyanoacrylate (Analysis 3.13). Regarding length of follow‐up, both the shorter trials and the longer trials showed statistical significance in favour of cyanoacrylate.

Trial sequential analyses

TSA showed a DARIS of 1840 participants. The cumulative Z‐curve crossed the conventional boundary after the second trial (155 participants), and approached the trial sequential monitoring boundary for benefit of cyanoacrylate. These results suggest that the superiority of cyanoacrylate when it comes to preventing re‐bleeding may be achieved after further trials (Figure 6).


Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the risk of the outcome re‐bleeding. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) was 1840 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people re‐bleeding in the control group (Pc) of 30%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20%; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 7%. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that crosses the conventional boundarie for benefit during the second trial and remained there adding the third and fourth trials.

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the risk of the outcome re‐bleeding. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) was 1840 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people re‐bleeding in the control group (Pc) of 30%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20%; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 7%. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that crosses the conventional boundarie for benefit during the second trial and remained there adding the third and fourth trials.

Adverse events

A total of 45/155 participants (29.0%) who received cyanoacrylate presented with some form of complication (complications were defined differently in each trial, therefore we used total number of complications) versus 17/152 participants (11.1%) using endoscopic band ligation. Random‐effects model meta‐analysis showed fewer complications in the band ligation group, although statistical significance was not achieved (RR 2.81; 95% CI 0.69 to 11.49) and there was high evidence of internal heterogeneity (I2 = 80%) (Analysis 3.14). These data came only from full‐text papers because information associated with complications was not available in the paper found only in abstract form.

Subgroup analyses

When taking into account trials with unclear compared to high risk of bias, the results were not statistically significant (Analysis 3.15). Similar results were found when we compared full‐text papers and abstracts (Analysis 3.16). Stratified by use of vasoactive drugs, band ligation showed fewer complications, though without reaching statistical significance (Analysis 3.17).

Embolism to distal organs, which is the major complication associated with cyanoacrylate, occurred in only one of the participants (endoscopic band ligation group).

Control of bleeding

Control of gastric variceal bleeding was achieved in 125/135 participants (92.5%) using cyanoacrylate versus 108/129 participants (83.7%) using endoscopic band ligation. Random‐effects model meta‐analysis showed no difference between groups (RR 1.07; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.27) with major evidence of internal heterogeneity (I2 = 78%) (Analysis 3.18).

Subgroup analyses

When taking into account trials with unclear versus high risk of bias, the results were not statistically significant (Analysis 3.19). There were no statistically significant differences between groups when only full‐text articles were taken into account or when the two trials that treated all types of varices and included people with hepatocarcinoma were analysed. When trials were stratified according to use of vasoactive drugs, there were better results for cyanoacrylate in the absence of vasoactive drugs, although statistical significance was not achieved (Analysis 3.20).

Trial sequential analyses

TSA showed a DARIS of 534 participants. The cumulative Z‐curve did not cross either the conventional or the trial sequential monitoring boundaries, showing that none of the interventions reached superiority and that the trial sequential monitoring boundaries of futility were not reached (Figure 7).


Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome control of bleeding. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 534 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people with control of bleeding in the control group (Pc) of 84%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20%; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 61%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit or harm. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that does not cross the conventional boundaries or the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome control of bleeding. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 534 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people with control of bleeding in the control group (Pc) of 84%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20%; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 61%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit or harm. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that does not cross the conventional boundaries or the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.

Number of transfusions

Only two trials reported number of transfusions (Lo 2001; Tan 2006), and there were no complete data in the others.

Quality of life

None of the trials reported quality of life.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and surgery

TIPS and surgery were offered in case of treatment failure, but actual numbers were not provided.

We considered the quality of the evidence in this comparison very low. All the trials presented high risk of bias, although the risk of performance bias in one was unclear and others biases were low. However, on the outcome of re‐bleeding, imprecision seemed to be low, and the number of participants adequate according to the TSA; there was risk of indirectness (only one type of population was studied) and uncertain risk of publication bias (summary of findings Table for the main comparison).

Discusión

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La presente revisión comparó los efectos de la escleroterapia endoscópica con cianocrilato versus escleroterapia endoscópica con compuestos con alcohol o versus ligadura endoscópica con banda en adultos con hemorragia activa o aguda, o ambas, por várices gástricas. También se compararon dos dosis diferentes de cianocrilato.

Uno de los hallazgos principales de esta revisión fue que hay pocos ensayos clínicos aleatorios disponibles del tratamiento endoscópico de la hemorragia aguda por várices gástricas. Lo anterior se debe a varios factores que incluyen la prevalencia baja de este tipo de várices comparadas con las várices esofágicas (Korula 1991; Sarin 1992). Este hecho puede explicar que después de varios años, incluso los centros más grandes habían tratado solamente un número limitado de várices gástricas, en general por debajo del número de participantes necesario para satisfacer los requisitos de los cálculos de tamaño de la muestra asociados con los proyectos de investigación. Además, como la hemorragia asociada con las várices gástricas habitualmente es grave, las decisiones se deben tomar según condiciones que pueden tener una gran variación entre los centros, por ejemplo, la capacidad de realizar endoscopias terapéuticas, la disponibilidad de recursos, la pericia del médico de atención y una serie de variables dependientes de los participantes como la enfermedad basal, el grado de gravedad de la hepatopatía subyacente y sus complicaciones, la existencia de carcinoma hepatocelular o trombosis de la vena porta (muchos de ellos son factores que se ha informado que causan hemorragia más grave por várices) o una combinación de estos factores. Otras variables incluyen, pero no se limitan a, el tamaño y el tipo de las várices, (las VGA son más ominosas que las VGE) y los tratamientos previos y posteriores a la endoscopia, como el uso de diferentes esquemas de reanimación, la administración de fármacos vasoactivos, de inhibidores de la bomba de protones y el uso liberal o restrictivo de transfusiones de sangre. Como resultado, los ensayos disponibles sobre las várices gástricas son escasos y heterogéneos. El cegamiento del personal no es factible en las intervenciones endoscópicas, lo que aumenta el riesgo de sesgo de realización, aunque lo anterior es debatible debido a la naturaleza objetiva de los resultados asociados con este tratamiento.

Dos dosis diferentes de cianocrilato

Solamente se encontró un ensayo aleatorio que comparó dosis diferentes de cianocrilato (Hou 2009). Este ensayo, evaluado como de alto riesgo de sesgo debido al sesgo de realización incierto, mostró que dosis de 0,5 y 1,0 ml de cianocrilato parecieron similares en cuanto a la reducción de la mortalidad, el fracaso del tratamiento, el control de la hemorragia y la prevención de nuevas hemorragias. Sin embargo, hubo menos efectos adversos informados (solamente leves) en el grupo de 0,5 ml. La característica fundamental de esta comparación reside en la cantidad de cianocrilato presente dentro de cada várice después de cada inyección, ya que la cantidad total utilizada depende del número de várices, su tamaño y el éxito para controlar la hemorragia y lograr la obliteración. Aunque la cantidad total de cianocrilato administrado varió entre los ensayos incluidos, en este ensayo específico la dosis total de cianocrilato utilizada cuando se aplicó la dosis de 1,0 ml fue de solo 0,5 ml más en comparación con el uso de una dosis inferior. Otros estudios (que no compararon dosis diferentes) utilizaron hasta el doble de esta cantidad en las inyecciones individuales de 0,5 ml (Lo 2001; Sarin 2002). El problema final cuando se analizan las variaciones en la cantidad de cianocrilato en cada inyección es la capacidad del cianocrilato inyectado de obliterar toda la várice, y la probabilidad de que el cianocrilato entre en la sangre y cause una embolia. Esta complicación solamente ocurrió en un paciente (con la dosis menor) en Hou 2009), y se observó muy pocas veces en los otros ensayos de esta revisión (Lo 2001; Tan 2006). Otros efectos adversos pequeños fueron más frecuentes con la dosis mayor. Como estos resultados provinieron de un solo ensayo con alto riesgo de sesgo de sesgo, imprecisión, falta de direccionalidad y sesgo de publicación Hou 2009), es difícil establecer conclusiones firmes en cuanto a qué volumen de cianocrilato se debe utilizar.

Cianocrilato versus compuestos con alcohol

Los compuestos con alcohol (maleato de etanolamina, alcohol absoluto y polidocanol) se han utilizado durante muchos años para el tratamiento de las várices esofágicas (Grace 1997; Sarin 1997; Garcia‐Tsao 2007; Garcia‐Tsao 2008). Se hicieron menos populares con el advenimiento de la ligadura endoscópica con banda, que mostró ventajas comparativas (Laine 1995; D'Amico 2010; Gluud 2012). Los compuestos con alcohol nunca fueron demasiado frecuentes para el tratamiento de las várices gástricas debido al gran tamaño de estas várices y a la necesidad de volúmenes grandes de compuestos con alcohol para el tratamiento (como en el ensayo incluido en esta revisión). Su eficacia en comparación con otros tratamientos endoscópicos en un ensayo aleatorio (Sarin 2002) y en estudios no aleatorios (Schuman 1987; Gimson 1991; Oho 1995; Ogawa 1999) fue menor para controlar la hemorragia aguda, y tuvo una mayor incidencia de nuevas hemorragias.

Solamente un ensayo aleatorio con alto riesgo de sesgo estuvo disponible para la comparación de cianocrilato versus alcohol absoluto (Sarin 2002). Este ensayo indicó que el cianocrilato fue superior al alcohol absoluto en cuanto al control de la hemorragia y los eventos adversos; sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas en la mortalidad relacionada con la hemorragia, el fracaso para controlar la hemorragia y la prevención de nuevas hemorragias. No se informaron diferencias en las características iniciales entre los grupos de intervención con respecto a factores pronósticos como la inclusión de participantes con carcinoma hepatocelular, la gravedad de la hepatopatía o la administración de fármacos vasoactivos. También se debe destacar que estos resultados provinieron de un solo ensayo con solamente 37 participantes que además se dividieron en pacientes con hemorragias agudas y activas, por lo que las pruebas presentadas son limitadas. Como estos resultados provinieron de un solo ensayo con alto riesgo de sesgo, imprecisión, falta de direccionalidad y riesgo de sesgo de publicación (Hou 2009), fue difícil establecer conclusiones firmes sobre qué esclerosante utilizar.

Cianocrilato versus ligadura endoscópica con banda

Varios estudios no aleatorios analizaron las ventajas del cianocrilato sobre la ligadura endoscópica con banda para el control de la hemorragia, la prevención de nuevas hemorragias y la mortalidad (Takeuchi 1996; Huang 2000; Akahoshi 2002; Kim 2006; Sugimoto 2007; Mishra 2010). Sin embargo, los ensayos clínicos aleatorios incluidos en esta revisión sistemática informaron mejoría solamente en la prevención de nuevas hemorragias(Lo 2001; Tan 2006; El Amin 2010; Zheng 2012). No mostraron ventajas del cianocrilato en cuanto a la reducción de la mortalidad y las complicaciones relacionadas con la hemorragia, un mejor control de la hemorragia aguda o el fracaso de la intervención.

Estos ensayos clínicos aleatorios presentaron diseños, procedimientos de escleroterapia para el cianocrilato y la ligadura con banda, grados de compromiso hepático según la clasificación Child‐Pugh y resultados similares. No obstante, hubo algunas diferencias que podrían comprometer los resultados de esta revisión. La primera diferencia tiene que ver con el tipo de várices gástricas. Se conoce que las várices gástricas tipo 1 (VGE o várices del cardias) siempre se asocian con várices esofágicas y podrían ser una continuación de la columna de várices esofágicas, lo que está en claro contraste con las várices gástricas tipo 2 (VGA1, várices del fondo o aisladas), que se separan y a menudo se encuentran sin la presencia de várices esofágicas concomitantes. Según la bibliografía, las várices VGA1 podrían presentar más hemorragia grave que las VGE1. En esta revisión, uno de los cuatro ensayos que compararon cianocrilato con ligadura con banda trató exclusivamente las várices VGE1 (El Amin 2010). Los otros tres ensayos trataron todos los tipos de várices gástricas Lo 2001; Tan 2006; Zheng 2012). Cuando se realizó la estratificación con la separación de los ensayos con todos los tipos de várices del ensayo de várices tipo cardias (El Amin 2010), ambos tratamientos funcionaron de manera similar y sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas, lo que indica que cuando se trata de la prevención de nuevas hemorragias, el tipo de várices puede ser irrelevante. Sin embargo, la mortalidad aumenta cuando se utiliza el cianocrilato en las várices VGE1 y cuando se utiliza la ligadura con banda en las várices VGA1. El metanálisis de efectos aleatorios mostró una diferencia significativa en la prevención de nuevas hemorragias a favor del cianocrilato; esta diferencia no cambió cuando los ensayos con riesgo incierto de sesgo se compararon con los ensayos con alto riesgo de sesgo, cuando los artículos con informe completo se compararon con los resúmenes, o cuando se consideró el tipo de várices.

La administración de fármacos vasoactivos no produjo diferencias estadísticas. Dos ensayos administraron fármacos vasoactivos (Tan 2006; Zheng 2012) y dos no lo hicieron (Lo 2001; El Amin 2010). Debido al escaso número de participantes, no es posible excluir ni aceptar una influencia modificadora de los fármacos vasoactivos en el efecto de la intervención con cianocrilato.

La duración del seguimiento fue diferente en los ensayos incluidos y varió de seis a 26 meses. Este hecho podría sesgar los resultados, en particular cuando los ensayos a corto plazo(Lo 2001; El Amin 2010) se compararon con los ensayos a largo plazo (Tan 2006). Debido a la naturaleza de la enfermedad, las nuevas hemorragias y la mortalidad podrían estar subrepresentadas en los ensayos a corto plazo y sobrerrepresentadas en los ensayos a largo plazo. No obstante, no se observaron diferencias entre los ensayos a largo plazo y a corto plazo.

Los datos con respecto a las unidades de sangre utilizadas solamente se obtuvieron de dos ensayos (Lo 2001; Tan 2006), con una tendencia que indicó un menor uso en el grupo de cianocrilato. Además, las nuevas hemorragias fueron significativamente menores en estos dos ensayos.

Se necesitan trabajos futuros para aclarar estos puntos, que incluyen completar estudios con un gran número de participantes y una estratificación adecuada de la gravedad de la enfermedad básica, el tipo y tamaño de las várices, la presencia de hepatocarcinoma y la administración de fármacos vasoactivos. También sería importante estandarizar las mediciones relacionadas con el tiempo hasta la hemorragia aguda, las nuevas hemorragias y las tasas de mortalidad debido a la hemorragia. Entretanto, y según los resultados de esta revisión, parece prudente utilizar cianocrilato para el tratamiento de las várices gástricas, en particular las várices VGA1, aunque el tratamiento con ligadura con banda también es una opción, principalmente para las várices tipo VGE1.

Se debe señalar que los resultados de las comparaciones entre cianocrilato y ligadura con banda provinieron de estudios con 365 participantes en total. La superioridad evidente de cianocrilato para prevenir nuevas hemorragias todavía se puede deber al error aleatorio según el modelo de efectos aleatorios y el análisis secuencial de los ensayos. Además, el alto riesgo de sesgo, la heterogeneidad, la falta de direccionalidad y el sesgo de publicación dificultan establecer conclusiones firmes de los resultados estudiados. El peor efecto adverso posible asociado con la administración de cianocrilato (es decir, la embolia) se presentó muy pocas veces (se observó embolia en un caso del grupo sin cianocrilato). Hubo pocos efectos adversos leves, especialmente en el grupo de ligadura con banda.

Resumen de los resultados principales

Si se considera la baja calidad general de las pruebas debido al alto riesgo de sesgo en los ensayos, la imprecisión significativa debido al número pequeño de participantes incluidos en los ensayos identificados para esta revisión, la presencia de heterogeneidad y la falta de direccionalidad (solamente participantes asiáticos en los ensayos), los resultados indicaron que, cuando se tratan las várices gástricas, el cianocrilato pareció ser superior a la ligadura con banda en cuanto a nuevas hemorragias, en particular en las várices tipo VGA1, pero el cianocrilato pareció bastante similar con respecto al control de la hemorragia, el fracaso del tratamiento y la mortalidad. Además, podría ser razonable recomendar cianocrilato en volúmenes de 0,5 ml. Finalmente, el cianocrilato parece ser superior a los compuestos con alcohol.

Compleción y aplicabilidad general de las pruebas

Dos dosis diferentes de cianocrilato

Según un solo ensayo que incluyó 91 participantes, 0,5 ml de cianocrilato parecieron asociarse con menos complicaciones que 1,0 ml de cianocrilato. Las pruebas identificadas no fueron suficientes para lograr los objetivos de la revisión sobre este tema. La dosis propuesta de 0,5 ml de cianocrilato es la dosis más utilizada en la práctica actual.

Cianocrilato versus compuestos con alcohol

Según un solo ensayo que incluyó 37 participantes, el cianocrilato pareció más eficaz que los compuestos con alcohol con respecto al control de la hemorragia en las várices del fondo y en cuanto a las complicaciones, pero no fue diferente de la escleroterapia con compuestos con alcohol en cuanto a la reducción de la mortalidad, la detención de la hemorragia y la reducción de las complicaciones. Las pruebas identificadas no fueron suficientes para lograr los objetivos de la revisión sobre este tema.

Cianocrilato versus ligadura endoscópica con banda

Según cuatro ensayos que incluyeron 365 participantes, la administración de cianocrilato pareció superior a la ligadura endoscópica con banda solamente con respecto a la prevención de nuevas hemorragias, en particular en las várices VGA1. La ligadura con banda todavía podría ser un tratamiento viable, en particular en las várices tipo VGE1. Las pruebas identificadas no estaban completas para alcanzar los objetivos de la revisión sobre este punto, especialmente debido a la heterogeneidad y la baja calidad de las pruebas, aunque los hallazgos del resultado nuevas hemorragias parecieron ser consistentes con errores aleatorios. El riesgo menor de nuevas hemorragias es la razón principal para preferir el uso de cianocrilato sobre la ligadura con banda en la práctica actual.

Calidad de la evidencia

Dos dosis diferentes de cianocrilato

Los datos para este análisis provenían de un solo ensayo. La calidad de las pruebas fue muy baja debido al alto riesgo de sesgo, la imprecisión, la falta de direccionalidad y el posible riesgo de sesgo de publicación. Las pruebas identificadas no permitieron establecer una conclusión sólida con respecto a este objetivo de la revisión.

Cianocrilato versus compuestos con alcohol

Los datos para este análisis provenían de un solo ensayo. La calidad de las pruebas fue muy baja debido al alto riesgo de sesgo, la imprecisión, la falta de direccionalidad y el posible riesgo de sesgo de publicación. Las pruebas identificadas no permitieron establecer una conclusión sólida con respecto a este objetivo de la revisión.

Cianocrilato versus ligadura endoscópica con banda

Los resultados provinieron de tres ensayos de texto completo y un resumen. Todos los ensayos tuvieron un alto riesgo de sesgo. La calidad de las pruebas en general fue muy baja debido al alto riesgo de sesgo, la heterogeneidad, la falta de direccionalidad y el posible riesgo de sesgo de publicación. De los numerosos resultados estudiados, el metanálisis demostró diferencias a favor de cianocrilato solamente en un resultado (nuevas hemorragias). Las pruebas identificadas no permitieron establecer una conclusión sólida con respecto a varios objetivos de esta revisión, pero con respecto al resultado nuevas hemorragias, el análisis secuencial de ensayos indicó que no era probable que la superioridad del cianocrilato se debiera al error aleatorio.

Sesgos potenciales en el proceso de revisión

Dos dosis diferentes de cianocrilato

No se había planificado este resultado en el protocolo. No se encontraron otros ensayos que abordaran esta cuestión, a pesar de la búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura en inglés y español. Se pueden haber omitido algunos ensayos en otros idiomas, como el francés, o ensayos publicados como resúmenes. No todos los resultados planificados estaban presentes en el ensayo evaluado.

Cianocrilato versus compuestos con alcohol

Hubo varios estudios observacionales que trataron esta comparación, pero la búsqueda exhaustiva de bibliografía no localizó otros ensayos aleatorios. Se podrían haber pasado por alto algunos ensayos en idiomas diferentes, como francés u otro (resúmenes o artículos). No todos los resultados planificados estaban presentes en el ensayo evaluado.

Cianocrilato versus ligadura endoscópica con banda

Una potencial fuente de sesgo fue la inclusión de un artículo en forma de resumen para esta comparación (Zheng 2012). No fue posible recuperar todos los datos necesarios sobre el ensayo respectivo, a pesar de varios intentos de establecer contacto con los autores. Los resultados de esta comparación se calcularon con y sin este ensayo, y también se estratificaron según el posible sesgo de selección y las diferencias fueron principalmente estadísticamente no significativas. La heterogeneidad fue baja a moderada, aunque hubo muchas diferencias entre los ensayos con respecto al tipo de várices, el uso de fármacos vasoactivos y la inclusión de participantes con hepatocarcinoma. El tiempo hasta los resultados definidos también fue diferente entre los estudios incluidos. La búsqueda bibliográfica fue exhaustiva en inglés y español, pero se pueden haber omitido algunos ensayos en diferentes idiomas, como el francés u otros (resúmenes o artículos).

Acuerdos y desacuerdos con otros estudios o revisiones

Dos dosis diferentes de cianocrilato

Al parecer no hay desacuerdos importantes con otros estudios sobre este tema. En su mayoría los ensayos incluidos utilizaron 0,5 ml de cianocrilato.

Cianocrilato versus compuestos con alcohol

Hay ensayos no aleatorios y series de casos clínicos que compararon cianocrilato con compuestos con alcohol(Schuman 1987; Gimson 1991; Oho 1995; Sarin 1997; Ogawa 1999). Estos estudios informaron que los compuestos con alcohol se asociaron con peores resultados con respecto a la hemostasia inicial, la incidencia de nuevas hemorragias, la obliteración de las várices y las complicaciones. Ningún estudio concluyó que los compuestos con alcohol fueron mejores que cianocrilato para cualquier resultado de interés.

Cianocrilato versus ligadura endoscópica con banda

Hay estudios aleatorios (Bazeed 2013; Shiha 2010) (ver Estudios excluidos) y no aleatorios y series de casos clínicos sobre diferentes métodos de ligadura con banda mediante técnicas clásicas, nuevas o combinadas (Chun 1995; Cipolletta 1998; Shiha 1999; Yoshida 1999; Lee 2002; Arakaki 2003). Sus resultados son más optimistas que los resultados de esta revisión. Ningún estudio concluyó que la ligadura con banda fue superior al cianocrilato para cualquier resultado.

Study flow diagram.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Study flow diagram.

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 3

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome bleeding‐related mortality. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 5290 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people dying in the control group (Pc) of 59%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20% based on the intervention effect in trials with a high risk of bias; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 59%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that does not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 4

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome bleeding‐related mortality. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 5290 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people dying in the control group (Pc) of 59%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20% based on the intervention effect in trials with a high risk of bias; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 59%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that does not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome failure of intervention. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 4098 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people with failure of the intervention in the control group (Pc) of 10%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 40% based on the intervention effect in trials with a high risk of bias; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 65%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that crosses the conventional boundaries after the first trial and fell under the conventional boundaries and remained there after the second trial. The cumulative Z‐curve does not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 5

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome failure of intervention. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 4098 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people with failure of the intervention in the control group (Pc) of 10%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 40% based on the intervention effect in trials with a high risk of bias; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 65%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that crosses the conventional boundaries after the first trial and fell under the conventional boundaries and remained there after the second trial. The cumulative Z‐curve does not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the risk of the outcome re‐bleeding. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) was 1840 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people re‐bleeding in the control group (Pc) of 30%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20%; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 7%. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that crosses the conventional boundarie for benefit during the second trial and remained there adding the third and fourth trials.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 6

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the risk of the outcome re‐bleeding. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) was 1840 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people re‐bleeding in the control group (Pc) of 30%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20%; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 7%. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that crosses the conventional boundarie for benefit during the second trial and remained there adding the third and fourth trials.

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome control of bleeding. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 534 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people with control of bleeding in the control group (Pc) of 84%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20%; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 61%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit or harm. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that does not cross the conventional boundaries or the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 7

Trial sequential analysis of cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding in people with gastric varices on the outcome control of bleeding. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (DARIS) is 534 participants. The calculation is based on a proportion of people with control of bleeding in the control group (Pc) of 84%; a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 20%; an alpha (a) of 5%; a beta (b) of 20%; and diversity of 61%. The red lines sloping towards a Z‐value of 1.96 and ‐1.96 are the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit or harm. The blue line is the cumulative Z‐curve that does not cross the conventional boundaries or the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit, harm, or futility of cyanoacrylate.

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 1 Total mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 1 Total mortality.

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 2 30‐day mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 2 30‐day mortality.

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 3 Failure of intervention.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 3 Failure of intervention.

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 4 Re‐bleeding.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 4 Re‐bleeding.

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 5 Adverse effects (fever).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 5 Adverse effects (fever).

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 6 Control of bleeding.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Two different doses of cyanoacrylate, Outcome 6 Control of bleeding.

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 1 Bleeding‐related mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 1 Bleeding‐related mortality.

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 2 Failure of intervention.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 2 Failure of intervention.

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 3 Re‐bleeding.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 3 Re‐bleeding.

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 4 Adverse effects (fever).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 4 Adverse effects (fever).

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 5 Adverse effects (ulceration).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 5 Adverse effects (ulceration).

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 6 Control of bleeding.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds, Outcome 6 Control of bleeding.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 1 Bleeding‐related mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 1 Bleeding‐related mortality.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 2 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 2 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 3 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by type of gastric varices.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 3 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by type of gastric varices.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 4 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by full papers or abstracts.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 4 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by full papers or abstracts.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 5 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by use of vasoactive drugs.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 5 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by use of vasoactive drugs.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 6 Failure of intervention.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.6

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 6 Failure of intervention.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 7 Failure of intervention stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.7

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 7 Failure of intervention stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 8 Failure of intervention stratified by full papers or abstracts.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.8

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 8 Failure of intervention stratified by full papers or abstracts.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 9 Re‐bleeding.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.9

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 9 Re‐bleeding.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 10 Re‐bleeding stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.10

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 10 Re‐bleeding stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 11 Re‐bleeding stratified by full papers or abstracts.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.11

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 11 Re‐bleeding stratified by full papers or abstracts.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 12 Re‐bleeding stratified by type of gastric varices.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.12

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 12 Re‐bleeding stratified by type of gastric varices.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 13 Re‐bleeding stratified by use of vasoactive drugs.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.13

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 13 Re‐bleeding stratified by use of vasoactive drugs.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 14 Adverse effects (general).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.14

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 14 Adverse effects (general).

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 15 Adverse effects stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.15

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 15 Adverse effects stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 16 Control of bleeding stratified by full papers or abstracts.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.16

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 16 Control of bleeding stratified by full papers or abstracts.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 17 Complications stratified by use of vasoactive drugs.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.17

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 17 Complications stratified by use of vasoactive drugs.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 18 Control of bleeding.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.18

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 18 Control of bleeding.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 19 Control of bleeding stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.19

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 19 Control of bleeding stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias.

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 20 Control of bleeding stratified by use of vasoactive drugs.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.20

Comparison 3 Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation, Outcome 20 Control of bleeding stratified by use of vasoactive drugs.

Summary of findings for the main comparison. Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Cyanoacrylate versus endoscopic band ligation for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Patient or population: acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension
Settings: endoscopy room
Intervention: cyanoacrylate
Control: endoscopic band ligation

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control: endoscopic band ligation

Intervention: cyanoacrylate

Mortality
Total of deaths and the end of follow‐up.
Follow‐up: 6 to 14 months

Study population

RR 0.83
(0.52 to 1.31)

365
(4 studies)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,5,6

Counts for the total deaths at the end of follow‐up. Included 30‐day mortality (not available for all trials), mortality from bleeding, and other causes.

278 per 1000

231 per 1000
(144 to 364)

Moderate

277 per 1000

230 per 1000
(144 to 363)

Failure of intervention
Continuous variceal bleeding after intervention
Follow‐up: mean 1 days

Study population

RR 1.13
(0.23 to 5.69)

264
(4 studies)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5,6

The numbers represents only the trials considering active bleeding at the moment of intervention.

62 per 1000

70 per 1000
(14 to 353)

Moderate

40 per 1000

45 per 1000
(9 to 228)

Re‐bleeding
Re‐bleeding after the bleeding was controlled in the first intervention
Follow‐up: mean 7 days

Study population

RR 0.6
(0.41 to 0.88)

360
(4 studies)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1,2,5,6

Trial sequential analysis suggested that cyanoacrylate superiority was not likely to be due to random error.

299 per 1000

180 per 1000
(123 to 264)

Moderate

326 per 1000

196 per 1000
(134 to 287)

Complications (general)
Number of total complications
Follow‐up: 6 to 14 months

Study population

RR 2.81
(0.69 to 11.49)

307
(3 studies)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5,6

Heterogeneity between trials about the complications detected. The 2 common complications (and the assessed ones) were pain and fever.

112 per 1000

314 per 1000
(77 to 1000)

Moderate

67 per 1000

188 per 1000
(46 to 770)

Control of bleeding
Success in control variceal bleeding
Follow‐up: mean 30 days

Study population

RR 1.07
(0.9 to 1.27)

264
(4 studies)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5,6

Mixed risk of bias and small total numbers.

837 per 1000

896 per 1000
(753 to 1000)

Moderate

873 per 1000

934 per 1000
(786 to 1000)

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g., the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1 Assumed control risk: mean baseline risk of the trials.
2 Downgraded on level due to serious risk of bias (we rated the four trials as high risk of bias).
3 Downgraded one level due to imprecision (264 to 365 participants in the five outcomes).
4 Downgraded on level to moderate heterogeneity (moderate to high I2).
5 Downgraded one level due to serious indirectness (only one type of population).

6 Downgraded one level due to likely publication bias (only four trials found).

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension
Summary of findings 2. Cyanoacrylate 1 mL versus cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Cyanoacrylate 1 mL versus cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Patient or population: acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension
Settings: endoscopy room
Intervention: cyanoacrylate 1 mL
Control: cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control: cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL

Intervention: cyanoacrylate 1 mL

Total mortality
Total deaths and the end of follow‐up
Follow‐up: mean 26 months

Study population

RR 1.02
(0.65 to 1.60)

91
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

447 per 1000

438 per 1000
(277 to 693)

Moderate

447 per 1000

438 per 1000
(277 to 693)

30 day ‐ mortality
Mortality due to bleeding
Follow‐up: mean 30 days

Study population

RR 1.07
(0.41 to 2.8)

91
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

149 per 1000

159 per 1000
(61 to 417)

Moderate

149 per 1000

159 per 1000
(61 to 417)

Failure of intervention
Continuous bleeding after intervention
Follow‐up: mean 1 day.

Study population

RR 1.07
(0.56 to 2.05)

91
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

277 per 1000

296 per 1000
(155 to 567)

Moderate

277 per 1000

296 per 1000
(155 to 568)

Complications (fever)
Presence of fever
Follow‐up: mean 26 months

Study population

RR 0.56
(0.32 to 0.98)

91
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

489 per 1000

387 per 1000
(50 to 154)

Moderate

489 per 1000

386 per 1000
(50 to 154)

Re‐bleeding
Bleeding after initial success in the intervention
Follow‐up: mean 1 weeks

Study population

RR 1.3
(0.73 to 2.31)

91
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

298 per 1000

387 per 1000
(217 to 688)

Moderate

298 per 1000

387 per 1000
(218 to 688)

Control of bleeding
Success in control the active variceal bleeding
Follow‐up: mean 26 months

Study population

RR 1.04
(0.78 to 1.38)

25
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

867 per 1000

901 per 1000
(676 to 1000)

Moderate

867 per 1000

902 per 1000
(676 to 1000)

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g., the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1 Assumed control risk: equates control group risk from the trial.
2 Downgraded one level due to serious risk of bias (only one trial rated as high risk of bias for unclear performance bias).
3 Downgraded two levels due to serious imprecision (only one trial with 91 participants in total, few events, 95% CI included appreciable benefit and harm).
4 Downgraded one level due to serious indirectness (only one type of population).
5 Downgraded one level due to likely publication bias (only one trial found).

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 2. Cyanoacrylate 1 mL versus cyanoacrylate 0.5 mL for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension
Summary of findings 3. Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension

Patient or population: acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension
Settings: endoscopy room
Intervention: cyanoacrylate
Control: absolute alcohol

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control: absolute alcohol

Intervention: cyanoacrylate

Mortality
Total deaths at 30 days
Follow‐up: mean 14 months

Study population

RR 0.43
(0.09 to 2.04)

37
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

235 per 1000

101 per 1000
(21 to 480)

Moderate

235 per 1000

101 per 1000
(21 to 479)

Failure of intervention
Follow‐up: mean 1 days

Study population

RR 0.36
(0.09 to 1.35)

17
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

625 per 1000

225 per 1000
(56 to 844)

Moderate

625 per 1000

225 per 1000
(56 to 844)

Complications (fever)
Presence of fever
Follow‐up: mean 14 months

Study population

RR 0.43
(0.22 to 0.8)

37
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

824 per 1000

354 per 1000
(181 to 659)

Moderate

824 per 1000

354 per 1000
(181 to 659)

Re‐bleeding
Re‐bleeding after intervention
Follow‐up: 1 to 4 weeks

Study population

RR 0.85
(0.3 to 2.45)

37
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

294 per 1000

250 per 1000
(88 to 721)

Moderate

294 per 1000

250 per 1000
(88 to 720)

Control of bleeding
Success in controlling the active variceal bleeding
Follow‐up: mean 14 months

Study population

RR 1.79
(1.13 to 2.84)

37
(1 study)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,2,3,4,5

Only 1 trial.

529 per 1000

948 per 1000
(598 to 1000)

Moderate

529 per 1000

947 per 1000
(598 to 1000)

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g., the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1 Assumed control risk: equates control group risk from the trial.
2 Downgraded one level due to serious risk of bias (only one trial rated as high risk of bias for unclear selection, performance, and detection bias).
3 Downgraded two levels due to serious imprecision (only one trial with 37 participants in total, few events, 95% CI includes appreciable benefit and harm).
4 Downgraded one level due to serious indirectness (only one type of population).
5 Downgraded one level due to likely publication bias (only one trial found).

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 3. Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol for acute bleeding gastric varices in people with portal hypertension
Comparison 1. Two different doses of cyanoacrylate

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Total mortality Show forest plot

1

91

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.65, 1.60]

2 30‐day mortality Show forest plot

1

91

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.41, 2.80]

3 Failure of intervention Show forest plot

1

91

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.56, 2.05]

4 Re‐bleeding Show forest plot

1

91

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.30 [0.73, 2.31]

5 Adverse effects (fever) Show forest plot

1

91

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.56 [0.32, 0.98]

6 Control of bleeding Show forest plot

1

25

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.78, 1.38]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Two different doses of cyanoacrylate
Comparison 2. Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Bleeding‐related mortality Show forest plot

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.43 [0.09, 2.04]

1.1 Randomised trial

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.43 [0.09, 2.04]

2 Failure of intervention Show forest plot

1

17

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.09, 1.35]

2.1 Randomised trial

1

17

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.09, 1.35]

3 Re‐bleeding Show forest plot

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.85 [0.30, 2.45]

3.1 Randomised trial

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.85 [0.30, 2.45]

4 Adverse effects (fever) Show forest plot

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.43 [0.22, 0.80]

4.1 Randomised trial

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.43 [0.22, 0.80]

5 Adverse effects (ulceration) Show forest plot

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.53, 1.17]

6 Control of bleeding Show forest plot

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.79 [1.13, 2.84]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Cyanoacrylate versus alcohol‐based compounds
Comparison 3. Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Bleeding‐related mortality Show forest plot

4

365

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.52, 1.31]

2 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias Show forest plot

4

365

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.52, 1.31]

2.1 Trials with high risk of bias

3

268

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.19 [0.35, 4.03]

2.2 Trials with unclear risk of bias

1

97

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.58, 1.10]

3 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by type of gastric varices Show forest plot

4

365

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.52, 1.31]

3.1 Type gastro‐oesophageal varices only

1

150

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

5.0 [0.60, 41.78]

3.2 All types of gastric varices

3

215

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.77 [0.58, 1.02]

4 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by full papers or abstracts Show forest plot

4

365

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.52, 1.31]

4.1 Full papers

3

307

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.47, 1.41]

4.2 Abstracts

1

58

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.4 [0.25, 7.77]

5 Bleeding‐related mortality stratified by use of vasoactive drugs Show forest plot

4

365

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.52, 1.31]

5.1 With vasoactive drugs

2

155

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.82 [0.60, 1.11]

5.2 Without vasoactive drugs

2

210

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.38 [0.16, 11.67]

6 Failure of intervention Show forest plot

4

264

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.13 [0.23, 5.69]

7 Failure of intervention stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias Show forest plot

4

264

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.09 [0.17, 7.22]

7.1 Trials with high risk of bias

3

234

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.09, 15.49]

7.2 Trial with unclear risk of bias

1

30

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.06, 17.62]

8 Failure of intervention stratified by full papers or abstracts Show forest plot

4

264

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.73 [0.14, 3.65]

8.1 Full papers

3

206

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.73 [0.14, 3.65]

8.2 Abstracts

1

58

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Re‐bleeding Show forest plot

4

360

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.60 [0.41, 0.88]

10 Re‐bleeding stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias Show forest plot

4

360

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.48 [0.27, 0.84]

10.1 Trials with high risk of bias

3

263

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.56 [0.25, 1.23]

10.2 Trial with unclear risk of bias

1

97

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.37 [0.15, 0.90]

11 Re‐bleeding stratified by full papers or abstracts Show forest plot

4

360

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.60 [0.41, 0.88]

11.1 Full papers

3

302

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.52 [0.35, 0.78]

11.2 Abstract

1

58

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.24 [0.49, 3.14]

12 Re‐bleeding stratified by type of gastric varices Show forest plot

4

360

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.60 [0.41, 0.88]

12.1 Type gastro‐oesophageal varices varices only

1

150

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.42 [0.15, 1.12]

12.2 All types of gastric varices

3

210

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.41, 1.03]

13 Re‐bleeding stratified by use of vasoactive drugs Show forest plot

4

360

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.60 [0.41, 0.88]

13.1 With vasoactive drugs

2

155

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.74 [0.32, 1.75]

13.2 Without vasoactive drugs

2

205

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.52 [0.30, 0.90]

14 Adverse effects (general) Show forest plot

3

307

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.81 [0.69, 11.49]

15 Adverse effects stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias Show forest plot

3

307

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.49 [0.69, 17.60]

15.1 Trials with high risk of bias

2

210

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

8.02 [3.18, 20.23]

15.2 Trials with unclear risk of bias

1

97

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.97 [0.38, 2.52]

16 Control of bleeding stratified by full papers or abstracts Show forest plot

4

264

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.90, 1.27]

16.1 Full papers

3

206

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.11 [0.91, 1.36]

16.2 Abstract

1

58

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.94, 1.07]

17 Complications stratified by use of vasoactive drugs Show forest plot

3

307

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.81 [0.69, 11.49]

17.1 With vasoactive drugs

1

97

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.47, 2.04]

17.2 Without vasoactive drugs

2

210

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

5.60 [2.46, 12.74]

18 Control of bleeding Show forest plot

4

264

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.90, 1.27]

19 Control of bleeding stratified by trials with high or unclear risk of bias Show forest plot

4

264

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.64 [1.15, 6.05]

19.1 Trials with high risk of bias

3

234

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.16 [1.05, 9.47]

19.2 Trial with unclear risk of bias

1

30

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.06, 17.62]

20 Control of bleeding stratified by use of vasoactive drugs Show forest plot

4

264

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.90, 1.27]

20.1 Trials with vasoactive drugs

2

88

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.94, 1.06]

20.2 Trials without use of vasoactive drugs

2

176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.33 [0.78, 2.27]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Cyanoacrylate versus band ligation