Appendix 1. Glossary

Appendix 2. Search strategy for all databases searched

1. Medline Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to March Week 4 2016 15.4.16

1. (never married adj2 (mother* or father* or parent*)).ab,ti.

2. (separated adj2 (mother* or father* or parent*)).ab,ti.

3. exp Single parent/

4. exp Single‐parent‐family/

5. fatherless famil*.ab,ti.

6. fragile famil*.ab,ti.

7. lone father*.ab,ti.

8. Lone mother*.ab,ti.

9. Lone parent*.ab,ti.

10. motherless famil*.ab,ti.

11. One parent*.ab,ti.

12. single father*.ab,ti.

13. Single mother*.ab,ti.

14. Single‐parent*.ab,ti.

15. sole father*.ab,ti.

16. sole mother*.ab,ti.

17. Sole parent*.ab,ti.

18. sole registrant*.ab,ti.

19. unmarried father*.ab,ti.

20. unmarried mother*.ab,ti.

21. unwed father*.ab,ti.

22. Unwed Mother*.ab,ti.

23. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22

24."Canada Health and Social Transfer".ab,ti.

25."Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act".ab,ti.

26."Active labo?r market polic*".ab,ti.

27."Active labo?r market program* ".ab,ti.

28. ADFC.ab,ti.

29. "Agenda 2010".ab,ti.

30. "Aid to Families with Dependent Children".ab,ti.

31. "Allocation Parent Isole".ab,ti.

32. "ALMP".ab,ti.

33. "America Works".ab,ti.

34. (API and (work* or job* or employ* or train* or vocation*)).ab,ti.

35. "Back‐to‐work".ab,ti.

36. "cash benefit*".ab,ti.

37. "cash incentive*".ab,ti.

38. "child care assistance".ab,ti.

39. "child care provision*".ab,ti.

40. "child care subsid*".ab,ti.

41. "child care support".ab,ti.

42. CHST.ab,ti.

43. Community Wage.ab,ti.

44. "Domestic Purposes Benefit".ab,ti.

45. "Employment Tax Deduction".ab,ti.

46. "earning disregard*".ab,ti.

47. employability.ab,ti.

48. Employment.ab,ti.

49. "Employment Program*".ab,ti.

50. ETD.ab,ti.

51. exp income/

52. exp Public assistance/

53. exp Social security/

54. exp Social welfare/

55. "Family Program*".ab,ti.

56. "Family Transition Program*".ab,ti.

57. "financial benefit*".ab,ti.

58. "financial incentive*".ab,ti.

59. "financial sanction*".ab,ti.

60. "Financial support".ab,ti.

61. Financial support/

62. Financing, Government/

63. FTP.ab,ti.

64. "government intervention*".ab,ti.

65. "Government program*".ab,ti.

66. Government Programs/

67. "health care provision*".ab,ti.

68. "health care subsid*".ab,ti.

69. "health insurance provision*".ab,ti.

70. "health insurance subsid*".ab,ti.

71. "Hilfe zum Arbeit".ab,ti.

72. "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt".ab,ti.

73. "human capital development".ab,ti.

74. "income benefit*".ab,ti.

75. "income incentive*".ab,ti.

76. "income supplement*".ab,ti.

77. "Income support".ab,ti.

78. "Individual Re‐integration Agreement".ab,ti.

79. IRO.ab,ti.

80. Job.ab,ti.

81. Jobbskatteavdraget.ab,ti.

82. Jobless*.ab,ti.

83. "labo?r force attachment*".ab,ti.

84. "labo?r force participation".ab,ti.

85. "Labo?r market activation".ab,ti.

86. "mandatory employment".ab,ti.

87. MFIP.ab,ti.

88. "Minnesota Family Investment Program".ab,ti.

89. "monetary benefit*".ab,ti.

90. "monetary incentive*".ab,ti.

91. "monetary support".ab,ti.

92. ((childcare or child care) adj allowance*).ab,ti.

93. "National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies".ab,ti.

94. NDLP.ab,ti.

95. "New Deal for Lone Parents".ab,ti.

96. "New Hope Project".ab,ti.

97. "Newstart allowance".ab,ti.

98. NEWWS.ab,ti.

99. "Ontario Works".ab,ti.

100. Poverty.ab,ti.

101. PRWORA.ab,ti.

102. "public welfare reform*".ab,ti.

103. (Retrain* or Re‐train*).ab,ti.

104. RMI.ab,ti.

105. sanctions.ab,ti.

106. "Self‐Sufficiency Project".ab,ti.

107. "Revenu Minimum d'Insertion".ab,ti.

108. "Social assistance".ab,ti.

109. SSP.ab,ti.

110. TANF.ab,ti.

111. "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families".ab,ti.

112. "time limit*".ab,ti.

113.Training.ab,ti.

114. Unemployment.ab,ti.

115. Vocation*.ab,ti.

116. Welfare.ab,ti.

117. "work first strateg*".ab,ti.

118. "Work for your dole".ab,ti.

119. work*.mp.

120. "Working For Families".ab,ti.

121. "tax credit*".ab,ti.

122. 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 or 43 or 44 or 45 or 46 or 47 or 48 or 49 or 50 or 51 or 52 or 53 or 54 or 55 or 56 or 57 or 58 or 59 or 60 or 61 or 62 or 63 or 64 or 65 or 66 or 67 or 68 or 69 or 70 or 71 or 72 or 73 or 74 or 75 or 76 or 77 or 78 or 79 or 80 or 81 or 82 or 83 or 84 or 85 or 86 or 87 or 88 or 89 or 90 or 91 or 92 or 93 or 94 or 95 or 96 or 97 or 98 or 99 or 100 or 101 or 102 or 103 or 104 or 105 or 106 or 107 or 108 or 109 or 110 or 111 or 112 or 113 or 114 or 115 or 116 or 117 or 118 or 119 or 120 or 121

123. randomized controlled trial.pt.

124. controlled clinical trial.pt.

125. randomized.ab.

126. placebo.ab.

127. drug therapy.fs.

128. randomly.ab.

129. trial.ab.

130. groups.ab.

131. or/123‐130

132. exp animals/ not humans.sh.

133. 131 not 132

134. 23 and 122 and 133

2. Embase 1947‐Present, updated daily 15.4.16

1. never married adj2 (mother* or father* or parent*)).ab,ti.

2. (separated adj2 (mother* or father* or parent*)).ab,ti.

3. exp Single parent/

4. fatherless famil*.ab,ti.

5. fragile famil*.ab,ti.

6. lone father*.ab,ti.

7. Lone mother*.ab,ti.

8. Lone parent*.ab,ti.

9. motherless famil*.ab,ti.

10. One parent*.ab,ti.

11. single father*.ab,ti.

12. Single mother*.ab,ti.

13. Single‐parent*.ab,ti.

14. sole father*.ab,ti. 1

15. sole mother*.ab,ti.

16. Sole parent*.ab,ti.

17. sole registrant*.ab,ti.

18. unmarried father*.ab,ti.

19. unmarried mother*.ab,ti.

20. unwed father*.ab,ti.

21. Unwed Mother*.ab,ti.

22. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21.

23. "Canada Health and Social Transfer".ab,ti.

24. "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act".ab,ti.

25. "Active labo?r market polic*".ab,ti.

26. "Active labo?r market program* ".ab,ti.

27. ADFC.ab,ti.

28. "Agenda 2010".ab,ti.

29. "Aid to Families with Dependent Children".ab,ti.

30. "Allocation Parent Isole".ab,ti.

31. "ALMP".ab,ti.

32. "America Works".ab,ti.

33. (API and (work* or job* or employ* or train* or vocation*)).ab,ti.

34. "Back‐to‐work".ab,ti.

35. "cash benefit*".ab,ti.

36. "cash incentive*".ab,ti.

37. "child care assistance".ab,ti.

38. "child care provision*".ab,ti.

39. "child care subsid*".ab,ti.

40. "child care support".ab,ti.

41. CHST.ab,ti.

42. Community Wage.ab,ti.

43. "Domestic Purposes Benefit".ab,ti.

44. "Employment Tax Deduction".ab,ti.

45. "earning disregard*".ab,ti.

46. employability.ab,ti.

47. Employment.ab,ti.

48. "Employment Program*".ab,ti.

49. ETD.ab,ti.

50. exp income/

51. exp Social security/

52. exp Social welfare/

53. "Family Program*".ab,ti.

54. "Family Transition Program*".ab,ti.

55. "financial benefit*".ab,ti. 1111

56. "financial incentive*".ab,ti.

57. "financial sanction*".ab,ti.

58. "Financial support".ab,ti.

59. Financial support/

60. Financing, Government/

61. FTP.ab,ti.

62. "government intervention*".ab,ti.

63. "Government program*".ab,ti.

64. Government Programs/

65. "health care provision*".ab,ti.

66. "health care subsid*".ab,ti.

67. "health insurance provision*".ab,ti.

68. "health insurance subsid*".ab,ti.

69. "Hilfe zum Arbeit".ab,ti.

70. "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt".ab,ti.

71. "human capital development".ab,ti.

72. "income benefit*".ab,ti.

73. "income incentive*".ab,ti.

74. "income supplement*".ab,ti.

75. "Income support".ab,ti.

76. "Individual Re‐integration Agreement".ab,ti.

77. IRO.ab,ti.

78. Job.ab,ti.

79. Jobbskatteavdraget.ab,ti.

80. Jobless*.ab,ti.

81. "labo?r force attachment*".ab,ti.

82. "labo?r force participation".ab,ti.

83. "Labo?r market activation".ab,ti.

84. "mandatory employment".ab,ti.

85. MFIP.ab,ti.

86. "Minnesota Family Investment Program".ab,ti.

87. "monetary benefit*".ab,ti.

88. "monetary incentive*".ab,ti.

89. "monetary support".ab,ti.

90. ((childcare or child care) adj allowance*).ab,ti.

91. "National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies".ab,ti.

92. NDLP.ab,ti.

93. "New Deal for Lone Parents".ab,ti.

94. "New Hope Project".ab,ti.

95. "Newstart allowance".ab,ti.

96. NEWWS.ab,ti.

97. "Ontario Works".ab,ti.

98. Poverty.ab,ti.

99. PRWORA.ab,ti.

100. "public welfare reform*".ab,ti.

101. (Retrain* or Re‐train*).ab,ti.

102. RMI.ab,ti.

103. sanctions.ab,ti.

104. "Self‐Sufficiency Project".ab,ti.

105. "Revenu Minimum d'Insertion".ab,ti.

106. "Social assistance".ab,ti.

107. SSP.ab,ti.

108. TANF.ab,ti.

109. "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families".ab,ti.

110. "time limit*".ab,ti.

111. Training.ab,ti.

112. Unemployment.ab,ti.

113. Vocation*.ab,ti.

114. Welfare.ab,ti.

115. "work first strateg*".ab,ti.

116. "Work for your dole".ab,ti.

117. work*.mp.

118. "Working For Families".ab,ti.

119. "tax credit*".ab,ti.

120. exp "lowest income group"/

121. exp "social care"/

122. "Public assistance".ab,ti.

123. or/23‐122

124. Random*.ab,ti.

125. Factorial*.ab,ti.

126. Crossover*.ab,ti.

127. cross over*.ab,ti.

128. cross‐over*.ab,ti.

129 .placebo*.ab,ti.

130. (doubl* adj blind*).ab,ti.

131. (singl* adj blind*).ab,ti.

132. assign*.ab,ti.

133. allocate*.ab,ti.

134. volunteer*.ab,ti.

135 .exp crossover‐procedure/

136. exp double‐blind procedure/

137. exp randomized controlled trial/

138. exp single‐blind procedure/

139. or/124‐138

140. 22 and 123 and 139

3. Psycinfo (EBSCOhost) 15.4.16

S1. ( DE "Single Parents" OR DE "Single Fathers" OR DE "Single Mothers" ) or TX (never married n2 mother*) or TX (never married n2 father*) or TX (never married n2 parent*) or TX (separated n2 mother*) or TX (separated n2 father*) or TX (separated n2 parent*) or TI fatherless famil* or AB fatherless famil* or TI fragile famil* or AB fragile famil* or TI lone father* or AB lone father* or TI Lone mother* or AB Lone mother* or TI Lone parent* or AB Lone parent* or TI never married parent* or AB never married parent* or TI "motherless famil*" OR AB "motherless famil*" OR TI "One parent*" OR AB "One parent*" OR TI "single father*" OR AB "single father*" OR TI "Single mother*" OR AB "Single mother*" OR TI "Single‐parent*" OR AB "Single‐parent*" OR TI "sole father*" OR AB "sole father*" OR TI "sole mother*" OR AB "sole mother*" OR TI "Sole parent*" OR AB "Sole parent*" OR TI "sole registrant*" OR AB "sole registrant*" OR TI "unmarried father*" OR AB "unmarried father*" OR TI "unmarried mother*" OR AB "unmarried mother*" OR TI "unwed father*" OR AB "unwed father*" OR TI "Unwed Mother*" OR AB "Unwed Mother*")

S2. DE "Income Level" OR DE "Lower Income Level" OR DE "Middle Income Level" OR DE "Upper Income Level" OR DE "Social Security" or TI "Social security" or AB "Social security" or TI ( "Canada Health and Social Transfer" ) or AB ( "Canada Health and Social Transfer" ) or TI ( "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" ) or AB ( "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" ) or TI "Active labo?r market polic*" or AB "Active labo?r market polic*" or TI ADFC or AB ADFC or TI "Agenda 2010" or AB "Agenda 2010" or TI "cash benefit*" or AB "cash benefit*" or TI "cash incentive*" or AB "cash incentive*" or TI "child care assistance" or AB "child care assistance" or TI "child care provision*" or AB "child care provision*" or TI "child care subsid*" or AB "child care subsid*" or TI "child care support" or AB "child care support" or TI "child care support" or AB "child care support" or TI CHST or AB CHST or TI "Community Wage" or AB "Community Wage" or TI "Domestic Purposes Benefit" or AB "Domestic Purposes Benefit" or TI "Employment Tax Deduction" or AB "Employment Tax Deduction" or TI "earning disregard*" or AB "earning disregard*" or TI employability or AB employability or TI Employment or AB Employment or TI "Employment Program*" or AB "Employment Program*" or TI ETD or AB ETD or TI "Family Program*" or AB "Family Program*" or TI "Family Transition Program*" or AB "Family Transition Program*" or TI "financial benefit*" or AB "financial benefit*" or TI "financial incentive*" or AB "financial incentive*" or TI "financial sanction*" or AB "financial sanction*" or TI "Financial support" or AB "Financial support" or TI Financing, Government or AB Financing, Government or TI FTP or AB FTP or TI "government intervention*" or AB "government intervention*" or TI "Government program*" or AB "Government program*" or "Government Programs*" or "Government Programs*" or TI "health care provision*" or AB "health care provision*" or TI "health insurance subsid*" or AB "health insurance subsid*" or TI "Hilfe zum Arbeit" or AB "Hilfe zum Arbeit" or TI "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or AB "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or TI "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or AB "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or TI "income benefit*" or AB "income benefit*" or TI "income incentive*" or AB "income incentive*" or TI "income supplement*" or AB "income supplement*" or TI "Income support" or AB "Income support" or TI "Individual Re‐integration Agreement" or AB "Individual Re‐integration Agreement" or TI IRO or AB IRO or TI Job or AB Job or TI Jobbskatteavdraget or AB Jobbskatteavdraget or TI Jobless* or AB Jobless* or TI "labo?r force attachment*" or AB "labo?r force attachment*" or TI "labo?r force participation" or AB "labo?r force participation" or TI "Labo?r market activation" or AB "Labo?r market activation" or TI "mandatory employment" or AB "mandatory employment" or TI MFIP or AB MFIP or TI "Minnesota Family Investment Program" or AB "Minnesota Family Investment Program" or TI "monetary benefit*" or AB "monetary benefit*" or TI "monetary incentive*" or AB "monetary incentive*" or TI "monetary support" or AB "monetary support" or TI "childcare allowance*" or AB "childcare allowance*" or TI "child care allowance*" or AB "child care allowance*" or TI "National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies" or AB "National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies" or TI NDLP or AB NDLP or TI "New Deal for Lone Parents" or AB "New Deal for Lone Parents" or TI "New Hope Project" or AB "New Hope Project" or TI "Newstart allowance" or AB "Newstart allowance" or TI NEWWS or AB NEWWS or TI "Ontario Works" or AB "Ontario Works" or TI Poverty or AB Poverty or TI PRWORA or AB PRWORA or TI "public welfare reform*" or AB "public welfare reform*" or TI Retrain* or AB Retrain* or TI Re‐train* or AB Re‐train* or TI RMI or AB RMI or TI sanctions or AB sanctions or TI "Self‐Sufficiency Project" or AB "Self‐Sufficiency Project" or TI "Revenu Minimum d'Insertion" or AB "Revenu Minimum d'Insertion" or TI "Social assistance" or AB "Social assistance" or TI SSP or AB SSP or TI TANF or AB TANF or TI "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families" or AB "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families" or TI "time limit*" or AB "time limit*" or TI Training or AB Training or TI Unemployment or AB Unemployment or TI Vocation* or AB Vocation* or TI Welfare or AB Welfare or TI "work first strateg*" or AB "work first strateg*" or TI work* or AB work* or TI "Working For Families" or AB "Working For Families" or TI "tax credit*" or AB "tax credit*" Or TI "Public assistance" or TI "Social welfare" Or AB "Public assistance" or AB "Social welfare"

S3. quasi‐random* or randomi?ed controlled trial or controlled clinical trial or clinical trial or trial or random*

S4. S1 AND S2 AND S3

4. ERIC (EBSCOhost) 15.4.16

S1. SU("one parent family") OR ("fatherless family") OR TI("single parent*") OR AB("single parent*") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("never married father*") OR AB("never married father*") OR TI("never married mother*") OR AB("never married mother*") OR TI("never married parent*") OR AB("never married parent*") OR TI("separated mother*") OR AB("separated mother*") OR TI("separated father*") OR AB("separated father*") OR TI("Single‐parent‐family") OR AB("Single‐parent‐family") OR TI("fatherless famil*") OR AB("fatherless famil*") OR TI("fragile famil*") OR AB("fragile famil*") OR TI("lone father*") OR AB("lone father*") OR TI("Lone mother*") OR AB("Lone mother*") OR TI("motherless famil*") OR AB("motherless famil*") OR TI("One parent*") OR AB("One parent*") OR TI("single father*") OR AB("single father*") OR TI("Single mother*") OR AB("Single mother*") OR TI("Single‐parent*") OR AB("Single‐parent*") OR TI("sole father*") OR AB("sole father*") OR TI("sole mother*") OR AB("sole mother*") OR TI("Sole parent*") OR AB("Sole parent*") OR TI("sole registrant*") OR AB("sole registrant*") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("unmarried mother*") OR AB("unmarried mother*") OR TI("unwed father*") OR AB("unwed father*") OR TI("Unwed Mother*") OR AB("Unwed Mother*")

S2. SU("welfare services") OR SU(income) OR SU(" family income ") OR SU(" guaranteed income ") OR SU(salaries) OR SU(" teacher salaries ") OR SU(" merit pay ") OR SU(wages) OR SU(" minimum wage ") OR SU(" low income") OR TI("Canada Health and Social Transfer") OR AB("Canada Health and Social Transfer") OR TI("Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act") OR AB("Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act") OR TI("Active labo?r market polic*") OR AB("Active labo?r market polic*") OR TI("Active labo?r market program*") OR AB("Active labo?r market program* ") OR TI(ADFC) OR AB(ADFC) OR TI(" Agenda 2010") OR AB("Agenda 2010") OR TI("Aid to Families with Dependent Children") OR AB("Aid to Families with Dependent Children") OR TI("Allocation Parent Isole") OR AB("Allocation Parent Isole") OR TI(ALMP) OR AB(ALMP) OR TI("America Works") OR AB("America Works ") OR TI(API) OR AB(API) OR TI(" Back‐to‐work") OR AB("Back‐to‐work") OR TI("cash benefit*") OR AB("cash benefit*") OR TI("cash incentive*") OR AB("cash incentive*") OR TI("child care assistance") OR AB("child care assistance") OR TI("child care provision*") OR AB("child care provision*") OR TI("child care subsid*") OR AB("child care subsid*") OR TI("child care support") OR AB("child care support ") OR TI(CHST) OR AB(CHST) OR TI(Community Wage) OR AB("Community Wage") OR TI(" Domestic Purposes Benefit") OR AB("Domestic Purposes Benefit") OR TI("Employment Tax Deduction") OR AB("Employment Tax Deduction") OR TI("earning disregard*") OR AB("earning disregard* ") OR TI(employability) OR AB(employability) OR TI(Employment) OR AB(Employment) OR TI(" Employment Program*") OR AB("Employment Program* ") OR TI(ETD) OR AB(ETD) OR TI(income) OR AB(income) OR TI(Public assistance) OR AB(Public assistance) OR TI(Social security) OR AB(Social security) OR TI(Social welfare) OR AB(Social welfare) OR TI(" Family Program*") OR AB("Family Program*") OR TI("Family Transition Program*") OR AB("Family Transition Program*") OR TI("financial benefit*") OR AB("financial benefit*") OR TI("financial incentive*") OR AB("financial incentive*") OR TI("financial sanction*") OR AB("financial sanction*") OR TI("Financial support") OR AB("Financial support ") OR TI(Financial support) OR AB(Financial support) OR TI(Financing, Government) OR AB(Financing, Government) OR TI(FTP) OR AB(FTP) OR TI(" government intervention*") OR AB("government intervention*") OR TI("Government program*") OR AB("Government program* ") OR TI(Government Programs) OR AB(Government Programs) OR TI(" health care provision*") OR AB("health care provision*") OR TI("health care subsid*") OR AB("health care subsid*") OR TI("health insurance provision*") OR AB("health insurance provision*") OR TI("health insurance subsid*") OR AB("health insurance subsid*") OR TI("Hilfe zum Arbeit") OR AB("Hilfe zum Arbeit") OR TI("Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt") OR AB("Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt") OR TI("human capital development") OR AB("human capital development") OR TI("income benefit*") OR AB("income benefit*") OR TI("income incentive*") OR AB("income incentive*") OR TI("income supplement*") OR AB("income supplement*") OR TI("Income support") OR AB("Income support") OR TI("Individual Re‐integration Agreement") OR AB("Individual Re‐integration Agreement ") OR TI(IRO) OR AB(IRO) OR TI(Job) OR AB(Job) OR TI(Jobbskatteavdraget) OR AB(Jobbskatteavdraget) OR TI(Jobless*) OR AB(Jobless*) OR TI(" labo?r force attachment*") OR AB("labo?r force attachment*") OR TI("labo?r force participation") OR AB("labo?r force participation") OR TI("Labo?r market activation") OR AB("Labo?r market activation") OR TI("mandatory employment") OR AB("mandatory employment ") OR TI(MFIP) OR AB(MFIP) OR TI(" Minnesota Family Investment Program") OR AB("Minnesota Family Investment Program") OR TI("monetary benefit*") OR AB("monetary benefit*") OR TI("monetary incentive*") OR AB("monetary incentive*") OR TI("monetary support") OR AB("monetary support") OR TI("childcare allowance*") OR AB("childcare allowance*") OR TI("child care allowance*") OR AB("child care allowance*") OR AB("National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies") OR AB("National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies") OR TI(NDLP) OR AB(NDLP) OR TI("New Deal for Lone Parents") OR AB("New Deal for Lone Parents") OR TI("New Hope Project") OR AB("New Hope Project") OR TI("Newstart allowance") OR AB("Newstart allowance") OR TI(NEWWS) OR AB(NEWWS) OR TI("Ontario Works") OR AB("Ontario Works") OR TI(Poverty) OR AB(Poverty) OR TI(PRWORA) OR AB(PRWORA) OR TI("public welfare reform*") OR AB("public welfare reform*") OR TI(Retrain*) OR TI(Re‐train*) OR AB(Retrain*) OR AB(Re‐train*) OR TI(RMI) OR AB(RMI) OR TI(sanctions) OR AB(sanctions) OR TI("Self‐Sufficiency Project") OR AB("Self‐Sufficiency Project") OR TI("Revenu Minimum d'Insertion") OR AB("Revenu Minimum d'Insertion") OR TI("Social assistance") OR AB("Social assistance") OR TI(SSP) OR AB(SSP) OR TI(TANF) OR AB(TANF) OR TI("Temporary Assistance for Needy Families") OR AB("Temporary Assistance for Needy Families") OR TI("time limit*") OR AB("time limit*") OR TI(Training) OR AB(Training) OR TI(Unemployment) OR AB(Unemployment) OR TI(Vocation*) OR AB(Vocation*) OR TI(Welfare) OR AB(Welfare) OR TI("work first strateg*") OR AB("work first strateg*") OR TI("Work for your dole") OR AB("Work for your dole") OR TI(work*) OR AB(work*) OR TI("Working For Families") OR AB("Working For Families") OR TI("tax credit*") OR AB("tax credit*")

S3. TI("quasi‐random*") OR TI("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR TI("controlled clinical trial") OR AB("quasi‐random*") OR AB("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR AB("controlled clinical trial") OR TI("clinical trial") OR TI(trial) OR TI(random*) OR AB("clinical trial") OR AB(trial) OR AB(random*)

S4. S1 AND S2 AND S3

5. Socindex (EBSCOhost) 15.4.16

S1. ((DE "PUBLIC welfare" OR DE "ALMSHOUSES" OR DE "ASYLUMS" OR DE "CHILD welfare" OR DE "COMMUNITY organization" OR DE "FAITH‐based initiative (Government program)" OR DE "FOOD stamps" OR DE "FRESH‐air charity" OR DE "INCOME maintenance programs" OR DE "INSTITUTIONAL care" OR DE "LEGAL assistance to the poor" OR DE "MATERNALISM (Public welfare)" OR DE "MILITARY social work" OR DE "NATIONAL service" OR DE "SOCIAL medicine" OR DE "SOCIAL service, Rural" OR DE "TRANSIENTS, Relief of" OR DE "WELFARE fraud" OR DE "WELFARE state") OR (DE "SOCIAL security" OR DE "WORKERS' compensation")) OR (DE "FAMILY policy" OR DE "CHILD welfare") or TI "Social security" or AB "Social security" or TI ( "Canada Health and Social Transfer" ) or AB ( "Canada Health and Social Transfer" ) or TI ( "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" ) or AB ( "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" ) or TI "Active labo?r market polic*" or AB "Active labo?r market polic*" or TI ADFC or AB ADFC or TI "Agenda 2010" or AB "Agenda 2010" or TI "cash benefit*" or AB "cash benefit*" or TI "cash incentive*" or AB "cash incentive*" or TI "child care assistance" or AB "child care assistance" or TI "child care provision*" or AB "child care provision*" or TI "child care subsid*" or AB "child care subsid*" or TI "child care support" or AB "child care support" or TI "child care support" or AB "child care support" or TI CHST or AB CHST or TI "Community Wage" or AB "Community Wage" or TI "Domestic Purposes Benefit" or AB "Domestic Purposes Benefit" or TI "Employment Tax Deduction" or AB "Employment Tax Deduction" or TI "earning disregard*" or AB "earning disregard*" or TI employability or AB employability or TI Employment or AB Employment or TI "Employment Program*" or AB "Employment Program*" or TI ETD or AB ETD or TI "Family Program*" or AB "Family Program*" or TI "Family Transition Program*" or AB "Family Transition Program*" or TI "financial benefit*" or AB "financial benefit*" or TI "financial incentive*" or AB "financial incentive*" or TI "financial sanction*" or AB "financial sanction*" or TI "Financial support" or AB "Financial support" or TI Financing, Government or AB Financing, Government or TI FTP or AB FTP or TI "government intervention*" or AB "government intervention*" or TI "Government program*" or AB "Government program*" or "Government Programs*" or "Government Programs*" or TI "health care provision*" or AB "health care provision*" or TI "health insurance subsid*" or AB "health insurance subsid*" or TI "Hilfe zum Arbeit" or AB "Hilfe zum Arbeit" or TI "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or AB "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or TI "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or AB "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or TI "income benefit*" or AB "income benefit*" or TI "income incentive*" or AB "income incentive*" or TI "income supplement*" or AB "income supplement*" or TI "Income support" or AB "Income support" or TI "Individual Re‐integration Agreement" or AB "Individual Re‐integration Agreement" or TI IRO or AB IRO or TI Job or AB Job or TI Jobbskatteavdraget or AB Jobbskatteavdraget or TI Jobless* or AB Jobless* or TI "labo?r force attachment*" or AB "labo?r force attachment*" or TI "labo?r force participation" or AB "labo?r force participation" or TI "Labo?r market activation" or AB "Labo?r market activation" or TI "mandatory employment" or AB "mandatory employment" or TI MFIP or AB MFIP or TI "Minnesota Family Investment Program" or AB "Minnesota Family Investment Program" or TI "monetary benefit*" or AB "monetary benefit*" or TI "monetary incentive*" or AB "monetary incentive*" or TI "monetary support" or AB "monetary support" or TI "childcare allowance*" or AB "childcare allowance*" or TI "child care allowance*" or AB "child care allowance*" or TI "National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies" or AB "National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies" or TI NDLP or AB NDLP or TI "New Deal for Lone Parents" or AB "New Deal for Lone Parents" or TI "New Hope Project" or AB "New Hope Project" or TI "Newstart allowance" or AB "Newstart allowance" or TI NEWWS or AB NEWWS or TI "Ontario Works" or AB "Ontario Works" or TI Poverty or AB Poverty or TI PRWORA or AB PRWORA or TI "public welfare reform*" or AB "public welfare reform*" or TI Retrain* or AB Retrain* or TI Re‐train* or AB Re‐train* or TI RMI or AB RMI or TI sanctions or AB sanctions or TI "Self‐Sufficiency Project" or AB "Self‐Sufficiency Project" or TI "Revenu Minimum d'Insertion" or AB "Revenu Minimum d'Insertion" or TI "Social assistance" or AB "Social assistance" or TI SSP or AB SSP or TI TANF or AB TANF or TI "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families" or AB "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families" or TI "time limit*" or AB "time limit*" or TI Training or AB Training or TI Unemployment or AB Unemployment or TI Vocation* or AB Vocation* or TI Welfare or AB Welfare or TI "work first strateg*" or AB "work first strateg*" or TI work* or AB work* or TI "Working For Families" or AB "Working For Families" or TI "tax credit*" or AB "tax credit*" Or TI "Public assistance" or TI "Social welfare" Or AB "Public assistance" or AB "Social welfare"

S2. TX (never married n2 mother*) or TX (never married n2 father*) or TX (never married n2 parent*) or TX (separated n2 mother*) or TX (separated n2 father*) or TX (separated n2 parent*) or TI fatherless famil* or AB fatherless famil* or TI fragile famil* or AB fragile famil* or TI lone father* or AB lone father* or TI Lone mother* or AB Lone mother* or TI Lone parent* or AB Lone parent* or TI never married parent* or AB never married parent* or TI "motherless famil*" OR AB "motherless famil*" OR TI "One parent*" OR AB "One parent*" OR TI "single father*" OR AB "single father*" OR TI "Single mother*" OR AB "Single mother*" OR TI "Single‐parent*" OR AB "Single‐parent*" OR TI "sole father*" OR AB "sole father*" OR TI "sole mother*" OR AB "sole mother*" OR TI "Sole parent*" OR AB "Sole parent*" OR TI "sole registrant*" OR AB "sole registrant*" OR TI "unmarried father*" OR AB "unmarried father*" OR TI "unmarried mother*" OR AB "unmarried mother*" OR TI "unwed father*" OR AB "unwed father*" OR TI "Unwed Mother*" OR AB "Unwed Mother*"

S3. quasi‐random* or randomi?ed controlled trial or controlled clinical trial or clinical trial or trial or random*

S4. S1 AND S2 AND S3

6. CINAHL (EBSCOhost) 15.4.16

S1. (MH "Income") or (MH "Public Assistance+") or (MH "Social Welfare+") or TI "Social security" or AB "Social security" or TI ( "Canada Health and Social Transfer" ) or AB ( "Canada Health and Social Transfer" ) or TI ( "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" ) or AB ( "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" ) or TI "Active labo?r market polic*" or AB "Active labo?r market polic*" or TI ADFC or AB ADFC or TI "Agenda 2010" or AB "Agenda 2010" or TI "Social security" or AB "Social security" or TI ( "Canada Health and Social Transfer" ) or AB ( "Canada Health and Social Transfer" ) or TI ( "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" ) or AB ( "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" ) or TI "Active labo?r market polic*" or AB "Active labo?r market polic*" or TI ADFC or AB ADFC or TI "Agenda 2010" or AB "Agenda 2010" or TI "cash benefit*" or AB "cash benefit*" or TI "cash incentive*" or AB "cash incentive*" or TI "child care assistance" or AB "child care assistance" or TI "child care provision*" or AB "child care provision*" or TI "child care subsid*" or AB "child care subsid*" or TI "child care support" or AB "child care support" or TI "child care support" or AB "child care support" or TI CHST or AB CHST or TI "Community Wage" or AB "Community Wage" or TI "Domestic Purposes Benefit" or AB "Domestic Purposes Benefit" or TI "Employment Tax Deduction" or AB "Employment Tax Deduction" or TI "earning disregard*" or AB "earning disregard*" or TI employability or AB employability or TI Employment or AB Employment or TI "Employment Program*" or AB "Employment Program*" or TI ETD or AB ETD or TI "Family Program*" or AB "Family Program*" or TI "Family Transition Program*" or AB "Family Transition Program*" or TI "financial benefit*" or AB "financial benefit*" or TI "financial incentive*" or AB "financial incentive*" or TI "financial sanction*" or AB "financial sanction*" or TI "Financial support" or AB "Financial support" or TI Financing, Government or AB Financing, Government or TI FTP or AB FTP or TI "government intervention*" or AB "government intervention*" or TI "Government program*" or AB "Government program*" or "Government Programs*" or "Government Programs*" or TI "health care provision*" or AB "health care provision*" or TI "health insurance subsid*" or AB "health insurance subsid*" or TI "Hilfe zum Arbeit" or AB "Hilfe zum Arbeit" or TI "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or AB "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or TI "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or AB "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or TI "income benefit*" or AB "income benefit*" or TI "income incentive*" or AB "income incentive*" or TI "income supplement*" or AB "income supplement*" or TI "Income support" or AB "Income support" or TI "Individual Re‐integration Agreement" or AB "Individual Re‐integration Agreement" or TI IRO or AB IRO or TI Job or AB Job or TI Jobbskatteavdraget or AB Jobbskatteavdraget or TI Jobless* or AB Jobless* or TI "labo?r force attachment*" or AB "labo?r force attachment*" or TI "labo?r force participation" or AB "labo?r force participation" or TI "Labo?r market activation" or AB "Labo?r market activation" or TI "mandatory employment" or AB "mandatory employment" or TI MFIP or AB MFIP or TI "Minnesota Family Investment Program" or AB "Minnesota Family Investment Program" or TI "monetary benefit*" or AB "monetary benefit*" or TI "monetary incentive*" or AB "monetary incentive*" or TI "monetary support" or AB "monetary support" or TI "childcare allowance*" or AB "childcare allowance*" or TI "child care allowance*" or AB "child care allowance*" or TI "National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies" or AB "National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies" or TI NDLP or AB NDLP or TI "New Deal for Lone Parents" or AB "New Deal for Lone Parents" or TI "New Hope Project" or AB "New Hope Project" or TI "Newstart allowance" or AB "Newstart allowance" or TI NEWWS or AB NEWWS or TI "Ontario Works" or AB "Ontario Works" or TI Poverty or AB Poverty or TI PRWORA or AB PRWORA or TI "public welfare reform*" or AB "public welfare reform*" or TI Retrain* or AB Retrain* or TI Re‐train* or AB Re‐train* or TI RMI or AB RMI or TI sanctions or AB sanctions or TI "Self‐Sufficiency Project" or AB "Self‐Sufficiency Project" or TI "Revenu Minimum d'Insertion" or AB "Revenu Minimum d'Insertion" or TI "Social assistance" or AB "Social assistance" or TI SSP or AB SSP or TI TANF or AB TANF or TI "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families" or AB "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families" or TI "time limit*" or AB "time limit*" or TI Training or AB Training or TI Unemployment or AB Unemployment or TI Vocation* or AB Vocation* or TI Welfare or AB Welfare or TI "work first strateg*" or AB "work first strateg*" or TI work* or AB work* or TI "Working For Families" or AB "Working For Families" or TI "tax credit*" or AB "tax credit*"

S2. TX (never married n2 mother*) or TX (never married n2 father*) or TX (never married n2 parent*) or TX (separated n2 mother*) or TX (separated n2 father*) or TX (separated n2 parent*) or TI fatherless famil* or AB fatherless famil* or TI fragile famil* or AB fragile famil* or TI lone father* or AB lone father* or TI Lone mother* or AB Lone mother* or TI Lone parent* or AB Lone parent* or TI never married parent* or AB never married parent* or TI "motherless famil*" OR AB "motherless famil*" OR TI "One parent*" OR AB "One parent*" OR TI "single father*" OR AB "single father*" OR TI "Single mother*" OR AB "Single mother*" OR TI "Single‐parent*" OR AB "Single‐parent*" OR TI "sole father*" OR AB "sole father*" OR TI "sole mother*" OR AB "sole mother*" OR TI "Sole parent*" OR AB "Sole parent*" OR TI "sole registrant*" OR AB "sole registrant*" OR TI "unmarried father*" OR AB "unmarried father*" OR TI "unmarried mother*" OR AB "unmarried mother*" OR TI "unwed father*" OR AB "unwed father*" OR TI "Unwed Mother*" OR AB "Unwed Mother*"

S3. MH "Quantitative Studies" or MH "Clinical Trials+" or MH "Placebos" or MH "randomisation" or TX allocat* random* or TX placebo* or TX random* allocat* or TX randomi* control* trial* or TX (singl* n1 blind*) or TX (singl* n1 mask*) or TX (doubl* n1 blind*) or TX (doubl* n1 mask*) or TX (tripl* n1 blind*) or TX (tripl* n1 mask*) or TX (trebl* n1 blind*) or TX (trebl* n1 mask*)

S4. S1 AND S2 AND S3

7. Econlit (EBSCOhost) 15.4.16

S1. (ZU "social security") or (ZU "social security and public pensions") or (ZU "welfare and poverty: general") or (ZU "welfare and poverty: government programs; provision and effects of welfare programs") or (ZU "welfare and poverty: other") or (ZU "welfare economics: general") or TI "Social security" or AB "Social security" or TI ( "Canada Health and Social Transfer" ) or AB ( "Canada Health and Social Transfer" ) or TI ( "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" ) or AB ( "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" ) or TI "Active labo?r market polic*" or AB "Active labo?r market polic*" or TI ADFC or AB ADFC or TI "Agenda 2010" or AB "Agenda 2010" or TI "cash benefit*" or AB "cash benefit*" or TI "cash incentive*" or AB "cash incentive*" or TI "child care assistance" or AB "child care assistance" or TI "child care provision*" or AB "child care provision*" or TI "child care subsid*" or AB "child care subsid*" or TI "child care support" or AB "child care support" or TI "child care support" or AB "child care support" or TI CHST or AB CHST or TI "Community Wage" or AB "Community Wage" or TI "Domestic Purposes Benefit" or AB "Domestic Purposes Benefit" or TI "Employment Tax Deduction" or AB "Employment Tax Deduction" or TI "earning disregard*" or AB "earning disregard*" or TI employability or AB employability or TI Employment or AB Employment or TI "Employment Program*" or AB "Employment Program*" or TI ETD or AB ETD or TI "Family Program*" or AB "Family Program*" or TI "Family Transition Program*" or AB "Family Transition Program*" or TI "financial benefit*" or AB "financial benefit*" or TI "financial incentive*" or AB "financial incentive*" or TI "financial sanction*" or AB "financial sanction*" or TI "Financial support" or AB "Financial support" or TI Financing, Government or AB Financing, Government or TI FTP or AB FTP or TI "government intervention*" or AB "government intervention*" or TI "Government program*" or AB "Government program*" or "Government Programs*" or "Government Programs*" or TI "health care provision*" or AB "health care provision*" or TI "health insurance subsid*" or AB "health insurance subsid*" or TI "Hilfe zum Arbeit" or AB "Hilfe zum Arbeit" or TI "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or AB "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or TI "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or AB "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or TI "income benefit*" or AB "income benefit*" or TI "income incentive*" or AB "income incentive*" or TI "income supplement*" or AB "income supplement*" or TI "Income support" or AB "Income support" or TI "Individual Re‐integration Agreement" or AB "Individual Re‐integration Agreement" or TI IRO or AB IRO or TI Job or AB Job or TI Jobbskatteavdraget or AB Jobbskatteavdraget or TI Jobless* or AB Jobless* or TI "labo?r force attachment*" or AB "labo?r force attachment*" or TI "labo?r force participation" or AB "labo?r force participation" or TI "Labo?r market activation" or AB "Labo?r market activation" or TI "mandatory employment" or AB "mandatory employment" or TI MFIP or AB MFIP or TI "Minnesota Family Investment Program" or AB "Minnesota Family Investment Program" or TI "monetary benefit*" or AB "monetary benefit*" or TI "monetary incentive*" or AB "monetary incentive*" or TI "monetary support" or AB "monetary support" or TI "childcare allowance*" or AB "childcare allowance*" or TI "child care allowance*" or AB "child care allowance*" or TI "National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies" or AB "National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work Strategies" or TI NDLP or AB NDLP or TI "New Deal for Lone Parents" or AB "New Deal for Lone Parents" or TI "New Hope Project" or AB "New Hope Project" or TI "Newstart allowance" or AB "Newstart allowance" or TI NEWWS or AB NEWWS or TI "Ontario Works" or AB "Ontario Works" or TI Poverty or AB Poverty or TI PRWORA or AB PRWORA or TI "public welfare reform*" or AB "public welfare reform*" or TI Retrain* or AB Retrain* or TI Re‐train* or AB Re‐train* or TI RMI or AB RMI or TI sanctions or AB sanctions or TI "Self‐Sufficiency Project" or AB "Self‐Sufficiency Project" or TI "Revenu Minimum d'Insertion" or AB "Revenu Minimum d'Insertion" or TI "Social assistance" or AB "Social assistance" or TI SSP or AB SSP or TI TANF or AB TANF or TI "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families" or AB "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families" or TI "time limit*" or AB "time limit*" or TI Training or AB Training or TI Unemployment or AB Unemployment or TI Vocation* or AB Vocation* or TI Welfare or AB Welfare or TI "work first strateg*" or AB "work first strateg*" or TI work* or AB work* or TI "Working For Families" or AB "Working For Families" or TI "tax credit*" or AB "tax credit*" Or TI "Public assistance" or TI "Social welfare" Or AB "Public assistance" or AB "Social welfare" or TI income or AB income

S2. TX (never married n2 mother*) or TX (never married n2 father*) or TX (never married n2 parent*) or TX (separated n2 mother*) or TX (separated n2 father*) or TX (separated n2 parent*) or TI fatherless famil* or AB fatherless famil* or TI fragile famil* or AB fragile famil* or TI lone father* or AB lone father* or TI Lone mother* or AB Lone mother* or TI Lone parent* or AB Lone parent* or TI never married parent* or AB never married parent* or TI "motherless famil*" OR AB "motherless famil*" OR TI "One parent*" OR AB "One parent*" OR TI "single father*" OR AB "single father*" OR TI "Single mother*" OR AB "Single mother*" OR TI "Single‐parent*" OR AB "Single‐parent*" OR TI "sole father*" OR AB "sole father*" OR TI "sole mother*" OR AB "sole mother*" OR TI "Sole parent*" OR AB "Sole parent*" OR TI "sole registrant*" OR AB "sole registrant*" OR TI "unmarried father*" OR AB "unmarried father*" OR TI "unmarried mother*" OR AB "unmarried mother*" OR TI "unwed father*" OR AB "unwed father*" OR TI "Unwed Mother*" OR AB "Unwed Mother*"

S3. quasi‐random* or randomi?ed controlled trial or controlled clinical trial or clinical trial or trial or random*

S4. S1 AND S2 AND S3

8. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) 15.4.16

#1. ("single parent*" or "unmarried father*" or "never married father*" or "never married mother*" or "never married parent*" or "separated mother*" or "separated father*" or "Single‐parent‐family" or "fatherless famil*" or "fragile famil*" or "lone father*" or "Lone mother*" or "lone parent" or "motherless famil*" or "One parent*"or "single father*" or "Single mother*"or "Single‐parent*" or "sole father*" or "sole mother*" or "Sole parent*" or "sole registrant*" or "unmarried father*" or "unmarried mother*" or "unwed father*" or "Unwed Mother*"):ti,ab,kw

#2. (income or "Public assistance" or "Social security" or "Social welfare" or "Canada Health Social Transfer" or "Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act" or "Active labo?r market polic*" or "Active labo?r market program*" or ADFC or "Agenda 2010" or "Aid to Families with Dependent Children" or "Allocation Parent Isole" or ALMP or "America Works" or API or "Back‐to‐work" or "cash benefit*" or "cash incentive*" or "child care assistance" or "child care provision*" or "child care subsid*" or "child care support" or CHST or "Community Wage" or "Domestic Purposes Benefit" or "Employment Tax Deduction" or "earning disregard*" or employability or Employment or "Employment Program*" or ETD or "Family Program*" or "Family Transition Program*" or "financial benefit*" or "financial incentive*" or "financial sanction*" or "Financial support" or "Government Financing" or FTP or "government intervention*" or "Government program*" or "Government Programs" or "health care provision*" or "health care subsid*" or "health insurance provision*" or "health insurance subsid*" or "Hilfe zum Arbeit" or "Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt" or "human capital development" or "income benefit*" or "income incentive*" or "income supplement*" or "Income support" or "Individual Re‐integration Agreement" or IRO or Job or Jobbskatteavdraget or Jobless* or "labo?r force attachment*" or "labo?r force participation" or "Labo?r market activation" or "mandatory employment" or MFIP or "Minnesota Family Investment Program" or "monetary benefit*" or "monetary incentive*" or "monetary support" or "childcare allowance*" or "child care allowance*" or "National Evaluation of Welfare to work Strategies" or NDLP or "New Deal for Lone Parents" or "New Hope Project" or "Newstart allowance" or NEWWS or "Ontario Works" or Poverty or PRWORA or "public welfare reform*" or Retrain* or Re‐train* or RMI or sanctions or "Self‐Sufficiency Project" or "Revenu Minimum d'Insertion" or "Social assistance" or SSP or TANF or "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families" or "time limit*" or Training or Unemployment or Vocation* or Welfare or "work first strateg*"or "Work for your dole" or work*or "Working For Families" or "tax credit*") :ti,ab,kw

#3. #1 and #2

9. Web of Science (all databases) 15.4.16

TOPIC: (income or welfare or work* or train* or Social security or Public assistance or financ* or allowance or polic* or Retrain* or Back‐to‐work or employability or Employment or job or poverty or sanctions) AND TOPIC: (single parent* or unmarried father* or never married father* or never married mother* or never married parent* or separated mother* or separated father* or Single‐parent‐family or fatherless famil* or fragile famil* or lone father* or Lone mother* or motherless famil* or One parent* or single father* or Single mother* or Single‐parent* or sole father* or sole mother* or Sole parent* or sole registrant* or unmarried father* or unmarried mother* or unwed father* or Unwed Mother*) AND TOPIC: (quasi‐random* or randomi?ed controlled trial or controlled clinical trial or quasi‐random* or randomi?ed controlled trial or controlled clinical trial or clinical trial or trial or random*)

10. Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) (Proquest) 16.4.16

((SU(income) OR SU("social welfare") OR SU("economic welfare") OR SU("red cross") OR SU("social security") OR SU("attendance allowances") OR SU("child benefit") OR SU("disability allowances") OR SU("disability living allowance") OR SU("domestic assistance allowances") OR SU("energy allowances") OR SU("familyy allowances") OR SU("familyy credit") OR SU("furniture allowances") OR SU("housing benefits") OR SU("housing grants") OR SU("incapacity benefit") OR SU("independent living fund") OR SU("industrial injury benefits") OR SU("invalidity benefit") OR SU("maternity benefits") OR SU(medicaid) OR SU(medicare) OR SU("mobility allowances") OR SU("national provident funds") OR SU("severe weather payments") OR SU("sickness benefits") OR SU("social fund") OR SU("emergency social funds") OR TI("Canada Health and Social Transfer") OR AB("Canada Health and Social Transfer") OR TI("Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act") OR AB("Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act") OR TI("Active labo?r market polic*") OR AB("Active labo?r market polic*") OR TI("Active labo?r market program*") OR AB("Active labo?r market program*") OR TI(ADFC) OR AB(ADFC) OR TI("Agenda 2010") OR AB("Agenda 2010") OR TI("Aid to Families with Dependent Children") OR AB("Aid to Families with Dependent Children") OR TI("Allocation Parent Isole") OR AB("Allocation Parent Isole") OR TI(ALMP) OR AB(ALMP) OR TI("America Works") OR AB("America Works") OR TI(API) OR AB(API) OR TI("Back‐to‐work") OR AB("Back‐to‐work") OR TI("cash benefit*") OR AB("cash benefit*") OR TI("cash incentive*") OR AB("cash incentive*") OR TI("child care assistance") OR AB("child care assistance") OR TI("child care provision*") OR AB("child care provision*") OR TI("child care subsidy*") OR AB("child care subsidy*") OR TI("child care support") OR AB("child care support") OR TI(chest) OR AB(chest) OR TI("Community Wage") OR AB("Community Wage") OR TI("Domestic Purposes Benefit") OR AB("Domestic Purposes Benefit") OR TI("Employment Tax Deduction") OR AB("Employment Tax Deduction") OR TI("earning disregard*") OR AB("earning disregard*") OR TI(employability) OR AB(employability) OR TI(Employment) OR AB(Employment) OR TI("Employment Program*") OR AB("Employment Program*") OR TI(ETD) OR AB(ETD) OR TI(income) OR AB(income) OR TI("Public assistance") OR AB("Public assistance") OR TI("Social security") OR AB("Social security") OR TI("Social welfare") OR AB("Social welfare") OR TI("familyy Program*") OR AB("familyy Program*") OR TI("familyy Transition Program*") OR AB("familyy Transition Program*") OR TI("financial benefit*") OR AB("financial benefit*") OR TI("financial incentive*") OR AB("financial incentive*") OR TI("financial sanction*") OR AB("financial sanction*") OR TI("Financial support") OR AB("Financial support") OR TI("Financial support") OR AB("Financial support") OR TI("Financing, Government") OR AB("Financing, Government") OR TI(FTP) OR AB(FTP) OR TI("government intervention*") OR AB("government intervention*") OR TI("Government program*") OR AB("Government program*") OR TI("Government Programs") OR AB("Government Programs") OR TI("health care provision*") OR AB("health care provision*") OR TI("health care subsidy*") OR AB("health care subsidy*") OR TI("health insurance provision*") OR AB("health insurance provision*") OR TI("health insurance subsidy*") OR AB("health insurance subsidy*") OR TI("Hilfe zum Arbeit") OR AB("Hilfe zum Arbeit") OR TI("Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt") OR AB("Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt") OR TI("human capital development") OR AB("human capital development") OR TI("income benefit*") OR AB("income benefit*") OR TI("income incentive*") OR AB("income incentive*") OR TI("income supplement*") OR AB("income supplement*") OR TI("Income support") OR AB("Income support") OR TI("Individual Re‐integration Agreement") OR AB("Individual Re‐integration Agreement") OR TI(IRO) OR AB(IRO) OR TI(Job) OR AB(Job) OR TI(Jobbskatteavdraget) OR AB(Jobbskatteavdraget) OR TI(Jobless*) OR AB(Jobless*) OR TI("labo?r force attachment*") OR AB("labo?r force attachment*") OR TI("labo?r force participation") OR AB("labo?r force participation") OR TI("Labo?r market activation") OR AB("Labo?r market activation") OR TI("mandatory employment") OR AB("mandatory employment") OR TI(MFIP) OR AB(MFIP) OR TI("Minnesota familyy Investment Program") OR AB("Minnesota familyy Investment Program") OR TI("monetary benefit*") OR AB("monetary benefit*") OR TI("monetary incentive*") OR AB("monetary incentive*") OR TI("monetary support") OR AB("monetary support") OR TI("childcare allowance*") OR AB("childcare allowance*") OR TI("child care allowance*") OR AB("child care allowance*") OR AB("National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work strategyies") OR AB("National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work strategyies") OR TI(NDLP) OR AB(NDLP) OR TI("New Deal for Lone Parents") OR AB("New Deal for Lone Parents") OR TI("New Hope Project") OR AB("New Hope Project") OR TI("Newstart allowance") OR AB("Newstart allowance") OR TI(news) OR AB(news) OR TI("Ontario Works") OR AB("Ontario Works") OR TI(Poverty) OR AB(Poverty) OR TI(PRWORA) OR AB(PRWORA) OR TI("public welfare reform*") OR AB("public welfare reform*") OR TI(Retrain*) OR TI(restrain*) OR AB(Retrain*) OR AB(restrain*) OR TI(RMI) OR AB(RMI) OR TI(sanctions) OR AB(sanctions) OR TI("Self‐Sufficiency Project") OR AB("Self‐Sufficiency Project") OR TI("Revenu Minimum d'Insertion") OR AB("Revenu Minimum d'Insertion") OR TI("Social assistance") OR AB("Social assistance") OR TI(SSP) OR AB(SSP) OR TI(TANF) OR AB(TANF) OR TI("Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ") OR AB("Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ") OR TI("time limit*") OR AB("time limit*") OR TI(Training) OR AB(Training) OR TI(Unemployment) OR AB(Unemployment) OR TI(Vocation*) OR AB(Vocation*) OR TI(Welfare) OR AB(Welfare) OR TI("work first strategy*") OR AB("work first strategy*") OR TI("Work for your dole") OR AB("Work for your dole") OR TI(work*) OR AB(work*) OR TI("Working For Families ") OR AB("Working For Families ") OR TI("tax credit*") OR AB("tax credit*")) AND (SU("single parent Families ") OR SU("single mothers") OR SU("low income single mothers") OR SU("single adolescent mothers") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("never married father*") OR AB("never married father*") OR TI("never married mother*") OR AB("never married mother*") OR TI("never married parent*") OR AB("never married parent*") OR TI("separated mother*") OR AB("separated mother*") OR TI("separated father*") OR AB("separated father*") OR TI("Single‐parent‐familyy") OR AB("Single‐parent‐familyy") OR TI("fatherless family*") OR AB("fatherless family*") OR TI("fragile family*") OR AB("fragile family*") OR TI("lone father*") OR AB("lone father*") OR TI("Lone mother*") OR AB("Lone mother*") OR TI("motherless family*") OR AB("motherless family*") OR TI("One parent*") OR AB("One parent*") OR TI("single father*") OR AB("single father*") OR TI("Single mother*") OR AB("Single mother*") OR TI("Single‐parent*") OR AB("Single‐parent*") OR TI("sole father*") OR AB("sole father*") OR TI("sole mother*") OR AB("sole mother*") OR TI("Sole parent*") OR AB("Sole parent*") OR TI("sole registrant*") OR AB("sole registrant*") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("unmarried mother*") OR AB("unmarried mother*") OR TI("unwed father*") OR AB("unwed father*") OR TI("Unwed Mother*") OR AB("Unwed Mother*")) AND (TI("quasi‐random*") OR TI("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR TI("controlled clinical trial") OR AB("quasi‐random*") OR AB("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR AB("controlled clinical trial") OR TI("clinical trial") OR TI(trial) OR TI(random*) OR AB("clinical trial") OR AB(trial) OR AB(random*))) AND (SU("single parent Families ") OR SU("single mothers") OR SU("low income single mothers") OR SU("single adolescent mothers") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("never married father*") OR AB("never married father*") OR TI("never married mother*") OR AB("never married mother*") OR TI("never married parent*") OR AB("never married parent*") OR TI("separated mother*") OR AB("separated mother*") OR TI("separated father*") OR AB("separated father*") OR TI("Single‐parent‐familyy") OR AB("Single‐parent‐familyy") OR TI("fatherless family*") OR AB("fatherless family*") OR TI("fragile family*") OR AB("fragile family*") OR TI("lone father*") OR AB("lone father*") OR TI("Lone mother*") OR AB("Lone mother*") OR TI("motherless family*") OR AB("motherless family*") OR TI("One parent*") OR AB("One parent*") OR TI("single father*") OR AB("single father*") OR TI("Single mother*") OR AB("Single mother*") OR TI("Single‐parent*") OR AB("Single‐parent*") OR TI("sole father*") OR AB("sole father*") OR TI("sole mother*") OR AB("sole mother*") OR TI("Sole parent*") OR AB("Sole parent*") OR TI("sole registrant*") OR AB("sole registrant*") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("unmarried mother*") OR AB("unmarried mother*") OR TI("unwed father*") OR AB("unwed father*") OR TI("Unwed Mother*") OR AB("Unwed Mother*")) AND (TI("quasi‐random*") OR TI("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR TI("controlled clinical trial") OR AB("quasi‐random*") OR AB("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR AB("controlled clinical trial") OR TI("clinical trial") OR TI(trial) OR TI(random*) OR AB("clinical trial") OR AB(trial) OR AB(random*))

Limits: Peer reviewed

11. International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) (ProQuest) 16.4.16

(SU(income) OR SU("agricultural income") OR SU(" disposable income") OR SU("familyy income") OR SU(" farm income") OR SU("farmers income") OR SU(" household income") OR SU("income elasticity") OR SU(" industrial income") OR SU("low income") OR SU(" minimum income") OR SU("guaranteed minimum income") OR SU(" national income") OR SU("public revenuee") OR SU("public property revenuee") OR SU("wages national income ratio") OR SU(" per capita income") OR SU("permanent income") OR SU(" real income") OR SU("tariff revenuees") OR SU(" tax revenuee ") OR SU(" social welfare") OR SU("community care") OR SU("social security") OR SU("familyy allowances") OR SU("health insurance") OR SU("housing allowances") OR SU("maternity benefits") OR SU("means testing") OR SU("redistributive social security") OR SU("social security financing") OR SU("social security funds") OR SU("social services") OR SU("social support") OR SU("benefit plans") OR SU("disability benefit") OR SU("disabled rehabilitation") OR SU("social workers ") OR TI("Public assistance") OR AB("Public assistance") OR TI(" Canada Health and Social Transfer") OR AB("Canada Health and Social Transfer") OR TI(" Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act") OR AB("Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act") OR TI(" Active labo?r market polic*") OR AB("Active labo?r market polic*") OR TI(" Active labo?r market program* ") OR AB("Active labo?r market program*") OR TI(ADFC) OR AB(ADFC) OR TI(" Agenda 2010") OR AB("Agenda 2010") OR TI(" Aid to Families with Dependent Children") OR AB("Aid to Families with Dependent Children") OR TI(" Allocation Parent Isole") OR AB("Allocation Parent Isole") OR TI(" ALMP") OR AB("ALMP") OR TI(" America Works") OR AB("America Works") OR TI(API) OR AB(API) OR TI(" Back‐to‐work") OR AB("Back‐to‐work") OR TI(" cash benefit*") OR AB("cash benefit*") OR TI(" cash incentive*") OR AB("cash incentive*") OR TI("child care assistance") OR AB("child care assistance") OR TI("child care provision*") OR AB("child care provision*") OR TI("child care subsidy*") OR AB("child care subsidy*") OR TI("child care support") OR AB("child care support") OR TI(chest) OR AB(chest) OR TI("Community Wage") OR AB("Community Wage") OR TI("Domestic Purposes Benefit") OR AB(" Domestic Purposes Benefit") OR TI("Employment Tax Deduction") OR AB(" Employment Tax Deduction") OR TI("earning disregard*") OR AB("earning disregard*") OR TI(employability) OR AB(employability) OR TI(Employment) OR AB(Employment) OR TI("Employment Program*") OR AB(" Employment Program*") OR TI(ETD) OR AB(ETD) OR TI(income) OR AB(income) OR TI("Public assistance") OR AB("Public assistance") OR TI("Social security") OR AB("Social security") OR TI(Social welfare ") Or AB(" Social welfare ") Or TI(" familyy Program* ") or AB(" familyy Program* ") or TI(" familyy Transition Program* ") or AB(" familyy Transition Program* ") or TI(" financial benefit* ") or AB(" financial benefit* ") or TI(" financial incentive* ") or AB(" financial incentive* ") or TI(" financial sanction* ") or AB(" financial sanction* ") or TI(" Financial support ") or AB(" Financial support ") or TI(" Financial support ") Or AB(" Financial support ") Or TI(" Financing, Government ") Or AB(" Financing, Government ") Or TI(FTP) Or AB(FTP) Or TI(" government intervention* ") or AB(" government intervention* ") or TI(" Government program* ") or AB(" Government program* ") or TI(" Government Programs ") Or AB(" Government Programs ") Or TI(" health care provision* ") or AB(" health care provision* ") or TI(" health care subsidy* ") or AB(" health care subsidy* ") or TI(" health insurance provision* ") or AB(" health insurance provision* ") or TI(" health insurance subsidy* ") or AB(" health insurance subsidy* ") or TI(" Hilfe zum albeit ") or AB(" Hilfe zum albeit ") or TI(" Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt ") or AB(" Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt ") or TI(" human capital development ") or AB(" human capital development ") or TI(" income benefit* ") or AB(" income benefit* ") or TI(" income incentive* ") or AB(" income incentive* ") or TI(" income supplement* ") or AB(" income supplement* ") or TI(" Income support ") or AB(" Income support ") or TI(" Individual reintegration Agreement ") or AB(" Individual reintegration Agreement ") or TI(IRO) Or AB(IRO) Or TI(Job) Or AB(Job) Or TI(Jobbskatteavdraget) Or AB(Jobbskatteavdraget) Or TI(Jobless*) Or AB(Jobless*) Or TI(" labo?r force attachment* ") or AB(" labo?r force attachment* ") or TI(" labo?r force participation ") or AB(" labo?r force participation ") or TI(" Labo?r market activation ") or AB(" Labo?r market activation ") or TI(" mandatory employment ") or AB(" mandatory employment ") or TI(MFIP) Or AB(MFIP) Or TI(" Minnesota familyy Investment Program ") or AB(" Minnesota familyy Investment Program ") or TI(" monetary benefit* ") or AB(" monetary benefit* ") or TI(" monetary incentive* ") or AB(" monetary incentive* ") or TI(" monetary support ") or AB(" monetary support ") or TI(" childcare allowance* ") Or AB(" childcare allowance* ") or TI(" child care allowance* ") or AB(" child care allowance* ") Or AB(" National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work strategyies ") or AB(" National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work strategyies ") or TI(NDLP) Or AB(NDLP) Or TI(" New Deal for Lone Parents ") or AB(" New Deal for Lone Parents ") or TI(" New Hope Project ") or AB(" New Hope Project ") or TI(" Newstart allowance ") or AB(" Newstart allowance ") or TI(NEWWS) Or AB(NEWWS) Or TI(" Ontario Works ") or AB(" Ontario Works ") or TI(Poverty) Or AB(Poverty) Or TI(PRWORA) Or AB(PRWORA) Or TI(" public welfare reform* ") or AB(" public welfare reform* ") or TI(Retrain*) or TI(Re‐train*) Or AB(Retrain*) or AB(Re‐train*) Or TI(RMI) Or AB(RMI) Or TI(sanctions) Or AB(sanctions) Or TI(" Self‐Sufficiency Project ") or AB(" Self‐Sufficiency Project ") or TI(" revenue Minimum d'Insertion ") or AB(" revenue Minimum d'Insertion ") or TI(" Social assistance ") or AB(" Social assistance ") or TI(SSP) Or AB(SSP) Or TI(TANF) Or AB(TANF) Or TI(" Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ") or AB(" Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ") or TI(" time limit* ") or AB(" time limit* ") or TI(Training) Or AB(Training) Or TI(Unemployment) Or AB(Unemployment) Or TI(Vocation*) Or AB(Vocation*) Or TI(Welfare) Or AB(Welfare) Or TI(" work first strategy* ") or AB(" work first strategy* ") or TI(" Work for your dole ") or AB(" Work for your dole ") or TI(work*) Or AB(work*) Or TI(" Working For Families ") or AB(" Working For Families ") or TI(" tax credit* ") or AB(" tax credit* ") AND (SU("unmarried mothers") OR TI("single parent*") OR AB("single parent*") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("never married father*") OR AB("never married father*") OR TI("never married mother*") OR AB("never married mother*") OR TI("never married parent*") OR AB("never married parent*") OR TI("separated mother*") OR AB("separated mother*") OR TI("separated father*") OR AB("separated father*") OR TI("Single‐parent‐familyy") OR AB("Single‐parent‐familyy") OR TI("fatherless family*") OR AB("fatherless family*") OR TI("fragile family*") OR AB("fragile family*") OR TI("lone father*") OR AB("lone father*") OR TI("Lone mother*") OR AB("Lone mother*") OR TI("motherless family*") OR AB("motherless family*") OR TI("One parent*") OR AB("One parent*") OR TI("single father*") OR AB("single father*") OR TI("Single mother*") OR AB("Single mother*") OR TI("Single‐parent*") OR AB("Single‐parent*") OR TI("sole father*") OR AB("sole father*") OR TI("sole mother*") OR AB("sole mother*") OR TI("Sole parent*") OR AB("Sole parent*") OR TI("sole registrant*") OR AB("sole registrant*") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("unmarried mother*") OR AB("unmarried mother*") OR TI("unwed father*") OR AB("unwed father*") OR TI(Unwed Mother* ") or AB(" Unwed Mother* ") AND (TI("quasi‐random*") OR TI("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR TI("controlled clinical trial") OR AB("quasi‐random*") OR AB("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR AB("controlled clinical trial") OR TI("clinical trial") OR TI(trial) OR TI(random*) OR AB("clinical trial") OR AB(trial) OR AB(random*)

Limits: Peer reviewed

12. Social Services Abstracts (Proquest) 16.4.16

(SU("single fathers") OR SU("single mothers") OR TI("single parent*") OR AB("single parent*") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("never married father*") OR AB("never married father*") OR TI("never married mother*") OR AB("never married mother*") OR TI("never married parent*") OR AB("never married parent*") OR TI("separated mother*") OR AB("separated mother*") OR TI("separated father*") OR AB("separated father*") OR TI("Single‐parent‐family") OR AB("Single‐parent‐family") OR TI("fatherless family*") OR AB("fatherless family*") OR TI("fragile family*") OR AB("fragile family*") OR TI("lone father*") OR AB("lone father*") OR TI("Lone mother*") OR AB("Lone mother*") OR TI("motherless family*") OR AB("motherless family*") OR TI("One parent*") OR AB("One parent*") OR TI("single father*") OR AB("single father*") OR TI("Single mother*") OR AB("Single mother*") OR TI("Single‐parent*") OR AB("Single‐parent*") OR TI("sole father*") OR AB("sole father*") OR TI("sole mother*") OR AB("sole mother*") OR TI("Sole parent*") OR AB("Sole parent*") OR TI("sole registrant*") OR AB("sole registrant*") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("unmarried mother*") OR AB("unmarried mother*") OR TI("unwed father*") OR AB("unwed father*") OR TI("Unwed Mother*") OR AB("Unwed Mother*")) AND (SU(income) OR SU(profits) OR SU("social security") OR SU("social welfare) or TI(" Public assistance ") or AB(" Public assistance ") OR TI(" Canada Health AND Social Transfer ") OR AB(" Canada Health AND Social Transfer ") OR TI(" Personal Responsibility AND Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act ") OR AB(" Personal Responsibility AND Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act ") OR TI(" Active labo?r market police* ") OR AB(" Active labo?r market police* ") OR TI(" Active labo?r market program* ") OR AB(" Active labo?r market program* ") OR TI(ADFC) OR AB(ADFC) OR TI(" Agenda 2010 ") OR AB(" Agenda 2010 ") OR TI(" Aid to families with Dependent Children ") OR AB(" Aid to families with Dependent Children ") OR TI(" Allocation Parent sole) OR AB(" Allocation Parent sole ") OR TI(ALMP) OR AB(ALMP) OR TI(" America Works ") OR AB(" America Works ") OR TI(API) OR AB(API) OR TI(" Back‐to‐work ") OR AB(" Back‐to‐work ") OR TI(" cash benefit* ") OR AB(" cash benefit* ") OR TI(" cash incentive* ") OR AB(" cash incentive* ") OR TI(" child care assistance ") OR AB(" child care assistance ") OR TI(" child care provision* ") OR AB(" child care provision* ") OR TI(" child care subsidy* ") OR AB(" child care subsidy* ") OR TI(" child care support ") OR AB(" child care support ") OR TI(chest) OR AB(chest) OR TI(" Community Wage ") OR AB(" Community Wage ") OR TI(" Domestic Purposes Benefit ") OR AB(" Domestic Purposes Benefit ") OR TI(" Employment Tax Deduction ") OR AB(" Employment Tax Deduction ") OR TI(" earning disregard* ") OR AB(" earning disregard* ") OR TI(employability) OR AB(employability) OR TI(Employment) OR AB(Employment) OR TI(" Employment Program* ") OR AB(" Employment Program* ") OR TI(ETD) OR AB(ETD) OR TI(income) OR AB(income) OR TI(" Public assistance ") OR AB(" Public assistance ") OR TI(" Social security ") OR AB(" Social security ") OR TI(" Social welfare ") OR AB(" Social welfare ") OR TI(" family Program* ") OR AB(" family Program* ") OR TI(" family Transition Program* ") OR AB(" family Transition Program* ") OR TI(" financial benefit* ") OR AB(" financial benefit* ") OR TI(" financial incentive* ") OR AB(" financial incentive* ") OR TI(" financial sanction* ") OR AB(" financial sanction* ") OR TI(" Financial support ") OR AB(" Financial support ") OR TI(" Financial support ") OR AB(" Financial support ") OR TI(" Financing, Government ") OR AB(" Financing, Government ") OR TI(FTP) OR AB(FTP) OR TI(" government intervention* ") OR AB(" government intervention* ") OR TI(" Government program* ") OR AB(" Government program* ") OR TI(" Government Programs ") OR AB(" Government Programs ") OR TI(" health care provision* ") OR AB(" health care provision* ") OR TI(" health care subsidy* ") OR AB(" health care subsidy* ") OR TI(" health insurance provision* ") OR AB(" health insurance provision* ") OR TI(" health insurance subsidy* ") OR AB(" health insurance subsidy* ") OR TI(" Hilfe zum Arbeit ") OR AB(" Hilfe zum Arbeit ") OR TI(" Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt ") OR AB(" Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt ") OR TI(" human capital development ") OR AB(" human capital development ") OR TI(" income benefit* ") OR AB(" income benefit* ") OR TI(" income incentive* ") OR AB(" income incentive* ") OR TI(" income supplement* ") OR AB(" income supplement* ") OR TI(" Income support ") OR AB(" Income support ") OR TI(" Individual Re‐integration Agreement ") OR AB(" Individual Re‐integration Agreement ") OR TI(IRO) OR AB(IRO) OR TI(Job) OR AB(Job) OR TI(Jobbskatteavdraget) OR AB(Jobbskatteavdraget) OR TI(Jobless*) OR AB(Jobless*) OR TI(" labo?r force attachment* ") OR AB(" labo?r force attachment* ") OR TI(" labo?r force participation ") OR AB(" labo?r force participation ") OR TI(" Labo?r market activation ") OR AB(" Labo?r market activation ") OR TI(" mandatory employment ") OR AB(" mandatory employment ") OR TI(MFIP) OR AB(MFIP) OR TI(" Minnesota family Investment Program ") OR AB(" Minnesota family Investment Program ") OR TI(" monetary benefit* ") OR AB(" monetary benefit* ") OR TI(" monetary incentive* ") OR AB(" monetary incentive* ") OR TI(" monetary support ") OR AB(" monetary support ") OR TI(" childcare allowance* ") OR AB(" childcare allowance* ") OR TI(" child care allowance* ") OR AB(" child care allowance* ") OR AB(" National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work strategyies ") OR AB(" National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work strategyies ") OR TI(NDLP) OR AB(NDLP) OR TI(" New Deal for Lone Parents ") OR AB(" New Deal for Lone Parents ") OR TI(" New Hope Project ") OR AB(" New Hope Project ") OR TI(" Newstart allowance ") OR AB(" Newstart allowance ") OR TI(news) OR AB(news) OR TI(" Ontario Works ") OR AB(" Ontario Works ") OR TI(Poverty) OR AB(Poverty) OR TI(PRWORA) OR AB(PRWORA) OR TI(" public welfare reform* ") OR AB(" public welfare reform* ") OR TI(Retrain*) OR TI(" restrain* ") OR AB(Retrain*) OR AB(" restrain* ") OR TI(RMI) OR AB(RMI) OR TI(sanctions) OR AB(sanctions) OR TI(" Self‐Sufficiency Project ") OR AB(" Self‐Sufficiency Project ") OR TI(" Revenu Minimum d'Insertion ") OR AB(" Revenu Minimum d'Insertion ") OR TI(" Social assistance ") OR AB(" Social assistance ") OR TI(SSP) OR AB(SSP) OR TI(TANF) OR AB(TANF) OR TI(" Temporary Assistance for Needy families ") OR AB(" Temporary Assistance for Needy families ") OR TI(" time limit* ") OR AB(" time limit* ") OR TI(Training) OR AB(Training) OR TI(Unemployment) OR AB(Unemployment) OR TI(Vocation*) OR AB(Vocation*) OR TI(Welfare) OR AB(Welfare) OR TI(" work first strategy* ") OR AB(" work first strategy* ") OR TI(" Work for your dole ") OR AB(" Work for your dole ") OR TI(work*) OR AB(work*) OR TI(" Working For families ") OR AB(" Working For families ") OR TI(" tax credit* ") OR AB(" tax credit* ")) AND (TI("quasi‐random*") OR TI("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR TI("controlled clinical trial") OR AB("quasi‐random*") OR AB("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR AB("controlled clinical trial") OR TI("clinical trial") OR TI(trial) OR TI(random*) OR AB("clinical trial") OR AB(trial) OR AB(random*))

Limits Peer reviewed

13. Sociological Abstracts (Proquest) 16.4.16

(SU("single fathers") OR SU("single mothers") OR SU("single parent family") OR TI("single parent*") OR ("single parent*") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("never married father*") OR AB("never married father*") OR TI("never married mother*") OR AB("never married mother*") OR TI("never married parent*") OR AB("never married parent*") OR TI("separated mother*") OR AB("separated mother*") OR TI("separated father*") OR AB("separated father*") OR TI("Single‐parent‐family") OR AB("Single‐parent‐family") OR TI("fatherless family*") OR AB("fatherless family*") OR TI("fragile family*") OR AB("fragile family*") OR TI("lone father*") OR AB("lone father*") OR TI("Lone mother*") OR AB("Lone mother*") OR TI("motherless family*") OR AB("motherless family*") OR TI("One parent*") OR AB("One parent*") OR TI("single father*") OR AB("single father*") OR TI("Single mother*") OR AB("Single mother*") OR TI("Single‐parent*") OR AB("Single‐parent*") OR TI("sole father*") OR AB("sole father*") OR TI("sole mother*") OR AB("sole mother*") OR TI("Sole parent*") OR AB("Sole parent*") OR TI("sole registrant*") OR AB("sole registrant*") OR TI("unmarried father*") OR AB("unmarried father*") OR TI("unmarried mother*") OR AB("unmarried mother*") OR TI("unwed father*") OR AB("unwed father*") OR TI("Unwed Mother*") OR AB("Unwed Mother*")) AND (SU("income") OR SU("profits") OR SU("social security ") OR SU("social welfare") OR TI("Public assistance") OR AB("Public assistance") OR TI("Canada Health and Social Transfer") OR AB("Canada Health and Social Transfer") OR TI("Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act") OR AB("Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act") OR TI("Active labo?r market polic*") OR AB("Active labo?r market polic*") OR TI("Active labo?r market program*") OR AB("Active labo?r market program*") OR TI(ADFC) OR AB(ADFC) OR TI("Agenda 2010") OR AB("Agenda 2010") OR TI("Aid to Families with Dependent Children") OR AB("Aid to Families with Dependent Children") OR TI("Allocation Parent Isole") OR AB("Allocation Parent Isole") OR TI(ALMP) OR AB(ALMP) OR TI("America Works") OR AB("America Works") OR TI(API) OR AB(API) OR TI("Back‐to‐work") OR AB("Back‐to‐work") OR TI("cash benefit*") OR AB("cash benefit*") OR TI("cash incentive*") OR AB("cash incentive*") OR TI("child care assistance") OR AB("child care assistance") OR TI("child care provision*") OR AB("child care provision*") OR TI("child care subsidy*") OR AB("child care subsidy*") OR TI("child care support") OR AB("child care support") OR TI(chest) OR AB(chest) OR TI("Community Wage") OR AB("Community Wage") OR TI("Domestic Purposes Benefit") OR AB("Domestic Purposes Benefit") OR TI("Employment Tax Deduction") OR AB("Employment Tax Deduction") OR TI("earning disregard*") OR AB("earning disregard*") OR TI(employability) OR AB(employability) OR TI(Employment) OR AB(Employment) OR TI("Employment Program*") OR AB("Employment Program*") OR TI(ETD) OR AB(ETD) OR TI(income) OR AB(income) OR TI("Public assistance") OR AB("Public assistance") OR TI("Social security") OR AB("Social security") OR TI("Social welfare") OR AB("Social welfare") OR TI("family Program*") OR AB("family Program*") OR TI("family Transition Program*") OR AB("family Transition Program*") OR TI("financial benefit*") OR AB("financial benefit*") OR TI("financial incentive*") OR AB("financial incentive*") OR TI("financial sanction*") OR AB("financial sanction*") OR TI("Financial support") OR AB("Financial support") OR TI("Financial support") OR AB("Financial support") OR TI("Financing, Government") OR AB("Financing, Government") OR TI(FTP) OR AB(FTP) OR TI("government intervention*") OR AB("government intervention*") OR TI("Government program*") OR AB("Government program*") OR TI("Government Programs") OR AB("Government Programs") OR TI("health care provision*") OR AB("health care provision*") OR TI("health care subsidy*") OR AB("health care subsidy*") OR TI("health insurance provision*") OR AB("health insurance provision*") OR TI("health insurance subsidy*") OR AB("health insurance subsidy*") OR TI("Hilfe zum Arbeit") OR AB("Hilfe zum Arbeit") OR TI("Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt") OR AB("Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt") OR TI("human capital development") OR AB("human capital development") OR TI("income benefit*") OR AB("income benefit*") OR TI("income incentive*") OR AB("income incentive*") OR TI("income supplement*") OR AB("income supplement*") OR TI("Income support") OR AB("Income support") OR TI("Individual Re‐integration Agreement") OR AB("Individual Re‐integration Agreement") OR TI(IRO) OR AB(IRO) OR TI(Job) OR AB(Job) OR TI(Jobbskatteavdraget) OR AB(Jobbskatteavdraget) OR TI(Jobless*) OR AB(Jobless*) OR TI("labo?r force attachment*") OR AB("labo?r force attachment*") OR TI("labo?r force participation") OR AB("labo?r force participation") OR TI("Labo?r market activation") OR AB("Labo?r market activation") OR TI("mandatory employment") OR AB("mandatory employment") OR TI(MFIP) OR AB(MFIP) OR TI("Minnesota family Investment Program") OR AB("Minnesota family Investment Program") OR TI("monetary benefit*") OR AB("monetary benefit*") OR TI("monetary incentive*") OR AB("monetary incentive*") OR TI("monetary support") OR AB("monetary support") OR TI("childcare allowance*") OR AB("childcare allowance*") OR TI("child care allowance*") OR AB("child care allowance*") OR AB("National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work strategyies") OR AB("National Evaluation of Welfare‐to work strategyies") OR TI(NDLP) OR AB(NDLP) OR TI("New Deal for Lone Parents") OR AB("New Deal for Lone Parents") OR TI("New Hope Project") OR AB("New Hope Project") OR TI("Newstart allowance") OR AB("Newstart allowance") OR TI(news) OR AB(news) OR TI("Ontario Works") OR AB("Ontario Works") OR TI(Poverty) OR AB(Poverty) OR TI(PRWORA) OR AB(PRWORA) OR TI("public welfare reform*") OR AB("public welfare reform*") OR TI(Retrain*) OR TI(restrain*) OR AB(Retrain*) OR AB(restrain*) OR TI(RMI) OR AB(RMI) OR TI(sanctions) OR AB(sanctions) OR TI("Self‐Sufficiency Project") OR AB("Self‐Sufficiency Project") OR TI("Revenu Minimum d'Insertion") OR AB("Revenu Minimum d'Insertion") OR TI("Social assistance") OR AB("Social assistance") OR TI(SSP) OR AB(SSP) OR TI(TANF) OR AB(TANF) OR TI("Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ") OR AB("Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ") OR TI("time limit*") OR AB("time limit*") OR TI(Training) OR AB(Training) OR TI(Unemployment) OR AB(Unemployment) OR TI(Vocation*) OR AB(Vocation*) OR TI(Welfare) OR AB(Welfare) OR TI("work first strategy*") OR AB("work first strategy*") OR TI("Work for your dole") OR AB("Work for your dole") OR TI(work*) OR AB(work*) OR TI("Working For Families ") OR AB("Working For Families ") OR TI("tax credit*") OR AB("tax credit*")) AND (TI("quasi‐random*") OR TI("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR TI("controlled clinical trial") OR AB("quasi‐random*") OR AB("randomi?ed controlled trial") OR AB("controlled clinical trial") OR TI("clinical trial") OR TI("trial") OR TI("random*") OR AB("clinical trial") OR AB(trial) OR AB(random*))

Limits Peer reviewed

14. Campbell Library

Parent* OR welfare*

15. NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED)

(parent*) OR (welfare*)

16. Turning Research Into Practice (TRIP);

"one parent* or "lone Parent*" or "single parent*" or "single mother*") and welfare

17. Open Grey

"one parent" and work*

18. Planex

("one parent families" or "lone parent" or "single parent*" or "single mother*") and (employment or welfare*)

Appendix 3. Websites searched

Websites with search interfaces or searchable database were searched using terms such as 'lone parent' 'lone parent welfare' 'welfare reform' or 'welfare health'. Otherwise the relevant publications topic in a website was screened. Where this was possible, the number of initial 'hits' is listed. NA = no searchable interface. Total is an estimate due to websites without searchable interfaces.

Appendix 4. Risk of bias for studies with a separate control group

Appendix 5. All reported outcomes by study

Appendix 6. MDRC sequence generation procedure

Provided by Cynthia Miller, MDRC 16/9/11

"Like comparable research organizations, MDRC’s random assignment process is regulated by a control file consisting of the sequence of assignment values. Simple random assignment is not generally used at MDRC because social programs often have quotas related to how many individuals can be served in a given site during a given time period. Therefore, MDRC goes to great lengths to make control files as unpredictable as possible while at the same time avoiding localized ‘bad draws’ that could adversely affect program operations.

MDRC’s random assignment process is regulated by a '“sequence'” file consisting of the ordering of assignment values. Each project gets its own sequence file – they are never reused. The sequence files are constructed by defining blocks of assignments, each block made up of different sizes configured to approximate the intended random assignment ratio. The size of the blocks generally average over 20 assignments; the assignments within each block are randomized using an available random number generator with a uniform distribution. We generally use 9 different block sizes, and the order of block sizes is also randomized, with each block size occurring exactly once within a ‘superblock’ of the 9 block sizes. Each superblock is calculated to generate precisely the targeted random assignment ratio. Within a superblock a given block may not necessarily exactly match the target random assignment ratio, but any deviance from the target in one block will be compensated for in another block. This is especially necessary when an odd‐sized random assignment ratio is specified (e.g., 55:45).

Each time a control file is generated, we produce many more versions than we need. For each version we calculate an entropy measure that reflects the distribution among configurations of possible subpatterns within the control file. We use this entropy measure to gauge the extent to which a given sequence file could reveal information from the pattern of past assignments to help anticipate future assignments. For the research study we will choose a sequence file from among the ones generated that contain the highest overall entropy; that is, they tend to have a more uniform distribution of distinct subpatterns. The higher the entropy the more likely it is that subpatterns are equally likely and therefore are unpredictable. For example, within the constraints of the overall average block size, maximizing the entropy of the sequence would mean that a subpatterns like “ECECEC”, “EEEEEE”, “CECCCE” and “EEECCC” would all tend to be equally likely within the overall sequence file."