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Study flow diagram.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Study flow diagram.

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Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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original image
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 3
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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 1 Total mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 1 Total mortality.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 2 Total mortality ‐ sensitivity analyses.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 2 Total mortality ‐ sensitivity analyses.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 3 Total mortality ‐ no. of health checks.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 3 Total mortality ‐ no. of health checks.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 4 Total mortality ‐ lifestyle intervention.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 4 Total mortality ‐ lifestyle intervention.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 5 Total mortality ‐ length of follow‐up.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 5 Total mortality ‐ length of follow‐up.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 6 Total mortality ‐ age of trial.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 6 Total mortality ‐ age of trial.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 7 Total mortality ‐ geographical location.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 7 Total mortality ‐ geographical location.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 8 Total mortality ‐ examination by physician.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 8 Total mortality ‐ examination by physician.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 9 Total mortality ‐ selection bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 9 Total mortality ‐ selection bias.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 10 Total mortality ‐ performance bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 10 Total mortality ‐ performance bias.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 11 Total mortality ‐ detection bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 11 Total mortality ‐ detection bias.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 12 Total mortality ‐ incomplete outcome data.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 12 Total mortality ‐ incomplete outcome data.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 13 Total mortality ‐ contamination.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 13 Total mortality ‐ contamination.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 14 Cardiovascular mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 14 Cardiovascular mortality.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 15 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ sensitivity analyses.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.15

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 15 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ sensitivity analyses.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 16 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ no. of health checks.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.16

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 16 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ no. of health checks.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 17 Cardiovascular mortality lifestyle intervention.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.17

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 17 Cardiovascular mortality lifestyle intervention.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 18 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ length of follow‐up.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.18

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 18 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ length of follow‐up.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 19 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ age of trial.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.19

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 19 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ age of trial.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 20 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ geographical location.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.20

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 20 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ geographical location.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 21 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ examination by physician.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.21

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 21 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ examination by physician.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 22 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ selection bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.22

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 22 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ selection bias.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 23 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ performance bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.23

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 23 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ performance bias.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 24 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ detection bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.24

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 24 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ detection bias.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 25 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ incomplete outcome data.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.25

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 25 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ incomplete outcome data.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 26 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ contamination.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.26

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 26 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ contamination.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 27 Cancer mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.27

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 27 Cancer mortality.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 28 Cancer mortality ‐ sensitivity analyses.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.28

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 28 Cancer mortality ‐ sensitivity analyses.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 29 Cancer mortality ‐ no. of health checks.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.29

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 29 Cancer mortality ‐ no. of health checks.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 30 Cancer mortality lifestyle intervention.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.30

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 30 Cancer mortality lifestyle intervention.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 31 Cancer mortality ‐ length of follow‐up.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.31

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 31 Cancer mortality ‐ length of follow‐up.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 32 Cancer mortality ‐ age of trial.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.32

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 32 Cancer mortality ‐ age of trial.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 33 Cancer mortality ‐ geographical location.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.33

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 33 Cancer mortality ‐ geographical location.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 34 Cancer mortality ‐ examination by physician.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.34

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 34 Cancer mortality ‐ examination by physician.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 35 Cancer mortality ‐ selection bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.35

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 35 Cancer mortality ‐ selection bias.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 36 Cancer mortality ‐ performance bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.36

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 36 Cancer mortality ‐ performance bias.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 37 Cancer mortality ‐ detection bias.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.37

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 37 Cancer mortality ‐ detection bias.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 38 Cancer mortality ‐ incomplete outcome data.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.38

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 38 Cancer mortality ‐ incomplete outcome data.

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Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 39 Cancer mortality ‐ contamination.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.39

Comparison 1 Health checks versus control, Outcome 39 Cancer mortality ‐ contamination.

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Summary of findings for the main comparison. General health checks for preventing morbidity and mortality from disease

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk with intervention

Total mortality
Deaths
Follow‐up: 4‐22 years

RR 0.99
(0.95 to 1.03)

155,899
(9 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊕
high

75 per 1000

74 per 1000
(71 to 77)

Cardiovascular mortality
Deaths from cardiovascular causes
Follow‐up: 4‐22 years

RR 1.03
(0.91 to 1.17)

152,435
(8 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderate

There was substantial heterogeneity which may reflect the different outcome definitions used in the trials.

37 per 1000

38 per 1000
(34 to 43)

Cancer mortality
Cancer deaths
Follow‐up: 4‐22 years

RR 1.01
(0.92 to 1.12)

139,290
(8 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊕
high

21 per 1000

21 per 1000
(19 to 24)

*The assumed risk is the median control group risk across studies. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio;

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. General health checks for preventing morbidity and mortality from disease
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Table 1. Overview of tests used in the trials

Blood pressure

Cholesterol

Height and weight

Risk score

Electrocardiogram

Biochemistry panel

History

Spirometry

Urine analyses

Diabetes

Clinical examination

Vision and/or hearing

Cancer screening

Göteborg 1963

x

x

x

x

x

current symptoms, personal and family history

 

x

fasting blood sugar

x

x

chest X‐ray

Kaiser Permanente 1965

x

probably

x

x

x

current symptoms, personal and family history

x

x

x

x

chest X‐ray, mammography, pelvic exam, sigmoidoscopy

South‐East London 1967

x

probably

x

x

x

current symptoms, personal history

x

x

x

chest X‐ray, faecal occult blood

Malmö 1969

x

x

x

x

haematocrit, triglycerides, cholesterol

interview and questionnaire, not specified

x

x

x

chest X‐ray

Northumberland 1969

?

?

?

?

?

?

current symptoms

?

?

?

?

?

?

Stockholm 1969

x

probably

x

x

current symptoms, personal history

x

x

Göteborg 1970

x

x

x

x

family history

WHO 1971

x

x

x

 

current symptoms

 

Salt Lake City 1972

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

chest X‐ray, mammography, cervical smear

Mankato 1982

x

x

x

OXCHECK 1989

x

x

x

personal and family history

Family Heart 1990

x

x

x

Dundee

personal and family history

 

random capillary glucose

Ebeltoft 1992

x

x

x

Anggaard

x

x

x

x

non‐fasting blood glucose

x

Inter99 1999

x

x

x

PRECARD

x

x

oral glucose tolerance test

Not all screening tests used are shown; see Characteristics of included studies for full details. The Kaiser Permanente 1965, South‐East London 1967, and Stockholm 1969 trials did not specify the contents of their biochemical screening. It seems unlikely that cholesterol was not included.

Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Overview of tests used in the trials
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 1. Health checks versus control

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Total mortality Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.95, 1.03]

2 Total mortality ‐ sensitivity analyses Show forest plot

6

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.94, 1.03]

2.1 Excluding cluster trials

6

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.94, 1.03]

3 Total mortality ‐ no. of health checks Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

3.1 One health check

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.94, 1.06]

3.2 More than one health check

6

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.93, 1.05]

4 Total mortality ‐ lifestyle intervention Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

4.1 Major lifestyle intervention

4

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.93, 1.06]

4.2 No major lifestyle intervention

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.94, 1.06]

5 Total mortality ‐ length of follow‐up Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

5.1 Up to five years

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.66, 1.60]

5.2 More than 5 years

7

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.95, 1.03]

6 Total mortality ‐ age of trial Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

6.1 Trial started before 1980

7

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.95, 1.03]

6.2 Trial started after 1980

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.66, 1.62]

7 Total mortality ‐ geographical location Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

7.1 USA

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.88, 1.09]

7.2 Europe

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.95, 1.03]

8 Total mortality ‐ examination by physician Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

8.1 Examination by physician

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.94, 1.06]

8.2 No examination by physician

4

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.93, 1.06]

9 Total mortality ‐ selection bias Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

9.1 low risk of selection bias

7

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.94, 1.03]

9.2 Unclear risk of selection bias

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.93, 1.08]

9.3 High risk of selection bias

0

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Total mortality ‐ performance bias Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

10.1 low risk

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.94, 1.02]

10.2 Unclear risk

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.94, 1.11]

10.3 High risk

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.87, 1.33]

11 Total mortality ‐ detection bias Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

11.1 Low risk

6

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.94, 1.04]

11.2 Unclear risk

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.93, 1.08]

11.3 High risk

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.92 [0.77, 1.10]

12 Total mortality ‐ incomplete outcome data Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

12.1 Low risk

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.95, 1.03]

12.2 Unclear risk

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.88, 1.09]

12.3 High risk

0

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Total mortality ‐ contamination Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.96, 1.03]

13.1 Low risk

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.95, 1.03]

13.2 Unclear risk

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.27 [0.95, 1.70]

13.3 High risk

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.90, 1.10]

14 Cardiovascular mortality Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

15 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ sensitivity analyses Show forest plot

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.87, 1.12]

15.1 Excluding cluster trials

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.87, 1.12]

16 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ no. of health checks Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

16.1 Only one health check

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.89 [0.69, 1.14]

16.2 More than one health check

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.11 [0.95, 1.30]

17 Cardiovascular mortality lifestyle intervention Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

17.1 Major lifestyle intervention

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.86, 1.15]

17.2 No major lifestyle intervention

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.84, 1.27]

18 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ length of follow‐up Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

18.1 Up to five years

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.22, 3.18]

18.2 More than five years

6

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.94, 1.12]

19 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ age of trial Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

19.1 Trial started before 1980

7

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.90, 1.13]

19.2 Trial started after 1980

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.64 [0.97, 2.76]

20 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ geographical location Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

20.1 Europe

7

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.90, 1.20]

20.2 USA

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.85, 1.20]

21 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ examination by physician Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

21.1 Examination by physician

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.84, 1.27]

21.2 No examination by physician

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.86, 1.15]

22 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ selection bias Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

22.1 Low risk

6

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.88, 1.16]

22.2 Unclear risk

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.17 [0.71, 1.91]

22.3 High risk

0

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

23 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ performance bias Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

23.1 Low risk

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.96 [0.85, 1.08]

23.2 Unclear risk

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.05 [0.91, 1.21]

23.3 High risk

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.57 [1.18, 2.09]

24 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ detection bias Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

24.1 Low risk

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.85, 1.17]

24.2 Unclear risk

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.17 [0.71, 1.91]

24.3 High risk

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.09 [0.83, 1.43]

25 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ incomplete outcome data Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

25.1 Low risk

7

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.90, 1.20]

25.2 Unclear risk

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.85, 1.20]

25.3 High risk

0

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

26 Cardiovascular mortality ‐ contamination Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.91, 1.17]

26.1 Low risk

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.97 [0.86, 1.09]

26.2 Unclear risk

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.64 [0.97, 2.76]

26.3 High risk

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.21 [0.81, 1.83]

27 Cancer mortality Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

28 Cancer mortality ‐ sensitivity analyses Show forest plot

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.97 [0.85, 1.09]

28.1 Excluding cluster trials

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.97 [0.85, 1.09]

29 Cancer mortality ‐ no. of health checks Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

29.1 Only one health check

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.10 [1.00, 1.21]

29.2 More than one health check

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.92 [0.83, 1.02]

30 Cancer mortality lifestyle intervention Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

30.1 Major lifestyle intervention

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.82, 1.24]

30.2 No major lifestyle intervention

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.91, 1.15]

31 Cancer mortality ‐ length of follow‐up Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

31.1 Up to five years

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.33 [0.89, 1.99]

31.2 More than five years

6

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.90, 1.10]

32 Cancer mortality ‐ age of trial Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

32.1 Trial started before 1980

7

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.91, 1.12]

32.2 Trial started after 1980

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.19 [0.75, 1.89]

33 Cancer mortality ‐ geographical location Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

33.1 Europe

7

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.91, 1.15]

33.2 USA

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.80, 1.20]

34 Cancer mortality ‐ examination by physician Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

34.1 Examination by physician

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.91, 1.15]

34.2 No examination by physician

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.82, 1.24]

35 Cancer mortality ‐ selection bias Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

35.1 Low risk

6

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.87, 1.10]

35.2 Unclear risk

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.10 [0.98, 1.24]

35.3 High risk

0

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

36 Cancer mortality ‐ performance bias Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

36.1 Low risk

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.86, 1.16]

36.2 Unclear risk

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.05 [0.88, 1.25]

36.3 High risk

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.80, 1.46]

37 Cancer mortality ‐ detection bias Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

37.1 Low risk

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.86, 1.13]

37.2 Unclear risk

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.10 [0.98, 1.24]

37.3 High risk

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.63, 1.38]

38 Cancer mortality ‐ incomplete outcome data Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

38.1 Low risk

6

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.86, 1.12]

38.2 Unclear risk

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.96, 1.20]

38.3 High risk

0

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

39 Cancer mortality ‐ contamination Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.92, 1.12]

39.1 Low risk

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.88, 1.17]

39.2 Unclear risk

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.19 [0.75, 1.89]

39.3 High risk

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.82, 1.18]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Health checks versus control
Ir a la tabla de la revisión