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Temas

Flow diagram.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Flow diagram.

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Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Effect of cocoa on BP, outcome: 1.1 SBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 3

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Effect of cocoa on BP, outcome: 1.1 SBP.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Effect of cocoa on BP, outcome: 1.2 DBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 4

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Effect of cocoa on BP, outcome: 1.2 DBP.

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Forest plot of comparison: 2 Flavanol free or low flavanol control, outcome: 2.1 SBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 5

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Flavanol free or low flavanol control, outcome: 2.1 SBP.

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Forest plot of comparison: 2 Flavanol free or low flavanol control, outcome: 2.2 DBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 6

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Flavanol free or low flavanol control, outcome: 2.2 DBP.

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Forest plot of comparison: 7 Study duration 2 weeks or >2 weeks, outcome: 7.1 SBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 7

Forest plot of comparison: 7 Study duration 2 weeks or >2 weeks, outcome: 7.1 SBP.

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Forest plot of comparison: 7 Study duration 2 weeks or >2 weeks, outcome: 7.2 DBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 8

Forest plot of comparison: 7 Study duration 2 weeks or >2 weeks, outcome: 7.2 DBP.

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Comparison 1 Effect of cocoa on BP, Outcome 1 SBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Effect of cocoa on BP, Outcome 1 SBP.

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Comparison 1 Effect of cocoa on BP, Outcome 2 DBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Effect of cocoa on BP, Outcome 2 DBP.

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Comparison 2 Flavanol free or low flavanol control, Outcome 1 SBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Flavanol free or low flavanol control, Outcome 1 SBP.

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Comparison 2 Flavanol free or low flavanol control, Outcome 2 DBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Flavanol free or low flavanol control, Outcome 2 DBP.

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Comparison 3 Hypertensive or normotensive subjects, Outcome 1 SBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Hypertensive or normotensive subjects, Outcome 1 SBP.

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Comparison 3 Hypertensive or normotensive subjects, Outcome 2 DBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Hypertensive or normotensive subjects, Outcome 2 DBP.

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Comparison 4 <10g or >10g sugar in cocoa/day with BMI >25, Outcome 1 SBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 <10g or >10g sugar in cocoa/day with BMI >25, Outcome 1 SBP.

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Comparison 4 <10g or >10g sugar in cocoa/day with BMI >25, Outcome 2 DBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 <10g or >10g sugar in cocoa/day with BMI >25, Outcome 2 DBP.

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Comparison 5 Study duration 2 weeks or >2 weeks, Outcome 1 SBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Study duration 2 weeks or >2 weeks, Outcome 1 SBP.

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Comparison 5 Study duration 2 weeks or >2 weeks, Outcome 2 DBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.2

Comparison 5 Study duration 2 weeks or >2 weeks, Outcome 2 DBP.

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Comparison 6 Subjects >50 or <50 years old, Outcome 1 SBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Subjects >50 or <50 years old, Outcome 1 SBP.

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Comparison 6 Subjects >50 or <50 years old, Outcome 2 DBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Subjects >50 or <50 years old, Outcome 2 DBP.

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Comparison 7 Industry funded versus non industry funded trials, Outcome 1 SBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 7.1

Comparison 7 Industry funded versus non industry funded trials, Outcome 1 SBP.

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Comparison 7 Industry funded versus non industry funded trials, Outcome 2 DBP.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 7.2

Comparison 7 Industry funded versus non industry funded trials, Outcome 2 DBP.

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Summary of findings for the main comparison. Flavanol‐rich cocoa products for blood pressure

Flavanol‐rich cocoa products for blood pressure

Patient or population: adults with or without hypertension
Settings: primary health care practice, community
Intervention: flavanol‐rich cocoa products versus control

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of Participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control

Flavanol‐rich cocoa products

Systolic blood pressure
clinical digital sphygmomanometer
Follow‐up: mean 5.1 weeks

The mean systolic blood pressure ranged across control groups from 110 to 154 mm Hg

The mean systolic blood pressure in the intervention groups was
2.77 lower
(4.72 to 0.82 lower)

856
(20 studies)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1,2,3,4

Diastolic blood pressure
clinical digital sphygmomanometer
Follow‐up: mean 5.1 weeks

The mean diastolic blood pressure ranged across control groups from 66 to 91.6 mm Hg

The mean diastolic blood pressure in the intervention groups was
2.20 lower
(3.46 to 0.93 lower)

824
(19 studies)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1,2,3,4

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval;

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1 11 out of 20 trials provided insufficient information regarding allocation concealment. 9 trials were single blinded, using unblinded controls, one trial blinded control group but not intervention group.Two trials had more than 20% attrition.
2 Moderate to high heterogeneity. SBP/DBP: I2 = 83% / 70%
3 Funnel plots indicate some publication bias.
4 Statistically significant p=0.005

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Flavanol‐rich cocoa products for blood pressure
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 1. Characteristics of included studies

Study

Study Design

Participants

Cocoa# Dosage;

Brand

Cocoa product

Total

Flavanols (mg)

 

Epi‐/ catechin (mg)

Theobromine (mg)

Sugar
(g)

Duration

Baseline SBP

(mm Hg)

Baseline DBP

(mm Hg)

Age;

BMI

Cocoa / Control group

Taubert 03

C

13/13

100g bar; Rittersport Halbbitter, D

50% DC/WC

500/0

89/0

560/0

49

2 weeks

153.3/153.6

84.5/84.2

59.5 yrs;

24.1

Murphy 03

P

13/15

6 tablets; Cocoapro Mars, US

HiFl/LoFl tablets

234/6.4

‐

‐

0

4 weeks

118/116

78/76

43.5 yrs;

26.0

Engler 04

P

11/10

46g bar; Dove Mars, US

HiFl/LoFl DC

213/0

46/0

‐

15

2 weeks

121/112.8

68.1/66.1

32.1 yrs;

22.6

Fraga 05

C

14/14

105g M&M confectionary Mars, US

16% MC/WC

168/0

39/0

179/0

57

2 weeks

123/123

72/71

18.0 yrs;

24.1

Grassi 05a

C

15/15

100g bar; Rittersport, D

50% DC/WC

500/0

89/0

560/0

49

2 weeks

112.9/113.2

74/73.8

33.9 yrs;

22.6

Grassi 05b

C

20/20

100g bar; Rittersport, D

50% DC/WC

500/0

89/0

560/0

49

2 weeks

141.3/141.1

92.4/91.8

43.7 yrs;

25.4

Taubert 07

P

22/22

6.3g bar; Rittersport, D

50% DC/WC

30/0

7.1/0

26.4/0

3

18 weeks

147.7/147.5

86.4/86.7

63.6 yrs;

24.0

Crews 08

P

45/45

37g bar + 12g powder; Hershey, US

HiFl/LoFl

bar & drink

755/41

‐

‐

15

6 weeks

126.8/128.6

74.2/75

68.8 yrs;

25.3

Grassi 08

C

19/19

100g bar; Cuorenero, Ital

90% DC/WC

1080/0

150/0

170/0

0

2 weeks

141.1/140.9

91.2/91.1

44.8 yrs;

26.5

Muniyappa 08

C

20/20

62g powder; CocoaPro Mars, US

HiFl/LoFl drink

902/28

236/10

674/654

17

2 weeks

141/141

91/91

51.0 yrs;

33.2

Davison 08a

P

12/11

powder; Mars, US

HiFl/LoFl drink

902/36

‐

337/327

9.4

12 weeks

124/124

76/77

44.9 yrs;

33.6

Davison 08b

P

13/13

powder; Mars, US

HiFl/LoFl drink

902/36

‐

337/327

9.4

12 weeks

126/121

78/74

45.4 yrs;

33.3

Al‐Faris 08

P

30/29

100g bar; Galaxy/Dove Mars, US

 

50% DC/WC

500/0

10.6/0

‐

59

2 weeks

115.9/115.2

73/72.8

21.3 yrs;

22

Shiina 09

P

20/19

45g bar;

Meiji, Jpn

80% DC/WC

550/0

‐

‐

9

2 weeks

116.4/121.6

64.7/72.2

29.8 yrs;

22.6

 

Ried 09

P

11/10

50g bar Haighs, AUS

70% DC/placebo pill

750/0

‐

‐

15

8 weeks

135/135.7

83.6/77.8

53.1 yrs;

26.6

Monagas 09

C

42/42

40g powder; Nutrexpa, Spain

HiFl/0 in milk

495/0

56.5/0

440/0

26

4 weeks

138/138

84/84

69.7 yrs;

27.6

Bogaard 10

C

41/41

3.6 g powder; Aticoa, Barry Callebaut, Belg

HiFl/LoFl drink

 

529/0

38/0

543/0
(979 TEC + 106 NTC)/0

 

1

3 weeks

141.7/141.7

84.2/84.2

62.0 yrs;

25.9

Heiss 10

C

16/16

powder Cocoapro, Mars, US

HiFl/LoFl drink in milk or water

750/18

130/6

186/192

8.6

4 weeks

132/131

‐

64.0 yrs;

27.8

Desch 10

P

43/48

25g/6g bar; Rittersport, D

50% DC/DC

125/30

29.5/7.1

110/26.4

13

12 weeks

135.7/134.3

79.3/75.8

66.0 yrs;

28.1

Davison 10

p

13/14

174g powder; Mars, US

HiFl/LoFl drink

1052/33

266/12

460.5/ 402.2

17.7

6 weeks

143/145.4

83.2/88

56.6 yrs;

29.3

Njike 11

C

38/38

22g powder; Hershey, US

HiFl/LoFl drink

805/9

69/0

436/0

46

6 weeks

123.3/123.6

68.5/67.3

52.2 yrs;

30.3
Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Characteristics of included studies
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 2. Meta‐regression analyses

 

Variable

Number of studies

Regression coefficient

P‐value

SBP

Blinded or non‐blinded control group

20

3.9952

0.031

 

Sugar dosage (continuous)

20

‐0.0794

0.079

 

Duration: 2 weeks or  >2 weeks

20

4.4342

0.016

 

 

 

 

 

DBP

Blinded or non‐blinded control group

19

3.272

0.005

 

Sugar dosage (continuous)

19

‐0.0569

0.052

 

Duration: 2 weeks or  >2 weeks

19

2.3324

0.055

 

Age (continuous)

19

0.0870

0.029
Figuras y tablas -
Table 2. Meta‐regression analyses
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 3. Sensitivity analyses

Sensitivity analyses

 

Comparison

Mean difference (95% CI)

p‐value

I2

I2 before sensitivity analysis

Excluding Grassi 2005b

SBP all

‐2.33 (‐3.83,‐0.83)

0.002

63%

83%

 

DBP all

‐1.90 (‐2.88, ‐0.92)

0.0001

44%

70%

 

SBP  flavanol‐free subgroup

‐3.20 (‐4.84, ‐1.56)

0.0001

62%

86%

 

DBP  flavanol‐free subgroup

‐2.29 (‐3.49, ‐1.09)

0.0002

54%

77%

 

SBP  hypertensive subgroup

‐2.84 (‐4.61, ‐1.07)

0.002

63%

91%

 

DBP  hypertensive subgroup

‐1.76 (‐3.09, ‐0.44)

0.009

50%

85%

 

SBP  sugar > 10g, BMI > 25 subgroup

0.95 (‐0.95, 2.85)

0.33

0%

93%

 

DBP  sugar > 10g, BMI > 25 subgroup

0.04 (‐1.42, 1.50)

0.96

0%

86%

 

SBP  2 weeks subgroup

‐4.12 (‐5.53, ‐2.70)

<0.0001

48%

86%

 

DBP  2 weeks subgroup

‐2.68 (‐4.14, ‐1.22)

0.0003

56%

77%

 

SBP  <50 yrs age subgroup

‐4.33 (‐5.87, ‐2.79)

<0.0001

23%

84%

 

DBP  <50 yrs age subgroup

‐3.72 (‐4.70, ‐2.74)

<0.0001

0%

60%

Excluding Taubert 2007

SBP all

‐2.75 (‐4.79, ‐0.72)

0.008

83%

83%

DBP all

‐2.20 (‐3.55, ‐0.85)

0.001

71%

70%

SBP  flavanol‐free subgroup

‐3.76 (‐6.22, ‐1.30)

0.003

87%

86%

DBP  flavanol‐free subgroup

‐2.77 (‐4.47, ‐1.06)

0.001

78%

77%

SBP  hypertensive subgroup

‐4.16 (‐7.48, ‐0.84)

0.01

92%

91%

DBP  hypertensive subgroup

‐2.11 (‐3.58, ‐0.63)

0.005

60%

85%

SBP  >2 weeks subgroup

‐0.20 (‐1.71, 2.12)

0.83

15%

19%

DBP  >2 weeks subgroup

‐0.76 (‐1.90, 0.38)

0.19

0%

0%

SBP  >50 yrs age subgroup

‐0.72 (‐3.48, 2.04)

0.61

76%

73%

DBP  >50 yrs age subgroup

‐0.70 (‐1.69, 0.28)

0.16

0%

0%

 

 

 

 

 

 

Excluding trials with loss‐of‐follow up/poor compliance > 20% (Muniyappa 2008, Davison 2008b)

SBP all

‐3.03 (‐5.09, ‐0.97)

0.004

83%

83%

 

DBP all

‐2.48 (‐3.78, ‐1.18)

0.0002

70%

70%

 

SBP  low‐flavanol subgroup

‐1.24 (‐4.59, 2.12)

0.47

46%

27%

 

DBP  low‐flavanol subgroup

‐1.39 (‐3.15, 0.37)

0.12

0%

0%

 

SBP  hypertensive subgroup (–M8)

‐4.52 (‐7.81, ‐1.22)

0.007

92%

91%

 

DBP  hypertensive subgroup (‐M8)

‐3.12 (‐5.31, ‐0.92)

0.005

84%

85%

 

SBP  normotensive subgroup (–D8b)

‐2.24 (‐4.95, 0.47)

0.11

68%

66%

 

DBP  normotensive subgroup (‐D8b)

‐2.32 (‐4.02, ‐0.62)

0.007

52%

47%

 

SBP  sugar >10g, BMI > 25 subgroup (‐M8)

‐1.07 (‐8.41, 6.26)

0.77

94%

93%

 

DBP  sugar >10g, BMI > 25 subgroup (‐M8)

‐1.74 (‐5.49, 2.00)

0.36

86%

86%

 

SBP  sugar <10g, BMI > 25 subgroup (‐D8b)

‐2.77 (‐5.07, ‐0.46)

0.02

41%

37%

 

DBP  sugar <10g, BMI > 25 subgroup (‐D8b)

‐2.55 (‐4.60, ‐0.49)

0.02

55%

45%

 

SBP  2 weeks subgroup (‐M8)

‐5.35 (‐7.35, ‐2.85)

<0.0001

86%

86%

 

DBP  2 weeks subgroup (‐M8)

‐3.78 (‐5.50, ‐2.06)

<0.0001

73%

77%

 

SBP >2 wks subgroup (‐D8b)

‐0.35 (‐2.32, 1.63)

0.73

26%

19%

 

DBP >2 wks subgroup (‐D8b)

‐1.01 (‐2.05, 0.02)

0.06

0%

0%

 

SBP  <50 yrs age subgroup (‐D8b)

‐5.46 (‐8.47, ‐2.45)

0.0004

86%

84%

 

DBP  <50 yrs age subgroup (‐D8b)

‐4.37 (‐5.94, ‐2.79)

<0.0001

60%

60%

 

SBP  >50 yrs age subgroup (‐M8)

‐0.93 (‐3.79, 1.93)

0.52

75%

73%

 

DBP  >50 yrs age subgroup (‐M8)

‐1.06 (‐2.01, ‐0.12)

0.03

0%

0%

Using alternative correlation coefficients for cross‐over trials (main analysis: r=0.68)

SBP r=0.5

‐2.85 (‐4.76, ‐0.93)

0.004

75%

83%

SBP r=0.3

‐2.93 (‐4.82, ‐1.05)

0.002

67.3%

83%

DBP r=0.5

‐2.23 (‐3.45, ‐1.00)

<0.0001

57.2%

70%

DBP r=0.3

‐2.24 (‐3.44, ‐1.05)

<0.0001

44.7%

70%
Figuras y tablas -
Table 3. Sensitivity analyses
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 4. Secondary outcomes of included studies

Study

Study design

 

Participants*

Cocoa/ Control

Withdrawn

Cocoa/Control

Adverse effects

Cocoa/Control

Compliance rate

 

Change in heart rate

Mean (SD)

Taubert 03

C

13/13

0

‐

100%

Not significant

Murphy 03

P

13/15

3

Family illness (2)

Non‐compliance in final week (1)

90%

‐

Engler 04

P

11/10

0

‐

100%

‐

Fraga 05

C

14/14

1

no reason given

96%

‐

Grassi 05a

C

15/15

0

‐

100%

‐

Grassi 05b

C

20/20

0

‐

100%

‐

Taubert 07

P

22/22

0

‐

100%

‐

Crews 08

P

45/45

6/5

Gastrointestinal upset/headache/cold sweat (2/1)

Bronchitis (1/0)

Jitteriness/increased energy (1/0)

Artrial arrhythmia/medication change (1/0)

Distaste of study product (1/1)

Family illness (0/1)

Unspecified reason (0/1)

No adherence to trial regimen (0/1)

89%

Cocoa: 4.72 (7.93)

Control: 0.33 (8.19)

P= 0.007

Grassi 08

C

19/19

0

‐

100%

‐

Muniyappa 08

C

20/20

5/4

Loss‐to‐follow‐up (0/1)

Discontinued intervention  (4/2) due to

intolerance to treatment, family emergencies, personal problems

excluded from analysis (1/1)

69%

‐

Davison 08a

P

12/11

7

Time restrictions, personal circumstances (14)

Non‐compliance (exercise or diet) (2)

 

79%

Not significant

Davison 08b

P

13/13

5

84%

Not significant

Al‐Faris 08

P

30/29

0

‐

100%

Not significant

Shiina 09

P

20/19

0

‐

100%

Not significant

Ried 09

P

11/10

2/2

Study product unpalatable (2/0)

Gastrointestinal upset (0/1)

Illness unrelated to study (0/1)

84%

‐

Monagas 09

C

42/42

0

Constipation (resolved with fibre intake)

100%

Not significant

Bogaard 10

C

41/41

3

Nausea (1)

Headache (1)

Arrythmia  unrelated (1)
Laxative effect (12/2) – did not withdraw

 

93%

‐

Heiss 10

C

16/16

3

Did not come to first visit

94%

Not significant

Davison 10

P

13/14

7

Mild gastric symptoms (1)

Non‐compliance to study protocol (1)

Withdrew due to personal circumstances (5)

88%

Not significant

Njike 11

C

38/38

7

Non‐compliance to study  protocol (1)

Withdrew  due to personal reasons (6)

 

84%

‐
Figuras y tablas -
Table 4. Secondary outcomes of included studies
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 1. Effect of cocoa on BP

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 SBP Show forest plot

20

856

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.77 [‐4.72, ‐0.82]

2 DBP Show forest plot

19

824

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.20 [‐3.46, ‐0.93]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Effect of cocoa on BP
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 2. Flavanol free or low flavanol control

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 SBP Show forest plot

20

856

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.77 [‐4.72, ‐0.82]

1.1 Flavanol free

12

512

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐3.70 [‐6.02, ‐1.38]

1.2 Low flavanol

8

344

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐0.71 [‐2.99, 1.57]

2 DBP Show forest plot

19

824

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.20 [‐3.46, ‐0.93]

2.1 Flavanol free

12

512

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.71 [‐4.26, ‐1.15]

2.2 Low flavanol

7

312

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐0.78 [‐2.26, 0.70]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Flavanol free or low flavanol control
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Comparison 3. Hypertensive or normotensive subjects

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 SBP Show forest plot

19

817

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.89 [‐4.88, ‐0.90]

1.1 Hypertensive

7

297

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐3.99 [‐7.02, ‐0.97]

1.2 Normotensive

12

520

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.04 [‐4.64, 0.57]

2 DBP Show forest plot

17

753

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.20 [‐3.17, ‐1.23]

2.1 Hypertensive

7

287

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.11 [‐3.35, ‐0.86]

2.2 Normotensive

10

466

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.22 [‐3.83, ‐0.60]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Hypertensive or normotensive subjects
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Comparison 4. <10g or >10g sugar in cocoa/day with BMI >25

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 SBP Show forest plot

13

609

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐1.86 [‐4.95, 1.23]

1.1 <10g sugar, BMI >25

6

229

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.52 [‐4.74, ‐0.31]

1.2 >10sugar, BMI >25

7

380

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐1.12 [‐7.08, 4.85]

2 DBP Show forest plot

12

577

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐1.79 [‐3.72, 0.13]

2.1 <10g sugar, BMI >25

5

197

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.34 [‐4.19, ‐0.50]

2.2 >10g sugar, BMI >25

7

380

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐1.32 [‐4.70, 2.06]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 4. <10g or >10g sugar in cocoa/day with BMI >25
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Comparison 5. Study duration 2 weeks or >2 weeks

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 SBP Show forest plot

20

858

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.77 [‐4.72, ‐0.82]

1.1 2 week duration

9

323

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐4.81 [‐7.21, ‐2.41]

1.2 >2 week duration

11

535

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐0.21 [‐2.04, 1.63]

2 DBP Show forest plot

19

823

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.20 [‐3.46, ‐0.93]

2.1 2 week duration

9

321

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐3.19 [‐3.00, ‐1.38]

2.2 >2 week duration

10

502

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐0.99 [‐2.01, 0.03]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 5. Study duration 2 weeks or >2 weeks
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Comparison 6. Subjects >50 or <50 years old

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 SBP Show forest plot

20

856

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.77 [‐4.72, ‐0.82]

1.1 <50 years

10

332

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐4.57 [‐7.41, ‐1.73]

1.2 >50 years

10

524

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐0.96 [‐3.44, 1.52]

2 DBP Show forest plot

19

824

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐2.20 [‐3.46, ‐0.93]

2.1 <50 years

10

332

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐3.85 [‐5.45, ‐2.26]

2.2 >50 years

9

492

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐0.89 [‐1.80, 0.01]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 6. Subjects >50 or <50 years old
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Comparison 7. Industry funded versus non industry funded trials

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 SBP Show forest plot

17

757

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐1.66 [‐3.22, ‐0.09]

1.1 Industry funded

8

362

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐1.58 [‐4.35, 1.19]

1.2 Non industry funded

9

395

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐1.82 [‐3.71, 0.08]

2 DBP Show forest plot

16

695

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐1.49 [‐2.42, ‐0.55]

2.1 Industry funded

7

300

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐1.90 [‐3.38, ‐0.42]

2.2 Non industry funded

9

395

Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI)

‐1.14 [‐2.45, 0.16]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 7. Industry funded versus non industry funded trials
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