Scolaris Content Display Scolaris Content Display

'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 1 Maternal mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 1 Maternal mortality.

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 2 Perinatal mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 2 Perinatal mortality.

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 Neonatal mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 Neonatal mortality.

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 Stillbirth.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 Stillbirth.

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 5 Maternal anaemia.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 5 Maternal anaemia.

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 6 Maternal clinical infection.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 6 Maternal clinical infection.

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 7 Maternal night blindness.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 7 Maternal night blindness.

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 8 Preterm birth.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 8 Preterm birth.

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 9 Neonatal anaemia.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 9 Neonatal anaemia.

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 12 Low birthweight.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment, Outcome 12 Low birthweight.

Comparison 2 Vitamin A alone versus micronutrient supplement without vitamin A, Outcome 6 Maternal clinical infection.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Vitamin A alone versus micronutrient supplement without vitamin A, Outcome 6 Maternal clinical infection.

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 2 Perinatal mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 2 Perinatal mortality.

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 3 Neonatal mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 3 Neonatal mortality.

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 4 Stillbirth.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 4 Stillbirth.

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 5 Maternal anaemia.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 5 Maternal anaemia.

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 6 Maternal clinical infection.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.6

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 6 Maternal clinical infection.

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 8 Preterm birth.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.8

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 8 Preterm birth.

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 9 Neonatal anaemia.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.9

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 9 Neonatal anaemia.

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 11 Congenital malformations.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.11

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 11 Congenital malformations.

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 12 Low birthweight.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.12

Comparison 3 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A, Outcome 12 Low birthweight.

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 1 Perinatal mortality (infant mortality level).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 1 Perinatal mortality (infant mortality level).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 2 Maternal mortality (infant mortality level).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 2 Maternal mortality (infant mortality level).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 3 Maternal mortality (maternal mortality level).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 3 Maternal mortality (maternal mortality level).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 4 Perinatal mortality (maternal mortality level).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.4

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 4 Perinatal mortality (maternal mortality level).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 5 Maternal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.5

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 5 Maternal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 6 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.6

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 6 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 7 Maternal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.7

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 7 Maternal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 8 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.8

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 8 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 9 Maternal mortality (dose).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.9

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 9 Maternal mortality (dose).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 10 Perinatal mortality (dose).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.10

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 10 Perinatal mortality (dose).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 11 Maternal mortality (regimen).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.11

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 11 Maternal mortality (regimen).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 12 Perinatal mortality (regimen).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.12

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 12 Perinatal mortality (regimen).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 13 Maternal mortality (duration of intervention).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.13

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 13 Maternal mortality (duration of intervention).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 15 Maternal mortality (trimester of pregnancy).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.15

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 15 Maternal mortality (trimester of pregnancy).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 16 Perinatal mortality (trimester of pregnancy).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.16

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 16 Perinatal mortality (trimester of pregnancy).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 17 Maternal mortality (randomisation).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.17

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 17 Maternal mortality (randomisation).

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 18 Perinatal mortality (randomisation).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.18

Comparison 4 Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups), Outcome 18 Perinatal mortality (randomisation).

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 2 Perinatal mortality (infant mortality level).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 2 Perinatal mortality (infant mortality level).

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 4 Perinatal mortality (maternal mortality level).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.4

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 4 Perinatal mortality (maternal mortality level).

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 5 Maternal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.5

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 5 Maternal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency).

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 6 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.6

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 6 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency).

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 8 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.8

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 8 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population).

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 10 Perinatal mortality (dose).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.10

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 10 Perinatal mortality (dose).

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 12 Perinatal mortality (regimen).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.12

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 12 Perinatal mortality (regimen).

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 16 Perinatal mortality (trimester of pregnancy).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.16

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 16 Perinatal mortality (trimester of pregnancy).

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 18 Perinatal mortality (randomisation).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.18

Comparison 6 Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups), Outcome 18 Perinatal mortality (randomisation).

Summary of findings for the main comparison. Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment

Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment

Patient or population: Pregnant women
Settings: Areas with endemic vitamin A deficiency (inadequate intake)/areas with adequate intake as defined by the WHO global database on vitamin A deficiency
Intervention: Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

№ of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Risk with placebo or no treatment

Risk with vitamin A alone

Maternal mortality

Study population

RR 0.88
(0.65 to 1.20)

154,039
(4 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊕⊕
HIGH 1

Inverse variance.

5 per 1000

5 per 1000

(4 to 7)

Perinatal mortality

Study population

RR 1.01
(0.95 to 1.07)

76,176
(1 RCT)

⊕⊕⊕⊕
HIGH

Inverse variance.

54 per 1000

54 per 1000

(51 to 57)

Maternal anaemia

Study population

RR 0.64
(0.43 to 0.94)

15,649
(3 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
MODERATE 2

Inverse variance.

191 per 1000

122 per 1000

(82 to 180)

Maternal clinical infection

Study population

RR 0.45
(0.20 to 0.99)

17,313
(5 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 2 3

Inverse variance.

18 per 1000

8 per 1000

(4 to 18)

Preterm birth

Study population

RR 0.98
(0.94 to 1.01)

48,007
(5 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊕⊕
HIGH

249 per 1000

244 per 1000
(234 to 251)

Moderate

190 per 1000

186 per 1000
(178 to 192)

*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).

CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate quality: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low quality: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low quality: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect

1 The authors considered that the pooled effect estimate was not biased by the design of the studies or their analysis of data. Following correspondence received from the trialists for Kirkwood 2010, the loss to follow‐up for this study was 8%: the data from this study are not at risk of attrition bias.

2 Statistical Heterogeneity (I² > 60%).

3 Most studies contributing data had design limitations.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment
Summary of findings 2. Combination vitamin A and micronutrients for maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity

Combination vitamin A and micronutrients for maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity

Patient or population: Pregnant women
Settings: Areas with endemic vitamin A deficiency (inadequate intake)/areas with adequate intake as defined by the WHO global database on vitamin A deficiency
Intervention: Combination vitamin A and micronutrients
Comparison: Other micronutrients

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

№ of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Risk with micronutrient supplements without vitamin A

Risk with vitamin A with other micronutrients

Maternal mortality

Study population

not estimable

(0 studies)

See comment

No study reported results for this outcome.

not pooled

not pooled

Perinatal mortality

Study population

RR 0.51
(0.10 to 2.69)

179
(1 RCT)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 1

44 per 1000

23 per 1000
(4 to 120)

Moderate

44 per 1000

23 per 1000
(4 to 119)

Maternal anaemia

Study population

RR 0.86
(0.68 to 1.09)

706
(3 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 2

269 per 1000

231 per 1000
(183 to 293)

Moderate

346 per 1000

298 per 1000
(235 to 377)

Maternal clinical infection

Study population

RR 0.95
(0.80 to 1.13)

597
(2 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 2

382 per 1000

363 per 1000
(306 to 432)

Moderate

339 per 1000

322 per 1000
(271 to 383)

Preterm birth

Study population

RR 0.39
(0.08 to 1.93)

136
(1 RCT)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
LOW 2

75 per 1000

29 per 1000
(6 to 144)

Moderate

75 per 1000

29 per 1000
(6 to 144)

*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).

CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate quality: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low quality: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low quality: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect

1 Wide confidence interval crossing the line of no effect, few events & small sample size.

2 Wide confidence interval crossing the line of no effect & small sample size.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 2. Combination vitamin A and micronutrients for maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity
Table 1. Retinol supplementation to vitamin A conversion table

Retinol supplementation in mcg

Vitamin A in IU

1

3.33

2

6.66

3

9.99

IU: international units

Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Retinol supplementation to vitamin A conversion table
Table 2. Serum retinol conversion table

Serum retinol mcg/dL

Serum retinol mc mol/L

10

0.35

20

0.7

30

1.05

Figuras y tablas -
Table 2. Serum retinol conversion table
Comparison 1. Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Maternal mortality Show forest plot

4

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.65, 1.20]

2 Perinatal mortality Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

3 Neonatal mortality Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.97 [0.90, 1.05]

4 Stillbirth Show forest plot

2

122850

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.98, 1.10]

5 Maternal anaemia Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.64 [0.43, 0.94]

6 Maternal clinical infection Show forest plot

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.20, 0.99]

7 Maternal night blindness Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.64, 0.98]

8 Preterm birth Show forest plot

5

40137

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.94, 1.01]

9 Neonatal anaemia Show forest plot

1

406

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.92, 1.08]

10 Neonatal clinical infection

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Congenital malformations

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Low birthweight Show forest plot

4

14599

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.89, 1.16]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment
Comparison 2. Vitamin A alone versus micronutrient supplement without vitamin A

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Maternal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Perinatal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Neonatal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Stillbirth

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Maternal anaemia

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Maternal clinical infection Show forest plot

2

591

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.83, 1.18]

7 Maternal night blindness

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Preterm birth

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Neonatal anaemia

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Neonatal clinical infection

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Congenital malformations

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Low birthweight

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Vitamin A alone versus micronutrient supplement without vitamin A
Comparison 3. Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Maternal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Perinatal mortality Show forest plot

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

3 Neonatal mortality Show forest plot

1

594

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.32, 1.31]

4 Stillbirth Show forest plot

2

866

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.41 [0.57, 3.47]

5 Maternal anaemia Show forest plot

3

706

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.68, 1.09]

6 Maternal clinical infection Show forest plot

2

597

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.80, 1.13]

7 Maternal night blindness

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Preterm birth Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.39 [0.08, 1.93]

9 Neonatal anaemia Show forest plot

2

1052

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.75 [0.38, 1.51]

10 Neonatal clinical infection

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Congenital malformations Show forest plot

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.34 [0.04, 3.18]

12 Low birthweight Show forest plot

1

594

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.47, 0.96]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A
Comparison 4. Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Perinatal mortality (infant mortality level) Show forest plot

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

1.1 Countries with low infant mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Countries with high infant mortality

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

2 Maternal mortality (infant mortality level) Show forest plot

4

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.65, 1.20]

2.1 Countries with low infant mortality

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 9.44]

2.2 Countries with high infant mortality

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.89 [0.64, 1.23]

3 Maternal mortality (maternal mortality level) Show forest plot

4

161240

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.76, 1.08]

3.1 Countries with low maternal mortality

1

550

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 8.15]

3.2 Countries with high maternal mortality

3

160690

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.76, 1.08]

4 Perinatal mortality (maternal mortality level) Show forest plot

1

73743

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.88, 1.03]

4.1 Countries with low maternal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Countries with high maternal mortality

1

73743

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.88, 1.03]

5 Maternal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency) Show forest plot

4

161240

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.87 [0.64, 1.20]

5.1 Low prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

1

550

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 8.15]

5.2 High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

3

160690

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.63, 1.23]

6 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency) Show forest plot

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

6.1 Low prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

7 Maternal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population) Show forest plot

4

161240

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.87 [0.64, 1.20]

7.1 Countries with low HIV prevalence

4

161240

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.87 [0.64, 1.20]

7.2 Countries with high HIV prevalence

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population) Show forest plot

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

8.1 Countries with low HIV prevalence

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

8.2 Countries with high HIV prevalence

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Maternal mortality (dose) Show forest plot

3

160690

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.63, 1.23]

9.1 Daily 10,000 IU

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 Others

3

160690

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.63, 1.23]

10 Perinatal mortality (dose) Show forest plot

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

10.1 Daily 10,000 IU

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 Others

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

11 Maternal mortality (regimen) Show forest plot

4

161240

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.87 [0.64, 1.20]

11.1 Daily

1

550

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 8.15]

11.2 Weekly

3

160690

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.63, 1.23]

11.3 Other regimen

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Perinatal mortality (regimen) Show forest plot

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

12.1 Daily

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.2 Weekly

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

12.3 Other regimen

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Maternal mortality (duration of intervention) Show forest plot

2

60216

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.16 [0.82, 1.64]

13.1 One month or less

1

550

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 8.15]

13.2 More than one month

1

59666

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.18 [0.83, 1.68]

14 Perinatal mortality (duration of intervention)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15 Maternal mortality (trimester of pregnancy) Show forest plot

4

161240

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.87 [0.64, 1.20]

15.1 Pre‐pregnancy

2

101024

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.77 [0.50, 1.17]

15.2 First trimester

1

59666

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.18 [0.83, 1.68]

15.3 Second trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.4 Third trimester

1

550

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 8.15]

15.5 Mixed

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 Perinatal mortality (trimester of pregnancy) Show forest plot

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

16.1 Pre‐pregnancy

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

16.2 First trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.3 Second trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.4 Third trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.5 Mixed

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 Maternal mortality (randomisation) Show forest plot

3

160690

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.63, 1.23]

17.1 Cluster‐randomised

3

160690

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.63, 1.23]

17.2 Individual‐randomised

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Perinatal mortality (randomisation) Show forest plot

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

18.1 Cluster‐randomised

1

76176

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.95, 1.07]

18.2 Individual‐randomised

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 4. Vitamin A alone versus placebo or no treatment (subgroups)
Comparison 5. Vitamin A alone versus micronutrient supplement without vitamin A (subgroups)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Maternal mortality (infant mortality level)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.1 Countries with low infant mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Countries with high infant mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Perinatal mortality (infant mortality level)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.1 Countries with low infant mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Countries with high infant mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Maternal mortality (maternal mortality level)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.1 Countries with low maternal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Countries with high maternal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Perinatal mortality (maternal mortality level)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.1 Countries with low maternal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Countries with high maternal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Maternal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.1 Low prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.1 Low prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Maternal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.1 Countries with low HIV prevalence

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.2 Countries with high HIV prevalence

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.1 Countries with low HIV prevalence

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.2 Countries with high HIV prevalence

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Maternal mortality (dose)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.1 Daily 10,000 IU

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 Others

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Perinatal mortality (dose)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.1 Daily 10,000 IU

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 Others

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Maternal mortality (regimen)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.1 Daily

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.2 Weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.3 Other regimen

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Perinatal mortality (regimen)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.1 Daily

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.2 Weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.3 Other regimen

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Maternal mortality (duration of intervention)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Perinatal mortality (duration of intervention)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15 Maternal mortality (trimester of pregnancy)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.1 Pre‐pregnancy

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.2 First trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.3 Second trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.4 Third trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.5 Mixed

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 Perinatal mortality (trimester of pregnancy)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.1 Pre‐pregnancy

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.2 First trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.3 Second trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.4 Third trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.5 Mixed

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 Maternal mortality (randomisation)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.1 Cluster‐randomised

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.2 Individual‐randomised

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Perinatal mortality (randomisation)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.1 Cluster‐randomised

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.2 Individual‐randomised

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 5. Vitamin A alone versus micronutrient supplement without vitamin A (subgroups)
Comparison 6. Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Maternal mortality (infant mortality level)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.1 Countries with low infant mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Countries with high infant mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Perinatal mortality (infant mortality level) Show forest plot

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

2.1 Countries with low infant mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Countries with high infant mortality

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

3 Maternal mortality (maternal mortality level)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.1 Countries with low maternal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Countries with high maternal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Perinatal mortality (maternal mortality level) Show forest plot

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

4.1 Countries with low maternal mortality

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Countries with high maternal mortality

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

5 Maternal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency) Show forest plot

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

5.1 Low prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

6 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of vitamin A deficiency) Show forest plot

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

6.1 Low prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

6.2 High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Maternal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.1 Countries with low HIV prevalence

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.2 Countries with high HIV prevalence

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Perinatal mortality (prevalence of HIV in the general population) Show forest plot

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

8.1 Countries with low HIV prevalence

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

8.2 Countries with high HIV prevalence

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Maternal mortality (dose)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.1 Daily 10,000 IU

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 Others

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Perinatal mortality (dose) Show forest plot

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

10.1 Daily 10,000 IU

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 Others

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

11 Maternal mortality (regimen)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.1 Daily

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.2 Weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.3 Other regimen

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Perinatal mortality (regimen) Show forest plot

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

12.1 Daily

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

12.2 Weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.3 Other regimen

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Maternal mortality (duration of intervention)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Perinatal mortality (duration of intervention)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15 Maternal mortality (trimester of pregnancy)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.1 Pre‐pregnancy

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.2 First trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.3 Second trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.4 Third trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.5 Mixed

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 Perinatal mortality (trimester of pregnancy) Show forest plot

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

16.1 Pre‐pregnancy

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.2 First trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.3 Second trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.4 Third trimester

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.5 Mixed

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

17 Maternal mortality (randomisation)

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.1 Cluster‐randomised

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.2 Individual‐randomised

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Perinatal mortality (randomisation) Show forest plot

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

18.1 Cluster‐randomised

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.2 Individual‐randomised

1

179

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.69]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 6. Vitamin A with other micronutrients versus micronutrient supplements without vitamin A (subgroups)