1 Pain (muscle soreness: various scales Likert and VAS) Show forest plot

12

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Immediately post intervention

7

128

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.07 [‐0.43, 0.28]

1.2 24 hours

10

218

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.55 [‐0.84, ‐0.27]

1.3 48 hours

8

179

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.66 [‐0.97, ‐0.35]

1.4 72 hours

4

104

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.93 [‐1.36, ‐0.51]

1.5 96 hours

5

97

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.58 [1.00, ‐0.16]

2 Pain ‐ random effects analysis (muscle soreness: various scales Likert and VAS) Show forest plot

12

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Immediately post intervention

7

128

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.07 [‐0.43, 0.28]

2.2 24 hours

10

218

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.58 [‐1.06, ‐0.10]

2.3 48 hours

8

179

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.70 [‐1.18, ‐0.21]

2.4 72 hours

4

104

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.88 [‐1.83, 0.07]

2.5 96 hours

5

97

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.56 [‐1.12, 0.01]

3 Subgroup analysis. Study design: Pain at 24 hours (muscle soreness: various scales Likert and VAS) Show forest plot

10

218

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.55 [‐0.84, ‐0.27]

3.1 parallel group

7

136

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.23 [‐0.58, 0.12]

3.2 cross‐over

3

82

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.17 [‐1.65, ‐0.69]

4 Subgroup analysis. Study design: Pain at 48 hours (muscle soreness: various scales Likert and VAS) Show forest plot

8

179

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.66 [‐0.97, ‐0.35]

4.1 parallel group

6

117

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.40 [‐0.77, ‐0.02]

4.2 cross‐over

2

62

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.26 [‐1.81, ‐0.70]

5 Subgroup analysis. Study design: Pain at 72 hours (muscle soreness: various scales Likert and VAS) Show forest plot

4

104

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.93 [‐1.36, ‐0.51]

5.1 parallel groups

3

64

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.43 [‐0.93, 0.07]

5.2 cross‐over

1

40

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐2.27 [‐3.08, ‐1.46]

6 Subgroup analysis. Immersion frequency: Pain at 24 hours (muscle soreness: various scales Likert and VAS) Show forest plot

10

218

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.55 [‐0.84, ‐0.27]

6.1 Single CWI

6

110

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.51 [‐0.90, ‐0.11]

6.2 Multiple CWI

4

108

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.60 [‐1.00, ‐0.20]

7 Subgroup analysis. Immersion frequency: Pain at 48 hours (muscle soreness: various scales Likert and VAS) Show forest plot

8

179

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.66 [‐0.97, ‐0.35]

7.1 Single CWI

4

71

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.75 [‐1.25, ‐0.26]

7.2 Multiple CWI

4

108

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.60 [‐1.01, ‐0.20]

8 Subgroup analysis. Exercise type: Pain at 24 hours (muscle soreness: various scales Likert and VAS) Show forest plot

10

218

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.55 [‐0.84, ‐0.27]

8.1 Lab controlled muscle damage (DOMS)

6

137

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.22 [‐0.57, 0.12]

8.2 Other sporting activity

4

81

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.23 [‐1.72, ‐0.74]

9 Subgroup analysis. Exercise type: Pain at 48 hours (muscle soreness: various scales Likert and VAS) Show forest plot

8

179

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.66 [‐0.97, ‐0.35]

9.1 Lab controlled muscle damage (DOMS)

6

137

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.48 [‐0.83, ‐0.14]

9.2 Other sporting activity

2

42

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.39 [‐2.09, ‐0.69]

10 Tenderness (pain on palpation) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.3 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Subjective recovery (10 point or 10 cm VAS) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

11.1 Physical recovery (Immediately post intervention)

2

42

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.97 [‐0.10, 2.05]

11.2 Mental recovery (immediately post intervention)

1

22

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.60 [‐0.86, 2.06]

12 Fatigue (10 point / 10 cm VAS) Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

12.1 Fatigue (immediately post intervention)

2

38

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.70 [‐2.49, ‐0.90]

12.2 Fatigue (24 hrs post intervention)

1

19

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.70 [‐1.88, 0.48]

13 Strength (Final value: Nm) Show forest plot

6

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

13.1 Immediate

3

58

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐19.92 [‐33.24, ‐6.59]

13.2 24 hours

4

81

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.94 [‐6.44, 2.56]

13.3 48 hours

5

103

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.44 [‐5.46, 2.57]

13.4 72 hours

3

61

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.89 [‐5.33, 3.56]

13.5 96 hours

2

46

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.58 [‐4.06, 2.89]

14 Strength (% of baseline) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

14.1 Immediate

2

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.2 24 hours

2

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.3 48 hours

2

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.4 72 hours

2

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.5 96 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15 Power (jump height: centimetres) Show forest plot

4

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

15.1 Immediate (cross‐over trial)

1

40

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.80 [‐6.29, 2.69]

15.2 24 hours

3

52

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.26 [‐2.04, 2.56]

15.3 24 hours (cross‐over trial)

1

40

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

5.40 [2.12, 8.68]

15.4 48 hours

1

20

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐2.63, 2.63]

15.5 48 hours (cross‐over trial)

1

40

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

9.60 [6.40, 12.80]

15.6 72 hours (cross‐over trial)

1

40

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

6.60 [3.16, 10.04]

16 Power (% decrease in jump height over 5 jumps) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

16.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 Power (cycle ergometer power: Watts) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

17.1 Peak power output (Immediate)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Functional performance (time to complete exercise test: seconds) Show forest plot

6

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

18.1 1 km cycle time (immediate)

1

20

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [‐2.64, 3.24]

18.2 Agility circuit time (24 hours)

1

19

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.03 [‐0.26, 0.20]

18.3 Sprint time (24 hours)

2

39

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.02 [‐0.10, 0.07]

18.4 Multisprint / Agilty circuit time (24 hours)

1

20

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.29 [‐2.49, 1.91]

18.5 Multisprint time (24 hours)

2

32

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.19 [‐1.06, 0.68]

18.6 Sprint time (48 hours)

1

20

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.11, 0.15]

18.7 Multisprint time (48 hours)

1

22

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.07 [‐1.37, 1.23]

19 Functional performance (time to fatigue) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

19.1 % decrease from baseline (immediate)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20 Range of movement (ROM) Show forest plot

4

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

20.1 Degrees (Immediate)

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.2 Degrees (24 hours)

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.3 Centimetres (24 hours)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.4 Degrees (48 hours)

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.5 Degrees (72 hours)

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.6 Degrees (96 hours)

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21 Swelling (limb girth in centimetres) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

21.1 Final value immediate

1

18

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐5.16, 5.36]

21.2 Final value 24 hours

2

33

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.41 [‐5.63, 2.80]

21.3 Final value 48 hours

2

33

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.53 [‐5.57, 2.51]

21.4 Final value 72 hours

2

33

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.54 [‐5.65, 2.56]

21.5 Final value 96 hours

1

18

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.60 [‐5.80, 4.60]

22 Biomarker: creatine kinase Show forest plot

10

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

22.1 Immediately post

4

68

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.66, 0.67]

22.2 24 hours

7

146

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.20 [‐1.03, 0.63]

22.3 48 hours

7

152

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.50 [‐1.36, 0.37]

22.4 72 hours

3

51

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.14 [‐0.52, 0.79]

22.5 96 hours

3

55

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.70, 0.73]

23 Biomarker: lactate dehydrogenase Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

23.1 U/L (immediate)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

23.2 % change 96 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

24 Biomarker: myoglobin Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

24.1 Immediate

2

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.51 [‐1.18, 0.17]

24.2 24 hours

2

33

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.66 [‐1.36, 0.05]

24.3 48 hours

1

20

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.74 [‐1.66, 0.17]

25 Biomarker: interleukin‐6 (pg/ml) Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

25.1 Immediate

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

26 Biomarker: C‐reactive protein (mg/dL / mg/L) Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

26.1 Immediate

2

30

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.32 [‐0.40, 1.04]

26.2 24 hours

1

22

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.23 [‐1.07, 0.61]

26.3 48 hours

1

22

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.21 [‐1.05, 0.63]

27 Pain (muscle soreness: all converted to 10 cm VAS) Show forest plot

12

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

27.1 Immediately post intervention

7

128

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.59, 0.61]

27.2 24 hours

10

218

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.27 [‐1.70, ‐0.84]

27.3 48 hours

8

179

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.58 [‐2.07, ‐1.10]

27.4 72 hours

4

104

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐2.16 [‐2.79, ‐1.53]

27.5 96 hours

5

97

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.64 [‐1.21, ‐0.07]

1 Pain (muscle soreness: 10 point or 10 or 12 cm VAS) Show forest plot

5

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Immediate

3

63

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.04 [‐0.66, 0.73]

1.2 24 hours

4

97

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.01 [‐0.65, 0.64]

1.3 48 hours

3

77

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.87, 0.91]

1.4 72 hours

2

55

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.16 [‐0.37, 0.69]

1.5 96 hours

1

28

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.12 [‐0.86, 0.62]

2 Subjective recovery (10 cm VAS) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Fatigue (immediate)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Strength Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Immediate

1

27

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.04 [‐0.72, 0.80]

3.2 24 hours

2

55

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.26 [‐0.79, 0.28]

3.3 48 hours

3

77

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.01 [‐0.46, 0.44]

3.4 72 hours

2

55

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.17 [‐0.70, 0.37]

3.5 96 hours

1

28

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.43 [‐1.19, 0.32]

4 Power (squat jump in Watts) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Immediate

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.3 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.4 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Power (% decrease in jump performance) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Functional performance (time to complete running task: seconds) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 Multisprint/Agility circuit time (24 hours)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 Sprint time (24 hours)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.3 Multisprint time (48 hours)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Functional performance (time to fatigue) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7.1 % decrease from baseline (immediate)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Swelling (thigh girth: centimetres) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8.1 Immediate

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.2 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.3 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.4 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Range of movement (degrees) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.3 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.4 96 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Biomarker: creatine kinase (U/L) Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10.1 Immediate

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 24 hours

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.3 48 hours

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.4 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Biomarker: myoglobin Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

11.1 Immediate

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.2 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Biomarker: lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

12.1 Immediate

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.2 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.3 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.4 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Biomarker: C‐reactive protein (mg/L) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

13.1 Immediate

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.2 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.3 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Biomarker: interleukin‐6 (pg/mL) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

14.1 Immediate

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.2 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Pain (muscle soreness: 10 point or 10 or 12 cm VAS) Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Immediate

1

23

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐2.09, 1.09]

1.2 24 hours

3

64

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.33 [‐1.40, 0.73]

1.3 48 hours

2

51

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.52 [‐0.94, 1.99]

1.4 72 hours

2

51

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.40 [‐1.83, 1.03]

1.5 96 hours

1

28

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐4.64 [‐7.72, ‐1.56]

2 Subjective recovery Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Fatigue (24 hours post intervention)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Subjective recovery (Intervention associated with NO benefit for recovery) Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 24 hours

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Strength Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 Immediate

1

23

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.42 [‐0.41, 1.25]

4.2 24 hours

2

51

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.28 [‐0.27, 0.84]

4.3 48 hours

2

51

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [‐0.27, 0.86]

4.4 72 hours

2

51

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.36, 0.75]

4.5 96 hours

1

28

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.16 [‐0.90, 0.58]

5 Power Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Immediate

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 24 hours

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.3 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.4 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Functional performance Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 Multisprint time at 24 hours (seconds)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Range of movement (ROM) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.2 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.3 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.4 96 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Swelling Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8.1 Immediate

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.2 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.3 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.4 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Biomarker: creatine kinase (U/L) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

9.1 Immediate

1

23

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐66.0 [‐328.29, 196.29]

9.2 24 hours

2

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐65.27 [‐236.38, 105.84]

9.3 48 hours

1

23

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐14.0 [‐210.29, 182.29]

9.4 72 hours

1

23

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

53.0 [‐143.97, 249.97]

10 Biomarker: lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10.1 Immediate

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 24 hours

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.3 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.4 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Biomarker: myoglobin (ng/mL) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

11.1 Immediate

1

23

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐4.40 [‐35.63, 26.83]

11.2 24 hours

2

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.16 [‐17.14, 19.46]

12 Biomarker: interleukin‐6 (pg/ml) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

12.1 Immediate

1

23

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.2 [‐1.72, 6.12]

12.2 24 hours

2

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.07 [‐0.90, 1.03]

13 Biomarker: interleukin‐10 (pg/ml) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

13.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Biomarker: interleukin‐1b (pg/ml) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

14.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Pain (muscle soreness: 10 point VAS) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Immediate

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Power (% decrement in jump performance) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Functional performance (time to complete running test: seconds) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Sprint time (24 hours)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Multisprint/Agility time (24 hours)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Pain (muscle soreness: 10 point VAS) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Subjective recovery (rating of fatigue: 10 point VAS ) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Power (vertical jump height: centimetres) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Range of movement (centimetres) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Functional performance (time to complete running test: seconds) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Agility circuit time (24 hrs)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Multisprint time (24 hrs)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Pain (muscle soreness: 5 point VAS) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.3 96 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Range of movement (degrees) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Immediate

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 24 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.4 96 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Biomarker: creatine kinase (U/L) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 48 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 96 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Biomarker: lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 96 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]