Appendix 1. MEDLINE, Ovid search strategy

1. Immunization/

2. Immunization Schedule/

3. Immunization, Secondary/

4. Immunotherapy, Active/

5. Mass Immunization/

6. Immunization Programs/

7. Vaccination/

8. (vaccinat$ or immunization or immunisation or immunotherapy).tw.

9. or/1‐8

10. Tetanus Toxoid/

11. Diphtheria Toxoid/

12. Diphtheria‐tetanus‐Acellular Pertussis Vaccines/

13. Diphtheria‐Tetanus‐Pertussis Vaccine/

14. Diphtheria‐Tetanus Vaccine/

15. Pertussis Vaccine/

16. Measles‐Mumps‐Rubella Vaccine/

17. Measles Vaccine/

18. Mumps Vaccine/

19. Rubella Vaccine/

20. Poliovirus Vaccines/

21. Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/

22. Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/

23. Tuberculosis Vaccines/

24. BCG Vaccine/

25. Hepatitis B Vaccines/

26. Haemophilus Vaccines/

27. ((tetanus or diphtheria) adj toxoid).tw.

28. ((tetanus or diphtheria? or pertussis or whooping cough or measles or mumps or rubella? or rubeola or mmr or polio$ or tuberculosis or tuberculoses or bcg or calmette$ or hepatitis b or haemophilus) adj vaccine?).tw.

29. or/10‐28

30. Tetanus/

31. Diphtheria/

32. Measles/

33. Mumps/

34. Rubella/

35. Whooping Cough/

36. Poliomyelitis/

37. Poliomyelitis, Bulbar/

38. Tuberculosis/

39. Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/

40. Mycobacterium tuberculosis/

41. Hepatitis B/

42. Hepatitis B, Chronic/

43. Haemophilus Influenzae/

44. Haemophilus Influenzae Type B/

45. (tetanus or diphtheria? or measles or rubella? or rubeola or mumps or epidemic parotit$ or whooping cough or polio$ or infantile paralysis or tuberculosis or tuberculoses or hepatitis b or haemophilus influenza?).tw.

46. or/30‐45

47. exp Child/

48. exp Infant/

49. exp Child Care/

50. (child$ or infant? or newborn? or neonat$ or baby or babies or kid? or toddler?).tw.

51. or/47‐50

52. 9 and (Tetanus/ or tetanus.tw.)

53. Tetanus Toxoid/ or (tetanus toxoid or tetanus vaccine?).tw.

54. 52 or 53

55. Developing Countries/

56. exp "Africa South of the Sahara"/

57. exp Asia, Western/

58. exp Asia, Southeastern/

59. exp Asia, Central/

60. exp South America/

61. (American Samoa or Argentina or Belize or Botswana or Brazil or Bulgaria or Chile or Costa Rica or Croatia or Dominica or Equatorial Guinea or Gabon or Grenada or Hungary or Kazakhstan or Latvia or Lebanon or Libya or Lithuania or Malaysia or Mauritius or Mayotte or Mexico or Montenegro or Northern Mariana Islands or Oman or Palau or Panama or Poland or Romania or Russian Federation or Serbia or Seychelles or Slovak Republic or South Africa or "Saint Kitts and Nevis" or Saint Lucia or "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" or Turkey or Uruguay or Venezuela or Yugoslavia).mp. or Guinea.tw. or Russia.tw. or Samoa.tw. or Slovakia.tw.

62. (Albania or Algeria or Angola or Armenia or Azerbaijan or Belarus or Bhutan or Bolivia or "Bosnia and Herzegovina" or Cameroon or Cape Verde or China or Colombia or Congo or Cuba or Djibouti or Dominican Republic or Ecuador or Egypt or El Salvador or Fiji or Georgia or Guatemala or Guyana or Honduras or Indonesia or Iran or Iraq or Jamaica or Jordan or Kiribati or Lesotho or Maldives or "Macedonia (Republic)" or Marshall Islands or Micronesia or Guam or Moldova or Morocco or Namibia or Nicaragua or Paraguay or Peru or Philippines or Samoa or Sri Lanka or Suriname or Swaziland or Syria or Thailand or Tonga or Tunisia or Turkmenistan or Ukraine or Vanuatu).mp. or Bosnia.tw. or Gaza.tw. or Macedonia.tw. or Palestin$.tw. or West Bank.tw.

63. (Afghanistan or Bangladesh or Benin or Burkina Faso or Burundi or Cambodia or Central African Republic or Chad or Comoros or "Democratic Republic of the Congo" or Cote d'Ivoire or Eritrea or Ethiopia or Gambia or Ghana or Guinea or Guinea‐Bissau or Haiti or India or Kenya or North Korea or Kyrgyzstan or Laos or Liberia or Madagascar or Malawi or Mali or Mauritania or Mongolia or Mozambique or Myanmar or Nepal or Niger or Nigeria or Pakistan or Papua New Guinea or Rwanda or Senegal or Sierra Leone or Solomon Islands or Somalia or Sudan or Tajikistan or Tanzania or East Timor or Togo or Uganda or Uzbekistan or Vietnam or Yemen or Zambia or Zimbabwe).mp. or Burma.tw. or Lao.tw. or Sao Tome.tw.

64. ((rural or remote or nonmetropolitan or underserved or under served or deprived) adj (communit$ or area? or region? or province? or district?)).tw.

65. ((developing or less$ developed or third world or under developed or poor$) adj (count$ or state? or province? or jurisdiction? or nation? or region? or area? or territory$)).tw.

66. (lmic or lmics).tw.

67. or/55‐66

68. randomized controlled trial.pt.

69. random$.tw.

70. intervention$.tw.

71. control$.tw.

72. evaluat$.tw.

73. or/68‐72

74. Animals/

75. Humans/

76. 74 not (74 and 75)

77. (letter or editorial or comment).pt.

78. 77 not (77 and 68)

79. 73 not (76 or 78)

80. 9 and 46 and 51 and 67 and 79

81. 29 and 51 and 67 and 79

82. 54 and 67 and 79

83. 80 or 81 or 82