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Les interventions visant à améliorer la couverture vaccinale des enfants dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire

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Appendices

Appendix 1. Search strategies

CENTRAL, Cochrane Library

ID

Search

Hits

#1

MeSH descriptor: [Immunization] this term only

636

#2

MeSH descriptor: [Immunization Schedule] this term only

931

#3

MeSH descriptor: [Immunization, Secondary] this term only

756

#4

MeSH descriptor: [Immunotherapy, Active] this term only

109

#5

MeSH descriptor: [Mass Vaccination] this term only

76

#6

MeSH descriptor: [Immunization Programs] this term only

377

#7

MeSH descriptor: [Vaccination] this term only

2330

#8

#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7

4366

#9

MeSH descriptor: [Child] explode all trees

173

#10

MeSH descriptor: [Infant] explode all trees

14329

#11

MeSH descriptor: [Mothers] this term only

1195

#12

MeSH descriptor: [Women] this term only

253

#13

MeSH descriptor: [Pregnant Women] this term only

122

#14

#9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13

15639

#15

#8 and #14

369

#16

(immunization or immunisation or vaccination) next (program* or rate* or coverage or adher*):ti

309

#17

(vaccinat* or revaccinat* or immunization or immunisation) near/3 (child* or infant* or newborn* or neonat* or baby or babies or kid or kids or toddler* or woman or women or mother or mothers):ti,ab,kw

2183

#18

#15 or #16 or #17

2485

#19

(Africa or Asia or Caribbean or "West Indies" or "South America" or "Latin America" or "Central America"):ti,ab,kw

6277

#20

(Afghanistan or Albania or Algeria or Angola or Antigua or Barbuda or Argentina or Armenia or Armenian or Aruba or Azerbaijan or Bahrain or Bangladesh or Barbados or Benin or Byelarus or Byelorussian or Belarus or Belorussian or Belorussia or Belize or Bhutan or Bolivia or Bosnia or Herzegovina or Hercegovina or Botswana or Brazil or Brasil or Bulgaria or "Burkina Faso" or "Burkina Fasso" or "Upper Volta" or Burundi or Urundi or Cambodia or "Khmer Republic" or Kampuchea or Cameroon or Cameroons or Cameron or Camerons or "Cape Verde" or "Central African Republic" or Chad or Chile or China or Colombia or Comoros or "Comoro Islands" or Comores or Mayotte or Congo or Zaire or "Costa Rica" or "Cote d'Ivoire" or "Ivory Coast" or Croatia or Cuba or Cyprus or Czechoslovakia or "Czech Republic" or Slovakia or "Slovak Republic"):ti,ab,kw

13336

#21

(Djibouti or "French Somaliland" or Dominica or "Dominican Republic" or "East Timor" or "East Timur" or "Timor Leste" or Ecuador or Egypt or "United Arab Republic" or "El Salvador" or Eritrea or Estonia or Ethiopia or Fiji or Gabon or "Gabonese Republic" or Gambia or Gaza or Georgia or Georgian or Ghana or "Gold Coast" or Greece or Grenada or Guatemala or Guinea or Guam or Guiana or Guyana or Haiti or Honduras or Hungary or India or Maldives or Indonesia or Iran or Iraq or "Isle of Man" or Jamaica or Jordan or Kazakhstan or Kazakh or Kenya or Kiribati or Korea or Kosovo or Kyrgyzstan or Kirghizia or "Kyrgyz Republic" or Kirghiz or Kirgizstan or "Lao PDR" or Laos or Latvia or Lebanon or Lesotho or Basutoland or Liberia or Libya or Lithuania):ti,ab,kw

14788

#22

(Macedonia or Madagascar or "Malagasy Republic" or Malaysia or Malaya or Malay or Sabah or Sarawak or Malawi or Nyasaland or Mali or Malta or "Marshall Islands" or Mauritania or Mauritius or "Agalega Islands" or Mexico or Micronesia or "Middle East" or Moldova or Moldovia or Moldovian or Mongolia or Montenegro or Morocco or Ifni or Mozambique or Myanmar or Myanma or Burma or Namibia or Nepal or "Netherlands Antilles" or "New Caledonia" or Nicaragua or Niger or Nigeria or "Northern Mariana Islands" or Oman or Muscat or Pakistan or Palau or Palestine or Panama or Paraguay or Peru or Philippines or Philipines or Phillipines or Phillippines or Poland or Portugal or "Puerto Rico"):ti,ab,kw

7142

#23

(Romania or Rumania or Roumania or Russia or Russian or Rwanda or Ruanda or "Saint Kitts" or "St Kitts" or Nevis or "Saint Lucia" or "St Lucia" or "Saint Vincent" or "St Vincent" or Grenadines or Samoa or "Samoan Islands" or "Navigator Island" or "Navigator Islands" or "Sao Tome" or "Saudi Arabia" or Senegal or Serbia or Montenegro or Seychelles or "Sierra Leone" or Slovenia or "Sri Lanka" or Ceylon or "Solomon Islands" or Somalia or Sudan or Suriname or Surinam or Swaziland or Syria or Tajikistan or Tadzhikistan or Tadjikistan or Tadzhik or Tanzania or Thailand or Togo or "Togolese Republic" or Tonga or Trinidad or Tobago or Tunisia or Turkey or Turkmenistan or Turkmen or Uganda or Ukraine or Uruguay or USSR or "Soviet Union" or "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" or Uzbekistan or Uzbek or Vanuatu or "New Hebrides" or Venezuela or Vietnam or "Viet Nam" or "West Bank" or Yemen or Yugoslavia or Zambia or Zimbabwe or Rhodesia):ti,ab,kw

8710

#24

(developing or less* next developed or "under developed" or underdeveloped or "middle income" or low* next income or underserved or "under served" or deprived or poor*) next (countr* or nation* or population* or world):ti,ab,kw

3803

#25

(developing or less* next developed or "under developed" or underdeveloped or "middle income" or low* next income) next (economy or economies):ti,ab,kw

23

#26

low* next (gdp or gnp or "gross domestic" or "gross national"):ti,ab,kw

33

#27

(low near/3 middle near/3 countr*):ti,ab,kw

391

#28

(lmic or lmics or "third world" or "lami country" or "lami countries"):ti,ab,kw

92

#29

("transitional country" or "transitional countries"):ti,ab,kw

2

#30

(#19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29)

46313

#31

#18 and #30 in Trials

684

MEDLINE In‐Process & Other Non‐Indexed Citations, MEDLINE Daily and MEDLINE 1946 to Present, Ovid

#

Searches

Results

1

Immunization/

46749

2

Immunization Schedule/

9187

3

Immunization, Secondary/

7263

4

Immunotherapy, Active/

2360

5

Mass Immunization/

2518

6

Immunization Programs/

8340

7

Vaccination/

68480

8

or/1‐7

130272

9

exp Child/

1663903

10

exp Infant/

1006268

11

Mothers/

32291

12

Women/

13948

13

Pregnant Women/

5684

14

or/9‐13

2193372

15

8 and 14

31376

16

((vaccinat* or revaccinat* or immunization or immunisation) adj3 (child* or infant? or newborn? or neonat* or baby or babies or kid? or toddler? or woman or women or mother?)).ti,ab.

16445

17

((immunization or immunisation or vaccination) adj (program* or rate* or coverage or adher*)).ti.

3812

18

15 or 16 or 17

41477

19

Developing Countries.sh,kf.

76483

20

(Africa or Asia or Caribbean or West Indies or South America or Latin America or Central America).hw,kf,ti,ab,cp.

207983

21

(Afghanistan or Albania or Algeria or Angola or Antigua or Barbuda or Argentina or Armenia or Armenian or Aruba or Azerbaijan or Bahrain or Bangladesh or Barbados or Benin or Byelarus or Byelorussian or Belarus or Belorussian or Belorussia or Belize or Bhutan or Bolivia or Bosnia or Herzegovina or Hercegovina or Botswana or Brazil or Brasil or Bulgaria or Burkina Faso or Burkina Fasso or Upper Volta or Burundi or Urundi or Cambodia or Khmer Republic or Kampuchea or Cameroon or Cameroons or Cameron or Camerons or Cape Verde or Central African Republic or Chad or Chile or China or Colombia or Comoros or Comoro Islands or Comores or Mayotte or Congo or Zaire or Costa Rica or Cote d'Ivoire or Ivory Coast or Croatia or Cuba or Cyprus or Czechoslovakia or Czech Republic or Slovakia or Slovak Republic or Djibouti or French Somaliland or Dominica or Dominican Republic or East Timor or East Timur or Timor Leste or Ecuador or Egypt or United Arab Republic or El Salvador or Eritrea or Estonia or Ethiopia or Fiji or Gabon or Gabonese Republic or Gambia or Gaza or Georgia Republic or Georgian Republic or Ghana or Gold Coast or Greece or Grenada or Guatemala or Guinea or Guam or Guiana or Guyana or Haiti or Honduras or Hungary or India or Maldives or Indonesia or Iran or Iraq or Isle of Man or Jamaica or Jordan or Kazakhstan or Kazakh or Kenya or Kiribati or Korea or Kosovo or Kyrgyzstan or Kirghizia or Kyrgyz Republic or Kirghiz or Kirgizstan or Lao PDR or Laos or Latvia or Lebanon or Lesotho or Basutoland or Liberia or Libya or Lithuania or Macedonia or Madagascar or Malagasy Republic or Malaysia or Malaya or Malay or Sabah or Sarawak or Malawi or Nyasaland or Mali or Malta or Marshall Islands or Mauritania or Mauritius or Agalega Islands or Mexico or Micronesia or Middle East or Moldova or Moldovia or Moldovian or Mongolia or Montenegro or Morocco or Ifni or Mozambique or Myanmar or Myanma or Burma or Namibia or Nepal or Netherlands Antilles or New Caledonia or Nicaragua or Niger or Nigeria or Northern Mariana Islands or Oman or Muscat or Pakistan or Palau or Palestine or Panama or Paraguay or Peru or Philippines or Philipines or Phillipines or Phillippines or Poland or Portugal or Puerto Rico or Romania or Rumania or Roumania or Russia or Russian or Rwanda or Ruanda or Saint Kitts or St Kitts or Nevis or Saint Lucia or St Lucia or Saint Vincent or St Vincent or Grenadines or Samoa or Samoan Islands or Navigator Island or Navigator Islands or Sao Tome or Saudi Arabia or Senegal or Serbia or Montenegro or Seychelles or Sierra Leone or Slovenia or Sri Lanka or Ceylon or Solomon Islands or Somalia or Sudan or Suriname or Surinam or Swaziland or Syria or Tajikistan or Tadzhikistan or Tadjikistan or Tadzhik or Tanzania or Thailand or Togo or Togolese Republic or Tonga or Trinidad or Tobago or Tunisia or Turkey or Turkmenistan or Turkmen or Uganda or Ukraine or Uruguay or USSR or Soviet Union or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Uzbekistan or Uzbek or Vanuatu or New Hebrides or Venezuela or Vietnam or Viet Nam or West Bank or Yemen or Yugoslavia or Zambia or Zimbabwe or Rhodesia).hw,kf,ti,ab,cp.

3140964

22

((developing or less* developed or under developed or underdeveloped or middle income or low* income or underserved or under served or deprived or poor*) adj (countr* or nation? or population? or world)).ti,ab.

68469

23

((developing or less* developed or under developed or underdeveloped or middle income or low* income) adj (economy or economies)).ti,ab.

343

24

(low* adj (gdp or gnp or gross domestic or gross national)).ti,ab.

181

25

(low adj3 middle adj3 countr*).ti,ab.

6060

26

(lmic or lmics or third world or lami countr*).ti,ab.

4111

27

transitional countr*.ti,ab.

125

28

or/19‐27

3294625

29

18 and 28

13577

30

randomized controlled trial.pt.

416221

31

controlled clinical trial.pt.

90701

32

pragmatic clinical trial.pt.

314

33

multicenter study.pt.

201344

34

non‐randomized controlled trials as topic/

57

35

interrupted time series analysis/

145

36

controlled before‐after studies/

133

37

(randomis* or randomiz* or randomly allocat* or random allocat*).ti,ab.

464168

38

groups.ab.

1550431

39

(trial or impact or effect or multicenter or multi center or multicentre or multi centre).ti.

1074962

40

(intervention* or controlled or control group? or (before adj5 after) or (pre adj5 post) or pretest or pre test or posttest or post test or quasiexperiment* or quasi experiment* or evaluat* or time series or time point? or repeated measur*).ti,ab.

3915143

41

or/30‐40

5729695

42

exp Animals/

20169765

43

Humans/

15928724

44

42 not (42 and 43)

4241041

45

review.pt.

2110328

46

meta analysis.pt.

65647

47

news.pt.

176635

48

comment.pt.

663297

49

editorial.pt.

401580

50

cochrane database of systematic reviews.jn.

12225

51

comment on.cm.

663297

52

(systematic review or literature review).ti.

73686

53

or/44‐52

7292678

54

41 not 53

4229940

55

29 and 54

4680

CINAHL, EbscoHost

#

Query

Results

S54

S16 AND S34 AND S52 [Exclude MEDLINE records]

119

S53

S16 AND S34 AND S52

780

S52

S35 OR S36 OR S37 OR S38 OR S39 OR S40 OR S41 OR S42 OR S43 OR S44 OR S45 OR S46 OR S47 OR S48 OR S49 OR S50 OR S51

940,212

S51

TI (randomis* or randomiz* or randomly or trial or effect* or impact* or intervention* or multicenter or "multi center" or multicentre or "multi centre" or controlled or groups or before N5 after or pre N5 post or ((pretest or "pre test") and (posttest or "post test")) or quasiexperiment* or quasi W0 experiment* or pseudo experiment* or pseudoexperiment* or evaluat* or "time series" or time W0 point* or repeated W0 measur*) OR AB (randomis* or randomiz* or randomly or trial or effect* or impact* or intervention* or multicenter or "multi center" or multicentre or "multi centre" or controlled or groups or before N5 after or pre N5 post or ((pretest or "pre test") and (posttest or "post test")) or quasiexperiment* or quasi W0 experiment* or evaluat* or "time series" or time W0 point* or repeated W0 measur*)

877,979

S50

(MH "Health Services Research")

7,382

S49

(MH "Experimental Studies+")

168,959

S48

(MH "Time Series")

1,612

S47

(MH "Multiple Time Series")

3

S46

(MH "Interrupted Time Series Analysis")

11

S45

(MH "Repeated Measures")

39,029

S44

(MH "Multicenter Studies")

11,769

S43

(MH "Quasi‐Experimental Studies")

7,003

S42

(MH "Pretest‐Posttest Design")

26,485

S41

(MH "Pretest‐Posttest Control Group Design")

403

S40

(MH "Nonrandomized Trials")

170

S39

(MH "Intervention Trials")

5,990

S38

(MH "Clinical Trials")

84,421

S37

(MH "Randomized Controlled Trials")

26,420

S36

PT clinical trial

52,784

S35

PT randomized controlled trial

30,609

S34

S17 OR S18 OR S19 OR S20 OR S21 OR S22 OR S23 OR S24 OR S25 OR S26 OR S27 OR S28 OR S29 OR S30 OR S31 OR S32 OR S33

213,994

S33

TI transitional W0 countr* OR AB transitional W0 countr*

34

S32

TI ( lmic or lmics or third W0 world or lami W0 countr* ) OR AB ( lmic or lmics or third W0 world or lami W0 countr* )

517

S31

TI low N3 middle N3 countr* OR AB low N3 middle N3 countr*

1,279

S30

TI ( low* W0 (gdp or gnp or gross W0 domestic or gross W0 national) ) OR AB ( low* W0 (gdp or gnp or gross W0 domestic or gross W0 national) )

16

S29

TI ( (developing or less* W0 developed or under W0 developed or underdeveloped or middle W0 income or low* W0 income) W0 (economy or economies) ) OR AB ( (developing or less* W0 developed or under W0 developed or underdeveloped or middle W0 income or low* W0 income) W0 (economy or economies) )

46

S28

TI ( (developing or less* W0 developed or under W0 developed or underdeveloped or middle W0 income or low* W0 income or underserved or under W0 served or deprived or poor*) W0 (countr* or nation or nations or population* or world or area or areas) ) OR AB ( (developing or less* W0 developed or under W0 developed or underdeveloped or middle W0 income or low* W0 income or underserved or under W0 served or deprived or poor*) W0 (countr* or nation or nations or population* or world or area or areas) )

11,124

S27

MW ( Afghanistan or Bangladesh or Benin or "Burkina Faso" or Burundi or Cambodia or "Central African Republic" or Chad or Comoros or Congo or "Cote d'Ivoire" or Eritrea or Ethiopia or Gambia or Ghana or Guinea or Haiti or India or Kenya or Korea or Kyrgyz or Kyrgyzstan or Lao or Laos or Liberia or Madagascar or Malawi or Mali or Mauritania or Melanesia or Mongolia or Mozambique or Burma or Myanmar or Nepal or Niger or Nigeria or Pakistan or Rwanda or "Salomon Islands" or "Sao Tome" or Senegal or "Sierra Leone" or Somalia or Sudan or Tajikistan or Tanzania or Timor or Togo or Uganda or Uzbekistan or Vietnam or "Viet Nam" or Yemen or Zambia or Zimbabwe ) or TI ( Afghanistan or Bangladesh or Benin or "Burkina Faso" or Burundi or Cambodia or "Central African Republic" or Chad or Comoros or Congo or "Cote d'Ivoire" or Eritrea or Ethiopia or Gambia or Ghana or Guinea or Haiti or India or Kenya or Korea or Kyrgyz or Kyrgyzstan or Lao or Laos or Liberia or Madagascar or Malawi or Mali or Mauritania or Melanesia or Mongolia or Mozambique or Burma or Myanmar or Nepal or Niger or Nigeria or Pakistan or Rwanda or "Salomon Islands" or "Sao Tome" or Senegal or "Sierra Leone" or Somalia or Sudan or Tajikistan or Tanzania or Timor or Togo or Uganda or Uzbekistan or Vietnam or "Viet Nam" or Yemen or Zambia or Zimbabwe ) or AB ( Afghanistan or Bangladesh or Benin or "Burkina Faso" or Burundi or Cambodia or "Central African Republic" or Chad or Comoros or Congo or "Cote d'Ivoire" or Eritrea or Ethiopia or Gambia or Ghana or Guinea or Haiti or India or Kenya or Korea or Kyrgyz or Kyrgyzstan or Lao or Laos or Liberia or Madagascar or Malawi or Mali or Mauritania or Melanesia or Mongolia or Mozambique or Burma or Myanmar or Nepal or Niger or Nigeria or Pakistan or Rwanda or "Salomon Islands" or "Sao Tome" or Senegal or "Sierra Leone" or Somalia or Sudan or Tajikistan or Tanzania or Timor or Togo or Uganda or Uzbekistan or Vietnam or "Viet Nam" or Yemen or Zambia or Zimbabwe )

48,132

S26

MW ( Albania or Algeria or Angola or Armenia or Azerbaijan or Belarus or Bhutan or Bolivia or Bosnia or Herzegovina or "Cape Verde" or Cameroon or China or Colombia or Congo or Cuba or Djibouti or "Dominican Republic" or Ecuador or Egypt or "El Salvador" or Fiji or Gaza or Georgia or Guam or Guatemala or Guyana or Honduras or "Indian Ocean Islands" or Indonesia or Iran or Iraq or Jamaica or Jordan or Kiribati or Lesotho or Macedonia or Maldives or "Marshall Islands" or Micronesia or "Middle East" or Moldova or Morocco or Namibia or Nicaragua or Palestin* or Paraguay or Peru or Philippines or Samoa or "Sri Lanka" or Suriname or Swaziland or Syria or "Syrian Arab Republic" or Thailand or Tonga or Tunisia or Turkmenistan or Ukraine or Vanuatu or "West Bank" ) or TI ( Albania or Algeria or Angola or Armenia or Azerbaijan or Belarus or Bhutan or Bolivia or Bosnia or Herzegovina or "Cape Verde" or Cameroon or China or Colombia or Congo or Cuba or Djibouti or "Dominican Republic" or Ecuador or Egypt or "El Salvador" or Fiji or Gaza or Georgia or Guam or Guatemala or Guyana or Honduras or "Indian Ocean Islands" or Indonesia or Iran or Iraq or Jamaica or Jordan or Kiribati or Lesotho or Macedonia or Maldives or "Marshall Islands" or Micronesia or "Middle East" or Moldova or Morocco or Namibia or Nicaragua or Palestin* or Paraguay or Peru or Philippines or Samoa or "Sri Lanka" or Suriname or Swaziland or Syria or "Syrian Arab Republic" or Thailand or Tonga or Tunisia or Turkmenistan or Ukraine or Vanuatu or "West Bank" ) or AB ( Albania or Algeria or Angola or Armenia or Azerbaijan or Belarus or Bhutan or Bolivia or Bosnia or Herzegovina or "Cape Verde" or Cameroon or China or Colombia or Congo or Cuba or Djibouti or "Dominican Republic" or Ecuador or Egypt or "El Salvador" or Fiji or Gaza or Georgia or Guam or Guatemala or Guyana or Honduras or "Indian Ocean Islands" or Indonesia or Iran or Iraq or Jamaica or Jordan or Kiribati or Lesotho or Macedonia or Maldives or "Marshall Islands" or Micronesia or "Middle East" or Moldova or Morocco or Namibia or Nicaragua or Palestin* or Paraguay or Peru or Philippines or Samoa or "Sri Lanka" or Suriname or Swaziland or Syria or "Syrian Arab Republic" or Thailand or Tonga or Tunisia or Turkmenistan or Ukraine or Vanuatu or "West Bank" )

52,828

S25

MW ( "American Samoa" or Argentina or Belize or Botswana or Brazil or Brasil or Bulgaria or Chile or Comoros or "Costa Rica" or Croatia or Dominica or Guinea or Gabon or Grenada or Grenadines or Hungary or Kazakhstan or Latvia or Lebanon or Libia or libyan or Libya or Lithuania or Malaysia or Mauritius or Mayotte or Mexico or Micronesia or Montenegro or Nevis or "Northern Mariana Islands" or Oman or Palau or Panama or Poland or Romania or Russia or "Russian Federation" or Samoa or "Saint Lucia" or "St Lucia" or "Saint Kitts" or "St Kitts" or "Saint Vincent" or "St Vincent" or Serbia or Seychelles or Slovakia or "Slovak Republic" or "South Africa" or Turkey or Uruguay or Venezuela or Yugoslavia ) or TI ( "American Samoa" or Argentina or Belize or Botswana or Brazil or Bulgaria or Chile or Comoros or "Costa Rica" or Croatia or Dominica or Guinea or Gabon or Grenada or Grenadines or Hungary or Kazakhstan or Latvia or Lebanon or Libia or libyan or Libya or Lithuania or Malaysia or Mauritius or Mayotte or Mexico or Micronesia or Montenegro or Nevis or "Northern Mariana Islands" or Oman or Palau or Panama or Poland or Romania or Russia or "Russian Federation" or Samoa or "Saint Lucia" or "St Lucia" or "Saint Kitts" or "St Kitts" or "Saint Vincent" or "St Vincent" or Serbia or Seychelles or Slovakia or "Slovak Republic" or "South Africa" or Turkey or Uruguay or Venezuela or Yugoslavia ) or AB ( "American Samoa" or Argentina or Belize or Botswana or Brazil or Bulgaria or Chile or Comoros or "Costa Rica" or Croatia or Dominica or Guinea or Gabon or Grenada or Grenadines or Hungary or Kazakhstan or Latvia or Lebanon or Libia or libyan or Libya or Lithuania or Malaysia or Mauritius or Mayotte or Mexico or Micronesia or Montenegro or Nevis or "Northern Mariana Islands" or Oman or Palau or Panama or Poland or Romania or Russia or "Russian Federation" or Samoa or "Saint Lucia" or "St Lucia" or "Saint Kitts" or "St Kitts" or "Saint Vincent" or "St Vincent" or Serbia or Seychelles or Slovakia or "Slovak Republic" or "South Africa" or Turkey or Uruguay or Venezuela or Yugoslavia )

62,809

S24

TI ( Africa or Asia or "South America" or "Latin America" or "Central America" ) or AB ( Africa or Asia or "South America" or "Latin America" or "Central America" )

14,134

S23

(MH "Asia+")

99,994

S22

(MH "West Indies+")

5,217

S21

(MH "South America+")

25,838

S20

(MH "Latin America")

1,323

S19

(MH "Central America+")

2,168

S18

(MH "Africa+")

32,362

S17

(MH "Developing Countries")

8,973

S16

S13 OR S14 OR S15

8,805

S15

TI (immunization or immunisation or vaccination) W0 (program* or rate* or coverage or adher*)

1,249

S14

TI ( (vaccinat* or revaccinat* or immunization or immunisation) N3 (child* or infant or infants or newborn or neonat* or baby or babies or kid or kids or toddler* or woman or women or mother*) ) OR AB ( (vaccinat* or revaccinat* or immunization or immunisation) N3 (child* or infant or infants or newborn or neonat* or baby or babies or kid or kids or toddler* or woman or women or mother*) )

3,345

S13

S5 AND S12

6,586

S12

S6 OR S7 OR S8 OR S9 OR S10 OR S11

320,243

S11

(MH "Expectant Mothers")

2,193

S10

(MH "Women")

11,013

S9

(MH "Mothers")

13,932

S8

(MH "Infant, Newborn")

65,336

S7

(MH "Infant")

83,244

S6

(MH "Child")

220,709

S5

S1 or S2 or S3 or S4

18,740

S4

(MH "Immunization Programs")

3,081

S3

(MH "Immunotherapy")

2,729

S2

(MH "Immunization Schedule")

1,940

S1

(MH "Immunization")

12,688

EMBASE (Ovid)

#

Searches

Results

1

Immunization/

75,652

2

Active Immunization/

6595

3

Mass Immunization/

2421

4

Vaccination/

96,045

5

Revaccination/

1059

6

(vaccinat$ or revaccinat$ or immunization or immunisation or immunotherapy).tw.

226,888

7

or/1‐6

289,620

8

Tetanus Prophylaxis/

1259

9

BCG Vaccination/

7072

10

Measles Vaccination/

2189

11

or/8‐10

10,339

12

Tetanus Toxoid/

10,548

13

Diphtheria Toxoid/

2535

14

Diphtheria Toxoid crm197/

216

15

Diphtheria Tetanus Toxoid/

427

16

BCG Vaccine/

27,645

17

Diphtheria Pertussis Poliomyelitis Tetanus Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Hepatitis B Vaccine/

380

18

Diphtheria Pertussis Poliomyelitis Tetanus Vaccine/

393

19

Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Hepatitis B Vaccine/

158

20

Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Vaccine/

464

21

Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus Vaccine/

6524

22

Diphtheria Poliomyelitis Tetanus Vaccine/

74

23

Diphtheria Tetanus Vaccine/

675

24

Diphtheria Vaccine/

1902

25

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Hepatitis B Vaccine/

230

26

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Vaccine/

4269

27

Haemophilus Influenzae Vaccine/

944

28

Haemophilus Vaccine/

764

29

Pertussis Vaccine/

6378

30

Triple Vaccine/

715

31

Hepatitis a Hepatitis B Vaccine/

502

32

Hepatitis B Vaccine/

15,773

33

Hepatitis Vaccine/

2126

34

Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine/

1776

35

Measles Mumps Rubella Vaccine/

5594

36

Measles Mumps Vaccine/

102

37

Measles Rubella Vaccine/

100

38

Measles Vaccine/

7860

39

Mumps Vaccine/

2031

40

Rubella Vaccine/

3477

41

Chickenpox Measles Mumps Rubella Vaccine/

219

42

Poliomyelitis Vaccine/

7207

43

Oral Poliomyelitis Vaccine/

4250

44

((tetanus or diphtheria) adj toxoid).tw.

5484

45

((tetanus or diphtheria? or pertussis or whooping cough or measles or mumps or rubella? or rubeola or mmr or polio$ or tuberculosis or tuberculoses or bcg or calmette$ or hepatitis b or haemophilus or triple) adj vaccine?).tw.

17,760

46

or/12‐45

86,597

47

Tetanus/

12,351

48

Diphtheria/

9102

49

Measles/

15,582

50

Mumps/

5967

51

Rubella/

9019

52

Pertussis/

10,521

53

Poliomyelitis/

18,525

54

Tuberculosis/

89,886

55

Lung Tuberculosis/

63,542

56

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis/

48,597

57

Hepatitis B/

69,010

58

Chronic Hepatitis/

21,541

59

Haemophilus Influenzae/

18,964

60

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B/

3868

61

(tetanus or diphtheria? or measles or rubella? or rubeola or mumps or epidemic parotit$ or pertussis or whooping cough or polio$ or infantile paralysis or tuberculosis or tuberculoses or hepatitis b or haemophilus influenza?).tw.

333,094

62

or/47‐61

440,846

63

exp Child/

2,005,016

64

exp Newborn/

450,384

65

Child Care/

30,274

66

(child$ or infant? or newborn? or neonat$ or baby or babies or kid? or toddler?).tw.

1,614,491

67

or/63‐66

2,499,583

68

7 and (Tetanus/ or tetanus.tw.)

10,450

69

Tetanus Toxoid/ or Tetanus Prophylaxis/ or (tetanus toxoid or tetanus vaccin$ or tetanus prophylaxis).tw.

13,141

70

or/68‐69

18,159

71

exp Mother/

86,127

72

Female/

5,983,316

73

(woman or women or mother? or female?).tw.

1,819,414

74

or/71‐73

6,295,611

75

70 and 74

5326

76

Developing Country.sh.

75,918

77

(Africa or Asia or Caribbean or West Indies or South America or Latin America or Central America).hw,ti,ab,cp.

227,844

78

(Afghanistan or Albania or Algeria or Angola or Antigua or Barbuda or Argentina or Armenia or Armenian or Aruba or Azerbaijan or Bahrain or Bangladesh or Barbados or Benin or Byelarus or Byelorussian or Belarus or Belorussian or Belorussia or Belize or Bhutan or Bolivia or Bosnia or Herzegovina or Hercegovina or Botswana or Brazil or Brasil or Bulgaria or Burkina Faso or Burkina Fasso or Upper Volta or Burundi or Urundi or Cambodia or Khmer Republic or Kampuchea or Cameroon or Cameroons or Cameron or Camerons or Cape Verde or Central African Republic or Chad or Chile or China or Colombia or Comoros or Comoro Islands or Comores or Mayotte or Congo or Zaire or Costa Rica or Cote d'Ivoire or Ivory Coast or Croatia or Cuba or Cyprus or Czechoslovakia or Czech Republic or Slovakia or Slovak Republic or Djibouti or French Somaliland or Dominica or Dominican Republic or East Timor or East Timur or Timor Leste or Ecuador or Egypt or United Arab Republic or El Salvador or Eritrea or Estonia or Ethiopia or Fiji or Gabon or Gabonese Republic or Gambia or Gaza or Georgia Republic or Georgian Republic or Ghana or Gold Coast or Greece or Grenada or Guatemala or Guinea or Guam or Guiana or Guyana or Haiti or Honduras or Hungary or India or Maldives or Indonesia or Iran or Iraq or Isle of Man or Jamaica or Jordan or Kazakhstan or Kazakh or Kenya or Kiribati or Korea or Kosovo or Kyrgyzstan or Kirghizia or Kyrgyz Republic or Kirghiz or Kirgizstan or Lao PDR or Laos or Latvia or Lebanon or Lesotho or Basutoland or Liberia or Libya or Lithuania or Macedonia or Madagascar or Malagasy Republic or Malaysia or Malaya or Malay or Sabah or Sarawak or Malawi or Nyasaland or Mali or Malta or Marshall Islands or Mauritania or Mauritius or Agalega Islands or Mexico or Micronesia or Middle East or Moldova or Moldovia or Moldovian or Mongolia or Montenegro or Morocco or Ifni or Mozambique or Myanmar or Myanma or Burma or Namibia or Nepal or Netherlands Antilles or New Caledonia or Nicaragua or Niger or Nigeria or Northern Mariana Islands or Oman or Muscat or Pakistan or Palau or Palestine or Panama or Paraguay or Peru or Philippines or Philipines or Phillipines or Phillippines or Poland or Portugal or Puerto Rico or Romania or Rumania or Roumania or Russia or Russian or Rwanda or Ruanda or Saint Kitts or St Kitts or Nevis or Saint Lucia or St Lucia or Saint Vincent or St Vincent or Grenadines or Samoa or Samoan Islands or Navigator Island or Navigator Islands or Sao Tome or Saudi Arabia or Senegal or Serbia or Montenegro or Seychelles or Sierra Leone or Slovenia or Sri Lanka or Ceylon or Solomon Islands or Somalia or Sudan or Suriname or Surinam or Swaziland or Syria or Tajikistan or Tadzhikistan or Tadjikistan or Tadzhik or Tanzania or Thailand or Togo or Togolese Republic or Tonga or Trinidad or Tobago or Tunisia or Turkey or Turkmenistan or Turkmen or Uganda or Ukraine or Uruguay or USSR or Soviet Union or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Uzbekistan or Uzbek or Vanuatu or New Hebrides or Venezuela or Vietnam or Viet Nam or West Bank or Yemen or Yugoslavia or Zambia or Zimbabwe or Rhodesia).hw,ti,ab,cp.

2,838,905

79

((developing or less* developed or under developed or underdeveloped or middle income or low* income or underserved or under served or deprived or poor*) adj (countr* or nation? or population? or world)).ti,ab.

68,123

80

((developing or less* developed or under developed or underdeveloped or middle income or low* income) adj (economy or economies)).ti,ab.

351

81

(low* adj (gdp or gnp or gross domestic or gross national)).ti,ab.

187

82

(low adj3 middle adj3 countr*).ti,ab.

4139

83

(lmic or lmics or third world or lami countr*).ti,ab.

3741

84

transitional countr*.ti,ab.

138

85

or/76‐84

3,019,888

86

Randomized Controlled Trial/

348,266

87

Controlled Clinical Trial/

386,406

88

Quasi Experimental Study/

2013

89

Pretest Posttest Control Group Design/

206

90

Time Series Analysis/

14,239

91

Experimental Design/

10,019

92

Multicenter Study/

109,759

93

(randomis* or randomiz* or randomly or random allocat*).ti,ab.

727,521

94

groups.ab.

1,698,086

95

(trial or multicentre or multicenter or multi centre or multi center).ti.

192,503

96

(intervention* or controlled or control group or compare or compared or (before adj5 after) or (pre adj5 post) or pretest or pre test or posttest or post test or quasiexperiment* or quasi experiment* or evaluat* or effect or impact or time series or time point? or repeated measur*).ti,ab.

8,028,793

97

or/86‐96

8,766,538

98

(systematic review or literature review).ti.

62,313

99

"cochrane database of systematic reviews".jn.

3777

100

Nonhuman/

4,359,920

101

or/98‐100

4,424,301

102

97 not 101

6,927,465

103

7 and 62 and 67 and 85 and 102

4433

104

11 and 67 and 85 and 102

865

105

46 and 67 and 85 and 102

4231

106

103 or 104 or 105

5462

107

limit 106 to embase

4043

Sociological Abstracts (ProQuest)

ALL(vaccination or vaccine or vaccines or immunization)

AND

ALL(child* or infant* or newborn or neonat* or baby or babies or kid or kids or toddler* or mother* or woman or women or female)

LILACS (VHL)

(immunization or inmunizacion or imunizacao or vaccination or vacunacion or vacinacao or vaccine or vaccines or vacuna or vacunas or vacina or vacinas) AND (tetanus or tetanico or diphtheria or difterico or pertussis or "whooping cough" or tosferina or "tos ferina" or "tos convulsa" or "tosse convulsa" or coqueluche or measles or sarampion or sarampo or mumps or paperas or caxumba or rubella or rubeola or mmr or polio* or tubercul* or "mycobacterium bovis" or bcg or calmette* or hepatitis or hepatite or haemophilus) AND (child or children or infant or infants or newborn or neonat* or baby or babies or kid or kids or toddler* or nino or ninos or crianca or criancas or lactante* or lactente* or "recien nacido" or "recien nacidos" or "recem nascido" or "recem nascidos") AND (randomi* or randomly or azar or acaso or control* or intervention* or evaluat* or effect* or impact or impacts or intervencion* or intervencao* or evaluar or evaluacion or avaliacao or efecto or efectos or efeito or efeitos or impacto or impactos or "serie de tiempo" or "series de tiempo" or "serie de tempo" or "series de tempo" or "serie temporal" or "series temporal" or "serie temporales" or "series temporales" or "serie temporais" or "series temporais" or "puntos de tiempo" or "pontos de tiempo" or "puntos de tempo" or "puntos de tempo" or "puntos temporales" or "pontos temporales" or "punto temporais" or "ponto temporais" or "medida repetida" or "medida repetidas" or "medidas repetida" or "medidas repetidas" or "medicion repetida" or "medicion repetidas" or "mediciones repetida" or "mediciones repetidas")

Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.

Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.

Study flow diagram.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 3

Study flow diagram.

Comparison 1 Health education, Outcome 1 Measles vaccine.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Health education, Outcome 1 Measles vaccine.

Comparison 1 Health education, Outcome 2 DTP3.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Health education, Outcome 2 DTP3.

Comparison 1 Health education, Outcome 3 Received at least 1 vaccine.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Health education, Outcome 3 Received at least 1 vaccine.

Comparison 2 Health education plus redesigned reminder card, Outcome 1 DTP3.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Health education plus redesigned reminder card, Outcome 1 DTP3.

Comparison 3 Household monetary incentive, Outcome 1 Measles.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Household monetary incentive, Outcome 1 Measles.

Comparison 3 Household monetary incentive, Outcome 2 Fully immunised children.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Household monetary incentive, Outcome 2 Fully immunised children.

Comparison 3 Household monetary incentive, Outcome 3 BCG.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Household monetary incentive, Outcome 3 BCG.

Comparison 3 Household monetary incentive, Outcome 4 MMR.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Household monetary incentive, Outcome 4 MMR.

Comparison 3 Household monetary incentive, Outcome 5 DTP1.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Household monetary incentive, Outcome 5 DTP1.

Comparison 4 Home visit, Outcome 1 OPV3.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Home visit, Outcome 1 OPV3.

Comparison 4 Home visit, Outcome 2 Measles.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Home visit, Outcome 2 Measles.

Comparison 5 Regular immunisation outreach, Outcome 1 Fully immunised children.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Regular immunisation outreach, Outcome 1 Fully immunised children.

Comparison 6 Integration of immunisation to other health services, Outcome 1 BCG.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Integration of immunisation to other health services, Outcome 1 BCG.

Comparison 6 Integration of immunisation to other health services, Outcome 2 DTP3.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Integration of immunisation to other health services, Outcome 2 DTP3.

Comparison 6 Integration of immunisation to other health services, Outcome 3 Measles.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.3

Comparison 6 Integration of immunisation to other health services, Outcome 3 Measles.

Summary of findings for the main comparison. Community‐based health education for improving childhood immunisation coverage

Population: children aged < 24 months
Setting: Pakistan (2 studies)
Intervention: health education in the community (2 studies)
Comparison: standard care

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects (95% CI)*

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Standard care

Health education

DTP3

(Follow‐up: 4‐9 months)

577 per 1000

969 per 1000
(629 to 1000)

RR 1.68
(1.09 to 2.59)

1692
(2 studies)3

⊕⊕⊕⊝
Moderate1,2

*The effect in the 'health education' group (and its 95% CI) was based on the assumed risk in the 'standard care' group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).

CI: Confidence interval;DTP3: 3 doses of diphtheria‐tetanus‐pertussis containing vaccines; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence

High certainty: This research provides a very good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is low.

Moderate certainty: This research provides a good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is moderate.

Low certainty: This research provides some indication of the likely effect. However, the likelihood that it will be substantially different is high.

Very low certainty: This research does not provide a reliable indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is very high.

'Substantially different' implies a large enough difference that it might affect a decision.

1 We rated down by 1 level because we judged the included studies at high risk of bias.

2 We rated down by 1 level because of unexplained heterogeneity of effects across studies, P value < 0.00001, I2 = 68%.

3 Andersson 2009; Owais 2011.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Community‐based health education for improving childhood immunisation coverage
Summary of findings 2. Facility‐based health education plus redesigned reminder card for improving childhood immunisation coverage

Population: children aged 6 weeks

Setting: Pakistan
Intervention: facility‐based health education + redesigned reminder vaccination card
Comparison: standard care

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Standard care

Health education plus redesigned card

DTP3

(Follow‐up: 90 days)

470 per 1000

705 per 1000
(569 to 879)

RR 1.50
(1.21 to 1.87)

1502
(2 studies)3

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1,2

*The effect in the 'health education + redesigned card' group (and its 95% CI) was based on the assumed risk in the 'standard care' group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).

CI: confidence interval;DTP3: 3 doses of diphtheria‐tetanus‐pertussis containing vaccines; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence

High certainty: This research provides a very good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is low.

Moderate certainty: This research provides a good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is moderate.

Low certainty: This research provides some indication of the likely effect. However, the likelihood that it will be substantially different is high.

Very low certainty: This research does not provide a reliable indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is very high.

'Substantially different' implies a large enough difference that it might affect a decision.

1 We rated down by 1 level because of unexplained heterogeneity of effects across studies; P value = 0.04; I2 = 77%.

2 We rated down by 1 level because we judged the 2 included studies at unclear risk of selection bias and at high risk of performance and detection bias.

3 Usman 2009; Usman 2011.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 2. Facility‐based health education plus redesigned reminder card for improving childhood immunisation coverage
Summary of findings 3. Monetary incentives for improving childhood immunisation coverage

Population: children aged < 5 years
Setting: Nicaragua (1 study) and Zimbabwe (1 study)
Intervention: monetary incentives in the form of household cash transfers
Comparison: standard care

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Standard care

Monetary incentive

Fully immunised children

(Follow‐up: 13 months to 5 years)

701 per 1000

736 per 1000
(631 to 862)

RR 1.05
(0.90 to 1.23)

1000
(2 studies)2

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1

*The effect in the 'monetary incentive' group (and its 95% CI) was based on the assumed risk in the 'standard care' group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; DTP3: 3 doses of diphtheria‐tetanus‐pertussis containing vaccines; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence

High certainty: This research provides a very good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is low.

Moderate certainty: This research provides a good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is moderate.

Low certainty: This research provides some indication of the likely effect. However, the likelihood that it will be substantially different is high.

Very low certainty: This research does not provide a reliable indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is very high.

'Substantially different' implies a large enough difference that it might affect a decision.

1 We rated down by 2 levels because we judged the 2 included studies at high risk of bias.

2Maluccio 2004; Robertson 2013.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 3. Monetary incentives for improving childhood immunisation coverage
Summary of findings 4. Home visits for improving childhood immunisation coverage

Population: children aged 12‐18 months

Setting: Ghana
Intervention: home visits
Comparison: standard care

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Standard care

Home visits

OPV3
(Follow‐up: 6 months)

73 per 100

89 per 100
(76 to 100)

RR 1.22
(1.07 to 1.39)

419
(1 study)2

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1

*The effect in the 'home visits' group (and its 95% CI) was based on the assumed risk in the 'standard care' group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; OPV3: 3 doses of oral polio vaccine; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence

High certainty: This research provides a very good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is low.

Moderate certainty: This research provides a good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is moderate.

Low certainty: This research provides some indication of the likely effect. However, the likelihood that it will be substantially different is high.

Very low certainty: This research does not provide a reliable indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is very high.

1 We rated down by 2 levels because the 1 included study was judged to be at high risk of bias.

2Brugha 1996.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 4. Home visits for improving childhood immunisation coverage
Summary of findings 5. Immunisation outreach with and without incentives for improving childhood immunisation coverage

Population: children aged 0‐6 months
Setting: India
Intervention: regular immunisation outreach with or without household incentives
Comparison: standard care

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Standard care

Immunisation outreach

Fully immunised ‐ regular immunisation outreach only

(Follow‐up: 18 months)

58 per 1000

180 per 1000
(98 to 330)

RR 3.09
(1.69 to 5.67)

1239
(1 study)2

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1

Fully immunised ‐ regular immunisation outreach + non‐monetary incentive

(Follow‐up: 18 months)

58 per 1000

387 per 1000
(228 to 656)

RR 6.66
(3.93 to 11.28)

1242
(1 study)2

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1

*The effect in the 'immunisation outreach' group (and its 95% CI) was based on the assumed risk in the 'standard care' group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence

High certainty: This research provides a very good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is low.

Moderate certainty: This research provides a good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is moderate.

Low certainty: This research provides some indication of the likely effect. However, the likelihood that it will be substantially different is high.

Very low certainty: This research does not provide a reliable indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is very high.

'Substantially different' implies a large enough difference that it might affect a decision.

1 We rated down by 2 levels because we judged the 1 included study at high risk of bias.

2 Banerjee 2010.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 5. Immunisation outreach with and without incentives for improving childhood immunisation coverage
Summary of findings 6. Integration of immunisation with other health services for improving childhood immunisation coverage in low‐ and middle‐income countries

Population: children aged 0‐23 months
Setting: Mali
Intervention: integration of immunisation services with intermittent preventive treatment of malaria
Comparison: standard care

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Standard care

Integration

DTP3
(Follow‐up: 12 months)

602 per 1000

1000 per 1000
(854 to 1000)

RR 1.92
(1.42 to 2.59)

1481
(1 study)2

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1

*The effect in the 'integration' group (and its 95% CI) was based on the assumed risk in the 'standard care' group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; DTP3: 3 doses of diphtheria‐tetanus‐pertussis containing vaccines; RR: risk ratio.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence

High certainty: This research provides a very good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is low.

Moderate certainty: This research provides a good indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is moderate.

Low certainty: This research provides some indication of the likely effect. However, the likelihood that it will be substantially different is high.

Very low certainty: This research does not provide a reliable indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the effect will be substantially different is very high.

'Substantially different' implies a large enough difference that it might affect a decision.

1 We rated down by 2 levels because we judged the 1 included study at high risk of bias.

2 Dicko 2011.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 6. Integration of immunisation with other health services for improving childhood immunisation coverage in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Table 1. Interventions to improve vaccination uptake and how they work

Target

Interventions

Purpose of the interventions

Recipients

Communication interventions to inform and educate targeting individuals, groups, communities or providers, or a combination of these through face‐to‐face interaction, use of mass media, printed material, etc

To improve understanding on vaccination; its relevance; benefits and risks of vaccination; where, when, and how to receive vaccine services; and who should receive vaccine services (Willis 2013)

Communication interventions to recall or remind using face‐to‐face interaction, telephone, mail, etc

To remind those who are overdue for vaccination in order to reduce drop‐out rate (Willis 2013)

Communication interventions to teach skills, e.g. parenting skills

To provide people with the ability to operationalise knowledge through the adoption of practical skills (Willis 2013)

Communication interventions to provide support

To provide assistance or advice for consumers (Willis 2013)

Interventions to facilitate decision‐making, e.g. decision aids on vaccination for parents

To assist carers in participating in decision making (Dubé 2013)

Interventions to enable communication through traditional media, internet, etc

To make communication possible (Dubé 2013)

Interventions, including communication, to enhance community ownership, e.g. community dialogues involving traditional and religious rulers

To increase demand for vaccination

To ensure sustainability

To build trust in vaccination and vaccination services

To drive demand for vaccination

Incentives

To reward service uptake; to cover out‐of‐pocket cost

Providers

Training

To improve knowledge on vaccination, to improve skills, to improve attitudes to clients, to reduce missed opportunities for vaccination

Audit and feedback

To ensure quality and client satisfaction with services

Supportive supervision

To ensure quality and maintain standards, to reduce missed opportunities for vaccination

Incentives

To boost morale and enhance performance

Health system

Infrastructural development, e.g. provision of health facilities, provision of road to improve access to health facilities

To ensure access to services

Logistic support

To improve service quality service and so improve utilisation to ensure availability of services

Service delivery, e.g. outreach; home visits; integration of vaccination with other services; guidelines/protocol for vaccination; increased resources

Outreach to improve access to services

Home visits to remind parents about vaccination and identify unimmunised children for immunisation

Integration to encourage vaccine uptake

Guidelines and protocols to ensure quality of services

Improved resources to ensure availability of services

Policy makers

Advocacy for:

development of supporting policies,

increased funding of health services

To promote the development of policies to support vaccine uptake

To increase funding to the health sector

Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Interventions to improve vaccination uptake and how they work
Comparison 1. Health education

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Measles vaccine Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 DTP3 Show forest plot

5

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Community‐based education

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.68 [1.09, 2.59]

2.2 Facility‐based education

3

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.97, 1.48]

3 Received at least 1 vaccine Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Health education
Comparison 2. Health education plus redesigned reminder card

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 DTP3 Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.50 [1.21, 1.87]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Health education plus redesigned reminder card
Comparison 3. Household monetary incentive

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Measles Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Fully immunised children Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

1.05 [0.90, 1.23]

3 BCG Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 MMR Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Household monetary incentive

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Service‐level monetary incentive

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.3 Household + service‐level monetary incentive

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 DTP1 Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Household monetary incentive

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Service‐level monetary incentive

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.3 Household + service‐level monetary incentive

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Household monetary incentive
Comparison 4. Home visit

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 OPV3 Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Measles Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 4. Home visit
Comparison 5. Regular immunisation outreach

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Fully immunised children Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Regular immunisation outreach only

1

Risk Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Regular immunisation outreach + incentive

1

Risk Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 5. Regular immunisation outreach
Comparison 6. Integration of immunisation to other health services

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 BCG Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 DTP3 Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Measles Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 6. Integration of immunisation to other health services