Comparisons

Trial(s)

Methylphenidate versus placebo

Castellanos 1997

Gadow 2007

Tourette's Syndrome Study Group 2002

Clonidine versus placebo

Singer 1995

Tourette's Syndrome Study Group 2002

Methylphenidate plus clonidine versus placebo

Tourette's Syndrome Study Group 2002

Dextroamphetamine versus placebo

Castellanos 1997

Guanfacine versus placebo

Scahill 2001

Atomoxetine versus placebo

Allen 2005

Desipramine versus placebo

Singer 1995

Spencer 2002

Deprenyl versus placebo

Feigin 1996

Desipramine versus clonidine

Singer 1995

Scale/measure

Allen 2005

Castellanos 1997

Feigin 1996

Gadow 2007

Scahill 2001

Singer 1995

Spencer 2002

Tourette's Syndrome Study Group 2002

Conners Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

–

Yes

Conners Abbreviated Parent Rating Scale

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

–

Yes

IOWA Conners Teacher Rating Scale

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

–

Yes

Mothers' Objective Method for Subgrouping

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

–

–

Continuous Performance Task

–

–

–

Yes

Yes

–

–

–

ADHD Rating Scale‐IV: Parent Version

Yes

–

–

–

Yes

–

Yes

–

Clinical Global Impression Scale – Overall – Severity

Yes

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

–

Clinical Global Impression Scale – ADHD/Psychiatric Symptoms

Yes

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

ADHD Teacher 39‐Item Conners Rating Scale

–

Yes

–

–

–

–

–

–

DuPaul ADHD Scale

–

–

Yes

–

–

–

–

–

Parent Conners Questionnaire Hyperactivity Index

–

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

–

Child Behaviour Checklist

–

–

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

Gordon Diagnostic System

–

–

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

Clinical Evaluation of Language Function

–

–

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

Matching Familial Figures Test

–

–

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

Porteus Maze Test

–

–

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

Restricted Academic Test

–

–

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

Conners Continuous Performance Task

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Yes

Scale/measure

Allen 2005

Castellanos 1997

Feigin 1996

Gadow 2007

Scahill 2001

Singer 1995

Spencer 2002

Tourette's Syndrome Study Group 2002

Yale Global Tic

Severity Scale

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Tourette Syndrome

Severity Scale

–

–

–

Yes

–

Yes

–

–

Tourette Syndrome

Clinical Global

Improvement

Yes

–

–

Yes

–

–

–

–

Global Tic Rating

Scale

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

–

Yes

2‐Minute Tic and

Habit Count

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

–

–

Tic Symptom Self‐Report

Yes

–

–

–

–

–

–

Yes

Goetz Tic Severity

Scale

–

–

Yes

–

–

–

–

–

Hopkins Motor/Vocal Scale

–

–

–

–

–

Yes

–

–

Scale/measure

Number of items

Scoring

Conners' Abbreviated Symptoms Questionnaire for Teachers (ASQ)

10 items pertaining to the child's behavior

Rated on a 4‐point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (not at all), 1 (just a little), 2 (pretty much) to 3 (very much true), with a possible total score ranging from 0 to 30. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms

Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS)

5 items on the number, frequency, intensity, complexity, and interference from motor tics, and 5 items on the number, frequency, intensity, complexity, and interference from vocal tics, and 1 item on overall impairment

The Total Motor Tic Score is derived by adding the 5 motor tics items (each item ranges from 0 to 5, total motor tic score ranges from 0 to 25). The Total Vocal Tic Score is derived by adding the 5 phonic tics items (each item ranges from 0 to 5, total vocal tic ranges from 0 to 25). The Total Tic Score is a summation of the Total Motor Tic and Total Vocal Tic Scores. The Overall Impairment Rating is rated on a 51‐point scale anchored by 0 (no impairment) and 50 (severe impairment). Finally, the Global Severity Score is a summation of the Total Motor Tic Score, Total Vocal Tic Score, and Overall Impairment Rating (range 0 to 100). Higher scores indicate worse symptoms.

Global Tic Rating Scale

9 items, with the first 5 referring to the frequency of motor (3 items) and phonic tics (2 items) according to body region, which are summed to produce motor and phonic tic frequency subscores, respectively

All items are rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 3 (very much). Total score ranges from 0 to 27.

Higher scores indicate worse symptoms

ADHD Rating Scale IV ‐ Parent Version

18‐item questionnaire. 9 questions each on inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity, where the odd‐numbered items represent the inattention subscale, and the even‐numbered items represent the hyperactive/impulsive subscale

Items coded on 4‐point Likert scale using scores 1 (never or rarely), 2 (sometimes), 3 (often), or 4 (very often). Total score ranges from 18 to 52. Raw scores are converted to percentiles.

ADHD Parent Linear Analogue Scale

10‐cm line on which both the parent and physician separately rank symptoms

The ends of each line represent 0 (no symptoms) and 10 (most severe)

Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL)

113 items across 8 subscales assessing maladaptive behavioral and emotional problems:

• withdrawn

• somatic complaints

• anxious/depressed

• social problems

• thought problems

• attention problems

• delinquent problems

• aggressive behavior

Items are coded from 0 to 2, scored 0 (not at all), 1 (somewhat true), or 2 (very true). CBCL profile for each category, with scores below the 95th percentile in the normal range, and above the 98th percentile in the clinical range. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms.

Conners' Abbreviated Parent Rating Scale

48 items across 6 subscales:

• conduct problems

• learning problems

• psychosomatic

• impulsive/hyperactive

• anxiety

• hyperactivity index

All items are rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 3 (very much). Total score ranges from 0 to 144.

Higher scores indicate worse symptoms

IOWA Conners' Teacher Rating Scale

10 items. Consists of 5‐item subscales designed to assess inattention/overactivity and aggression

Inattention/overactivity:

• fidgeting

• hums and makes other odd noises

• excitable, impulsive

• inattentive, easily distracted

• fails to finish things he starts (short attention span)

Aggression:

• quarrelsome

• acts "smart,"

• temper outbursts (explosive and unpredictable behavior)

• defiant

• unco‐operative

Scored 0 (not at all), 1 (just a little), 2 (pretty much), or 3 (very much). Total score ranges from 0 to 30. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms

Mothers' Objective Method for Subgrouping

Contains 10 (hyperactivity or ADHD, or both) symptoms arranged in a checklist format. Generates a hyperactivity scale score and an aggression scale score

1 indicates checked and 0 unchecked. Total score ranges from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms

Continuous Performance Task (CPT)

Computer‐administered and scored measure of sustained visual attention and motor response inhibition. The test takes about 15 minutes to administer and yields measures of omissions, commissions, and reaction time.

Omission errors measure inattention, commission errors measure impulsivity

Conners' Teacher Rating Scale

39 items clustered into 5 factors, including conduct problems, daydreaming, inattention, anxious‐fearful, and hyperactive behavior

ADHD Teacher 39‐Item

All items are rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 3 (very much). Total score ranges from 0 to 137.

Raw scores for each scale are converted to T scores, incorporating normative adjustments for age and sex, with scores of at least 70 considered clinically elevated

Conners' Continuous Performance Task (CPT)

Visual‐motor task. Respondents must rapidly and accurately hit the space bar after every letter presented except the letter 'X'. Several variables may be derived from the Conners' CPT, including errors of omission and commission, mean hit reaction time (RT), mean hit RT standard error.

Omission errors measure inattention, commission errors measure impulsivity

Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale

5‐item scale

• Are the tics noticeable to others?

• Do the tics elicit comments?

• Is the patient considered odd or bizarre?

• Do the tics interfere with functioning?

• Is the patient incapacitated, homebound, or hospitalized?

Higher scores indicates worse symptoms

Tourette Syndrome Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale

Observer‐rated scale that measures illness severity (CGI‐S), or global improvement (CGI‐I)

7‐point scale, with the severity of illness scale (CGI‐S) using a range of responses from 1 (normal) to 7 (among the most severely ill people). CGI‐I scores range from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse)

2‐Minute Tic and Habit Count

The physician counts separately the number of brief, jerky (i.e. tics) and rhythmic (i.e. stereotypic, habit) movements and vocalizations during quiet conversation in an office setting.

Higher scores indicates worse symptoms

Tic Symptom Self‐Report

40‐item checklist containing 20 motor tic items and 20 phonic tic items

0–3 scale corresponding with absent (score of 0) to very frequent and forceful (score of 3). Total score ranges from 0 to 120. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms

Goetz Tic Severity Scale

Videotape protocol involving a 10‐minute film of people placed in front of a video camera in a quiet room. 2 body views are recorded, full frontal body (far) and head and shoulders only (near), under 2 conditions: relaxed with the examiner in the room, and relaxed with the patient alone in the room

5 domains are rated:

• number of body areas involved with tics

• motor tic intensity

• phonic tic intensity

• frequency of motor tics

• frequency of phonic tics

0–4 scoring format. For all domains, 0 represents normal function without evidence of tic disability. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms

Hopkins Motor/Vocal Scale

Consists of a series of linear analog scales (10 cm) on which both the parent and physician separately rank each tic (motor and vocal) symptom, taking into consideration its frequency, intensity, degree of interference, and impairment

The ends of each line represent 0 (no tics) and 10 (most severe). The

line can be subdivided roughly into 4 ranges: mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe

Du Paul ADHD Rating Scale

14 items, assessing separate factors of inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity

Rated on a 0 (normal) to 3 (severe) scale, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 42. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms

Parent Conners' Questionnaire Hyperactivity Index

10‐item rating scale identifying hyperactive children

Each item is rated from 0 to 3 (range 0–30). Higher scores indicate worse symptoms